Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.26
D. Baldwin, David J. Costa
The discussion around indigenous language revitalization must include languages “reawakening” after a period of dormancy. New paradigms are needed to describe the developing role of reawakening languages, their impact on community and individual identity, and the necessary capacity-building to support their reconstruction and reintroduction into tribal society. If sleeping languages are excluded from the conversation, much will be lost in understanding minority language development and vitality for contemporary life within a larger dominant society. This chapter describes the development of a recently “reawakened” language that ceased to be spoken in the mid-twentieth century, and attempts to capture its developmental trajectory in the context of an evolving community-based educational system. The Myaamia language is emerging in new domains. It is driven by a collaborative effort of internal and external resources that demonstrate what is possible for a reclaimed language.
{"title":"Myaamiaataweenki","authors":"D. Baldwin, David J. Costa","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion around indigenous language revitalization must include languages “reawakening” after a period of dormancy. New paradigms are needed to describe the developing role of reawakening languages, their impact on community and individual identity, and the necessary capacity-building to support their reconstruction and reintroduction into tribal society. If sleeping languages are excluded from the conversation, much will be lost in understanding minority language development and vitality for contemporary life within a larger dominant society. This chapter describes the development of a recently “reawakened” language that ceased to be spoken in the mid-twentieth century, and attempts to capture its developmental trajectory in the context of an evolving community-based educational system. The Myaamia language is emerging in new domains. It is driven by a collaborative effort of internal and external resources that demonstrate what is possible for a reclaimed language.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121230281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.1
Gabriela Perez Baez, Rachel C. Vogel, Eve Okura
Language revitalization aims at reversing language shift. This chapter seeks to expand knowledge about ongoing efforts to sustain the use of languages by means of a study that goes beyond the relatively limited number of often cited case studies that have been reported in the relevant literature, and endeavors to document the diversity of efforts around the world for the purposes of comparative analysis. The authors report on the results of a pilot of the Global Survey of Language Revitalization Efforts carried out by Recovering Voices (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian) in collaboration with the Linguistics Department at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. This survey is, to their knowledge, the first attempt at analyzing revitalization comparatively across cultural and geographic contexts to shed light on correlations among variables that foster positive outcomes in language revitalization—and on correlations that may represent challenges.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis in Language Revitalization Practices","authors":"Gabriela Perez Baez, Rachel C. Vogel, Eve Okura","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"Language revitalization aims at reversing language shift. This chapter seeks to expand knowledge about ongoing efforts to sustain the use of languages by means of a study that goes beyond the relatively limited number of often cited case studies that have been reported in the relevant literature, and endeavors to document the diversity of efforts around the world for the purposes of comparative analysis. The authors report on the results of a pilot of the Global Survey of Language Revitalization Efforts carried out by Recovering Voices (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian) in collaboration with the Linguistics Department at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. This survey is, to their knowledge, the first attempt at analyzing revitalization comparatively across cultural and geographic contexts to shed light on correlations among variables that foster positive outcomes in language revitalization—and on correlations that may represent challenges.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121556664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.14
U. Mosel
This chapter analyzes the specific characteristics of corpora of endangered languages from a corpus linguistic perspective. Therefore it starts with a definition of the central notions of corpus and text and then investigates how the heterogeneous language documentation corpora may fit into a general typology of corpora. The third section looks at the genres and registers that for methodological and theoretical reasons are typical for language documentations, whereas the fourth section deals with the structure of corpora and how texts of a particular content, genre or register can be accessed in archives. The format of the texts, which are typically annotated audio and video recordings, is described in the fifth section and deals with metadata, transcription, orthography, translation, glossing, and syntactic annotation. How annotated corpora can be analyzed for grammatical and lexical research is shown in the sixth section. The last section summarizes the specific features of language documentation corpora.
{"title":"Corpus Compilation and Exploitation in Language Documentation Projects","authors":"U. Mosel","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the specific characteristics of corpora of endangered languages from a corpus linguistic perspective. Therefore it starts with a definition of the central notions of corpus and text and then investigates how the heterogeneous language documentation corpora may fit into a general typology of corpora. The third section looks at the genres and registers that for methodological and theoretical reasons are typical for language documentations, whereas the fourth section deals with the structure of corpora and how texts of a particular content, genre or register can be accessed in archives. The format of the texts, which are typically annotated audio and video recordings, is described in the fifth section and deals with metadata, transcription, orthography, translation, glossing, and syntactic annotation. How annotated corpora can be analyzed for grammatical and lexical research is shown in the sixth section. The last section summarizes the specific features of language documentation corpora.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128539388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.27
A. Tang
This study explores whether a Truku Seediq kindergarten immersion program in Taiwan has contributed to stemming indigenous language erosion. The preliminary results suggest areas for improvement in the ongoing project, and may serve as a starting point for future preschool indigenous language immersion programs. The project centers on five activities: (1) weekly culture-based language classes, (2) bimonthly teachers’ empowerment workshops, (3) online documentation of teaching processes and activities, (4) advisory visits and evaluations, and (5) development of pedagogical materials. Data were collected through focus group interviews, observations, advisory visits, and proficiency tests. The results show both that the immersion program improves the children’s proficiency and that it faces obstacles: lack of qualified teachers proficient in the language and culture-based teaching, insufficient hours of immersion and co-teaching with elders, imperfect communication in the administrative system, obstacles to collaboration with families and communities, and lack of effective pedagogical materials and proficiency tests.
{"title":"Language Revitalization in Kindergarten","authors":"A. Tang","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores whether a Truku Seediq kindergarten immersion program in Taiwan has contributed to stemming indigenous language erosion. The preliminary results suggest areas for improvement in the ongoing project, and may serve as a starting point for future preschool indigenous language immersion programs. The project centers on five activities: (1) weekly culture-based language classes, (2) bimonthly teachers’ empowerment workshops, (3) online documentation of teaching processes and activities, (4) advisory visits and evaluations, and (5) development of pedagogical materials. Data were collected through focus group interviews, observations, advisory visits, and proficiency tests. The results show both that the immersion program improves the children’s proficiency and that it faces obstacles: lack of qualified teachers proficient in the language and culture-based teaching, insufficient hours of immersion and co-teaching with elders, imperfect communication in the administrative system, obstacles to collaboration with families and communities, and lack of effective pedagogical materials and proficiency tests.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132276817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.18
Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker, Ryan E. Henke
In this chapter, the authors examine the role of language archiving in endangered-language scholarship. First they explore the history of archiving for endangered languages, from the age of Boas and the archiving of analog materials through the rise of the endangered-language movement and the development of best practices for digital archiving to the current era of established archiving standards. Then they discuss a potential future for language archiving, that of the participatory model of language archiving, which is radically user-centered and draws on trends in the archival sciences. Next they present some of the extant archives for language documentation, the members of the Digital Endangered Languages and Music Archiving Network. Finally, because archiving is an activity that is now available to anyone undertaking endangered-language work, they close by presenting the steps one would take to work with an archive to deposit one’s own materials.
{"title":"Language Archiving","authors":"Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker, Ryan E. Henke","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the authors examine the role of language archiving in endangered-language scholarship. First they explore the history of archiving for endangered languages, from the age of Boas and the archiving of analog materials through the rise of the endangered-language movement and the development of best practices for digital archiving to the current era of established archiving standards. Then they discuss a potential future for language archiving, that of the participatory model of language archiving, which is radically user-centered and draws on trends in the archival sciences. Next they present some of the extant archives for language documentation, the members of the Digital Endangered Languages and Music Archiving Network. Finally, because archiving is an activity that is now available to anyone undertaking endangered-language work, they close by presenting the steps one would take to work with an archive to deposit one’s own materials.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115952050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.12
Racquel-María Sapién
Academic work with endangered languages has been criticized for failing to consider speech community members' needs. Recent calls to better integrate speech community needs have led many researchers to explore the notion of collaborative language documentation. This chapter outlines phases in the planning and implementation of a community-collaborative language documentation project drawing from models of sustainable community development and the author’s own experience working with members of the Konomerume, Suriname community. The emphasis is on working with members of a speech community from the outset of a project rather than on “giving back” after academic needs have been met. Collaborative language documentation is defined, phases of a project are described, and potential challenges are discussed.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Collaborative Language Documentation Projects","authors":"Racquel-María Sapién","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"Academic work with endangered languages has been criticized for failing to consider speech community members' needs. Recent calls to better integrate speech community needs have led many researchers to explore the notion of collaborative language documentation. This chapter outlines phases in the planning and implementation of a community-collaborative language documentation project drawing from models of sustainable community development and the author’s own experience working with members of the Konomerume, Suriname community. The emphasis is on working with members of a speech community from the outset of a project rather than on “giving back” after academic needs have been met. Collaborative language documentation is defined, phases of a project are described, and potential challenges are discussed.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121833626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.15
A. Camp, Lyle Campbell, Victoria Chen, Nala H. Lee, M. Magnuson, Samantha Rarrick
As pointed out in several chapters in this volume, the preparation of a grammar is considered a centrally important component of adequate language documentation. Our goal in this chapter is to present a set of best-practice guidelines for grammar writing with specific recommendations. These recommendations are based on surveys of a number of exemplary grammars, questionnaires aimed at aiding fieldwork and guiding grammar preparation, and various publications that make recommendations for grammar writing.
{"title":"Writing Grammars of Endangered Languages","authors":"A. Camp, Lyle Campbell, Victoria Chen, Nala H. Lee, M. Magnuson, Samantha Rarrick","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"As pointed out in several chapters in this volume, the preparation of a grammar is considered a centrally important component of adequate language documentation. Our goal in this chapter is to present a set of best-practice guidelines for grammar writing with specific recommendations. These recommendations are based on surveys of a number of exemplary grammars, questionnaires aimed at aiding fieldwork and guiding grammar preparation, and various publications that make recommendations for grammar writing.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127855343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.37
Susan D. Penfield
The funding of documentation and revitalization projects within the field of endangered languages can be challenging. There are few, but significant, sources that are directed toward this effort worldwide. For this chapter, two potential audiences are recognized: (1) those who may be seeking funding for the first time and could use some general guidelines to get started and (2) those who may have had previous funding but need to think about some new ways to expand on it. In either case, it is good to be mindful of the basics of good grant writing. This chapter offers some general guidelines and some specific strategies to help researchers and community members alike strategize their funding efforts. The chapter concludes with an appeal for more language activism aimed at encouraging more funding for endangered languages worldwide.
{"title":"Funding the Documentation and Revitalization of Endangered Languages","authors":"Susan D. Penfield","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"The funding of documentation and revitalization projects within the field of endangered languages can be challenging. There are few, but significant, sources that are directed toward this effort worldwide. For this chapter, two potential audiences are recognized: (1) those who may be seeking funding for the first time and could use some general guidelines to get started and (2) those who may have had previous funding but need to think about some new ways to expand on it. In either case, it is good to be mindful of the basics of good grant writing. This chapter offers some general guidelines and some specific strategies to help researchers and community members alike strategize their funding efforts. The chapter concludes with an appeal for more language activism aimed at encouraging more funding for endangered languages worldwide.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113989793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.21
Jeff Good
The increasing emphasis that linguistics has placed on the documentation and revitalization of the world’s endangered languages has brought more scholars of language into contact with communities whose cultures, needs, and interests diverge greatly from their own. Moreover, in many countries, research involving human subjects has become the target of increasing scrutiny, and the rise of digital means of information dissemination that has made contemporary documentary linguistics possible has foregrounded issues of rights and access to language resources. These contexts of “culture clash” have prompted serious considerations of ethical practices in documentation and revitalization. This chapter looks at these issues through the examination of five case studies which clarify the ideological underpinnings of key ethical concerns in language documentation and revitalization. Insights from the previous literature are incorporated into the discussion, and additional topics such as archiving and compliance with institutional regulations are also discussed.
{"title":"Ethics in Language Documentation and Revitalization","authors":"Jeff Good","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing emphasis that linguistics has placed on the documentation and revitalization of the world’s endangered languages has brought more scholars of language into contact with communities whose cultures, needs, and interests diverge greatly from their own. Moreover, in many countries, research involving human subjects has become the target of increasing scrutiny, and the rise of digital means of information dissemination that has made contemporary documentary linguistics possible has foregrounded issues of rights and access to language resources. These contexts of “culture clash” have prompted serious considerations of ethical practices in documentation and revitalization. This chapter looks at these issues through the examination of five case studies which clarify the ideological underpinnings of key ethical concerns in language documentation and revitalization. Insights from the previous literature are incorporated into the discussion, and additional topics such as archiving and compliance with institutional regulations are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131501438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.36
I. Mackenzie, W. Davis
Contemporary linguistics, preoccupied with syntax, has neglected the lexicon. Yet languages in general may diverge more fundamentally in respect to the lexicon than they do on the level of syntax. Such lexical divergences may result in real differences in the way distinct human groups think. When lexicosemantic divergence between two languages leads to a situation where a concept expressed in one language cannot be translated into another, we have a case of absolute untranslatability. Speakers of the two languages necessarily conceive the world in different ways. A new corpus of data collected from the Penan nomads of Borneo provides instances of absolute untranslatability between their language and English. The extinction of languages like Penan is a tragedy for science: not only are their lexicons the repositories of enormous amounts of cultural data, but their dissolution results in the loss of information that may shed light on the nature of the language faculty and human cognition in general.
{"title":"Why Lexical Loss and Culture Death Endanger Science","authors":"I. Mackenzie, W. Davis","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary linguistics, preoccupied with syntax, has neglected the lexicon. Yet languages in general may diverge more fundamentally in respect to the lexicon than they do on the level of syntax. Such lexical divergences may result in real differences in the way distinct human groups think. When lexicosemantic divergence between two languages leads to a situation where a concept expressed in one language cannot be translated into another, we have a case of absolute untranslatability. Speakers of the two languages necessarily conceive the world in different ways. A new corpus of data collected from the Penan nomads of Borneo provides instances of absolute untranslatability between their language and English. The extinction of languages like Penan is a tragedy for science: not only are their lexicons the repositories of enormous amounts of cultural data, but their dissolution results in the loss of information that may shed light on the nature of the language faculty and human cognition in general.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121807197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：