In developing countries such as Nigeria, rapid land degradation is an unavoidable phenomenon. Nigeria is experiencing significant growth as its population clusters continue to expand due to migration from rural areas. Unfortunately, one of the negative consequences of this de-velopment is the increase in impervious areas, which results in higher land surface temperatures (LST). A number of studies have highlight-ed the utilization of Landsat thermal data and the usefulness of MODIS data in the preparation of LST maps. This current study aimed to produce LST maps for Nigeria using 8-day average MODIS MOD11A2 images for the years 2001, 2011, and 2015, allowing for an as-sessment of the average LST for the country. Analysis of the LST maps reveals that the average temperature in Nigeria is 32°C, with the highest and lowest LSTs recorded as 43°C and 20°C respectively within the selected years. These results indicate that impervious areas contain a greater number of pixels falling into the high to very high-class category. It is crucial to adopt appropriate climate change mitiga-tion measures in light of these findings.
{"title":"Mapping land surface temperature in Nigeria using Modis data","authors":"Emmanuel M. Menegbo","doi":"10.14419/rftz0816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/rftz0816","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries such as Nigeria, rapid land degradation is an unavoidable phenomenon. Nigeria is experiencing significant growth as its population clusters continue to expand due to migration from rural areas. Unfortunately, one of the negative consequences of this de-velopment is the increase in impervious areas, which results in higher land surface temperatures (LST). A number of studies have highlight-ed the utilization of Landsat thermal data and the usefulness of MODIS data in the preparation of LST maps. This current study aimed to produce LST maps for Nigeria using 8-day average MODIS MOD11A2 images for the years 2001, 2011, and 2015, allowing for an as-sessment of the average LST for the country. Analysis of the LST maps reveals that the average temperature in Nigeria is 32°C, with the highest and lowest LSTs recorded as 43°C and 20°C respectively within the selected years. These results indicate that impervious areas contain a greater number of pixels falling into the high to very high-class category. It is crucial to adopt appropriate climate change mitiga-tion measures in light of these findings.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Droughts have a significant impact on agricultural and agro-pastoral regions as they heavily rely on rainfall. Monitoring agricultural drought is of utmost importance to ensure global food security. Satellite remote sensing has emerged as a reliable method for assessing vegetation health and has proven to be an effective approach for detecting droughts on a global scale. Various indices, such as the Normalized Differ-ence Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI), have been developed using remote sensing data. These indices are utilized to identify and monitor agricultural droughts by examining the vegetation and plant growth. The study employed MODIS data and leveraged Google Earth Engine to process it using codes before export-ing it to QGIS for visualization. The results revealed a mean value of 4.8(5) for VHI and 4.7(5) for VCI, indicating the absence of drought conditions. This signifies that the region is suitable for agricultural activities. Additionally, a TCI value of 4 indicated mild vegetation stress. It is advisable to continuously monitor the VHI over Rivers State for effective planning, decision-making, and providing guidance to local farmers.
{"title":"Assessment of vegetation health index (VHI) using Modis data in rivers state, Nigeria","authors":"Emmanuel M. Menegbo","doi":"10.14419/1w1pqg42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/1w1pqg42","url":null,"abstract":"Droughts have a significant impact on agricultural and agro-pastoral regions as they heavily rely on rainfall. Monitoring agricultural drought is of utmost importance to ensure global food security. Satellite remote sensing has emerged as a reliable method for assessing vegetation health and has proven to be an effective approach for detecting droughts on a global scale. Various indices, such as the Normalized Differ-ence Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI), have been developed using remote sensing data. These indices are utilized to identify and monitor agricultural droughts by examining the vegetation and plant growth. The study employed MODIS data and leveraged Google Earth Engine to process it using codes before export-ing it to QGIS for visualization. The results revealed a mean value of 4.8(5) for VHI and 4.7(5) for VCI, indicating the absence of drought conditions. This signifies that the region is suitable for agricultural activities. Additionally, a TCI value of 4 indicated mild vegetation stress. It is advisable to continuously monitor the VHI over Rivers State for effective planning, decision-making, and providing guidance to local farmers.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":" 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines how urban growth impacts the environment in Naogaon Municipality, Bangladesh. We analyzed changes in land use, soil quality, water resources, air quality, and more. Our findings show that urbanization leads to loss of green spaces and agricultural lands, affecting biodiversity and soil fertility. Industrial activities and traffic contribute to air and water pollution. Drainage systems are extensive but unevenly distributed, and waste management needs improvement. We recommend comprehensive strategies to address these environmental challenges for sustainable urban development.
{"title":"Urbanization-induced geo-environmental changes in Naogaon municipality, Bangladesh: a comprehensive assessment","authors":"Md. Abdur Rahman, Bokul Kumar Ghose","doi":"10.14419/b6p8qz72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/b6p8qz72","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how urban growth impacts the environment in Naogaon Municipality, Bangladesh. We analyzed changes in land use, soil quality, water resources, air quality, and more. Our findings show that urbanization leads to loss of green spaces and agricultural lands, affecting biodiversity and soil fertility. Industrial activities and traffic contribute to air and water pollution. Drainage systems are extensive but unevenly distributed, and waste management needs improvement. We recommend comprehensive strategies to address these environmental challenges for sustainable urban development.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Isaac, Mbowou Gbambié Isaac Bertrand, Nguihdama Dagwaï, Ngounouno Ismaïla
The Garga-Sarali granitoids outcrop from a metamorphic basement in the central-eastern part of the Central Cameroonian Domain of the Central African fold belt in Cameroon, and are petrographically very complex. They can be divided into two types : (1) Granodiorites of metaluminous type-I, with a fine-grained porphyritic variant texture, consisting of quartrz + orthoclase + microcline + plagioclase + biotite + zircon + oxides ± apatite; (2) and two-mica granites of hyper-aluminous type-S, with a grainy texture, consisting of the same quartzo + k-feldspars + biotite + cordierite ± apatite. These formations both belong to a calc-alkaline-subalkaline, hyper-potassic to shoshonitic signature, and to the tectonic domains of volcanic arc granites. Their emplacement is intimately linked to a crustal parent magma (metagrauwackes and metabsalt-tonalites) that imbibed through the openings in the post-orogenic pan-African lithospheric constraints. Their La/Yb ratio, with (La/Sm)n ranging from 2.18-5.75 ppm, reflects their richness in LREE, and the average Eu/Eu*=0.666 ppm suggests that the residual magma was supersaturated with silica.
加尔加-萨拉利花岗岩出露于喀麦隆中非褶皱带中喀麦隆域中东部的变质基底，岩相非常复杂。它们可分为两种类型：(1) I 型金属铝质花岗闪长岩，具有细粒斑状变体质地，由石英+正长石+微斜长石+斜长石+斜长石+黑云母+锆石+氧化物±磷灰石组成；(2) S 型超铝质双云母花岗岩，具有细粒质地，由相同的石英+k 长石+黑云母+堇青石±磷灰石组成。这些地层都属于钙碱性-亚碱性、高热液质-霰石质特征，属于火山弧花岗岩的构造域。它们的成因与地壳母岩浆（元古宙岩浆和元盐-黑云母岩）密切相关，该岩浆通过后成因泛非岩石圈约束的开口浸入地壳。它们的 La/Yb 比率（(La/Sm)n 为 2.18-5.75 ppm）反映了它们富含 LREE，平均 Eu/Eu*=0.666 ppm 表明残余岩浆中硅含量过饱和。
{"title":"Petrogenesis of metaluminous and peraluminous granitoids from Garga-Sarali zone : evidence of I- and S-type sources (central African fold belt in Cameroon)","authors":"D. Isaac, Mbowou Gbambié Isaac Bertrand, Nguihdama Dagwaï, Ngounouno Ismaïla","doi":"10.14419/gd4zjr47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/gd4zjr47","url":null,"abstract":"The Garga-Sarali granitoids outcrop from a metamorphic basement in the central-eastern part of the Central Cameroonian Domain of the Central African fold belt in Cameroon, and are petrographically very complex. They can be divided into two types : (1) Granodiorites of metaluminous type-I, with a fine-grained porphyritic variant texture, consisting of quartrz + orthoclase + microcline + plagioclase + biotite + zircon + oxides ± apatite; (2) and two-mica granites of hyper-aluminous type-S, with a grainy texture, consisting of the same quartzo + k-feldspars + biotite + cordierite ± apatite. These formations both belong to a calc-alkaline-subalkaline, hyper-potassic to shoshonitic signature, and to the tectonic domains of volcanic arc granites. Their emplacement is intimately linked to a crustal parent magma (metagrauwackes and metabsalt-tonalites) that imbibed through the openings in the post-orogenic pan-African lithospheric constraints. Their La/Yb ratio, with (La/Sm)n ranging from 2.18-5.75 ppm, reflects their richness in LREE, and the average Eu/Eu*=0.666 ppm suggests that the residual magma was supersaturated with silica.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140660202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodrigue Edjo-Minko, Gbambie Isaac Bertrand Mbowou, Isaac Daama, D. Nguihdama, Mike-Franck Mienlam Essi
The banded iron formation (BIF) of the Mingo’o region is located on the northern edge of the Congo Craton. They constitute a significant component of the southern Cameroonian Archean to Paleoproterozoic. Petrographic description indicates that the most characteristic facies of the Mingo'o BIFs are quartz-magnetite BIFs (QMB), which are mostly composed of magnetite and quartz. Geochemistry analyses show that the major elements of this BIF are very simple, with SiO2 and Fe2O3 representing 95.25 wt. % of the bulk rock on average. The low concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2, and HFSE reveal that these chemical sediments are detritus-free. According to Paerson's major element correlation matrix, there is a slight contribution of detrital material to chemical sediment, as confirmed by the strong positive correlation (r = 0.72) of Al and Ti, also by the binary diagrams Al vs. Σ(Y + Nb + Zr) with a weak positive correlation (r2 = 0.31) and Al vs. ΣREE with a zero correlation (r2 = 0.08), indicating that the detrital input was insignificant. The transition metals Zn, Cr, Sr, and V are among the trace elements with low enrichments. This suggests the direction of the volcanogenic hydrothermal input in chemical precipitates. The mean ∑REE concentration of the studied BIF is 26.74 ppm, with a range of 8.82 to 36.74 ppm. Pure chemical sediments are comparable to that. The shale-normalized patterns display minor positive europium anomalies, a sharp decrease in heavy REE, and enrichment in light REE. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the hydrothermal activity in the deep ocean, coupled with seawater, was the source of the Fe and Si. Low-temperature hydrothermal solutions play a key role in the studied BIF, as shown by the absence of a notable positive Eu anomaly. Ce anomalies are seen in the chrondrite-normalized REE patterns, which are characterized by LREE-enriched (mean LaCN/YbCN = 5.28) and HREE depletion (mean TbCN/YbCN = 1.04) patterns. This may indicate that the BIF within the Mingo’o region was formed in place of the basin towards redoxcline, alternating at different times and under various influences from the influx of seawater that has been oxidized.
{"title":"The Petrography and geochemistry of iron-bearing units from Mingo’o area (Ntem complex, southern Cameroon)","authors":"Rodrigue Edjo-Minko, Gbambie Isaac Bertrand Mbowou, Isaac Daama, D. Nguihdama, Mike-Franck Mienlam Essi","doi":"10.14419/00a8vb15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/00a8vb15","url":null,"abstract":"The banded iron formation (BIF) of the Mingo’o region is located on the northern edge of the Congo Craton. They constitute a significant component of the southern Cameroonian Archean to Paleoproterozoic. Petrographic description indicates that the most characteristic facies of the Mingo'o BIFs are quartz-magnetite BIFs (QMB), which are mostly composed of magnetite and quartz. Geochemistry analyses show that the major elements of this BIF are very simple, with SiO2 and Fe2O3 representing 95.25 wt. % of the bulk rock on average. The low concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2, and HFSE reveal that these chemical sediments are detritus-free. According to Paerson's major element correlation matrix, there is a slight contribution of detrital material to chemical sediment, as confirmed by the strong positive correlation (r = 0.72) of Al and Ti, also by the binary diagrams Al vs. Σ(Y + Nb + Zr) with a weak positive correlation (r2 = 0.31) and Al vs. ΣREE with a zero correlation (r2 = 0.08), indicating that the detrital input was insignificant. The transition metals Zn, Cr, Sr, and V are among the trace elements with low enrichments. This suggests the direction of the volcanogenic hydrothermal input in chemical precipitates. The mean ∑REE concentration of the studied BIF is 26.74 ppm, with a range of 8.82 to 36.74 ppm. Pure chemical sediments are comparable to that. The shale-normalized patterns display minor positive europium anomalies, a sharp decrease in heavy REE, and enrichment in light REE. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the hydrothermal activity in the deep ocean, coupled with seawater, was the source of the Fe and Si. Low-temperature hydrothermal solutions play a key role in the studied BIF, as shown by the absence of a notable positive Eu anomaly. Ce anomalies are seen in the chrondrite-normalized REE patterns, which are characterized by LREE-enriched (mean LaCN/YbCN = 5.28) and HREE depletion (mean TbCN/YbCN = 1.04) patterns. This may indicate that the BIF within the Mingo’o region was formed in place of the basin towards redoxcline, alternating at different times and under various influences from the influx of seawater that has been oxidized.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"21 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contributions of women to global politics, policy making, education and community development in the contemporary world despite their active familial roles and declining economy has led to sustainable global development. Their prominence has not been felt in geosciences to harness endowed earth’s treasures. Women academic geoscientists play vital roles investing into the future of countries for improved human lives. This study focuses on imbalanced gender structure of staff and students of Earth Sciences in a university system with intention to promoting gender inclusiveness in geosciences. The study employs sex-based counts of students (males and females) and women academics in Earth Sciences to investigate the reason(s) for low proportion of women in academic career in Nigerian university system. Data acquired from 2018 - 2023 academic sessions, revealed that < 13% female students defended their final year projects in a male dominated academic staff department that has one female in the staff gender composition. Thus, emphasis on employment of more female lecturers in geosciences in university system’s policy and other establishments would add value to their roles in global capacity building. This would advertently boost female students’ enrollment because of gender inclusiveness and performance of female folks at all levels of their academic pursuit. It guarantees quality in moulding and training students, enhances gender equity in the system by motivating them to take up academic careers, and as role models to emulate. This promotes women diversification in Earth Sciences, thus motivating and boosting their informed participation, creativity and improved solutions to their environment.
{"title":"Gender qualities, creativity and performance in geosciences in a sustainable university system for global capacity building","authors":"Ademila Omowumi","doi":"10.14419/tvgxz427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/tvgxz427","url":null,"abstract":"Contributions of women to global politics, policy making, education and community development in the contemporary world despite their active familial roles and declining economy has led to sustainable global development. Their prominence has not been felt in geosciences to harness endowed earth’s treasures. Women academic geoscientists play vital roles investing into the future of countries for improved human lives. This study focuses on imbalanced gender structure of staff and students of Earth Sciences in a university system with intention to promoting gender inclusiveness in geosciences. The study employs sex-based counts of students (males and females) and women academics in Earth Sciences to investigate the reason(s) for low proportion of women in academic career in Nigerian university system. Data acquired from 2018 - 2023 academic sessions, revealed that < 13% female students defended their final year projects in a male dominated academic staff department that has one female in the staff gender composition. Thus, emphasis on employment of more female lecturers in geosciences in university system’s policy and other establishments would add value to their roles in global capacity building. This would advertently boost female students’ enrollment because of gender inclusiveness and performance of female folks at all levels of their academic pursuit. It guarantees quality in moulding and training students, enhances gender equity in the system by motivating them to take up academic careers, and as role models to emulate. This promotes women diversification in Earth Sciences, thus motivating and boosting their informed participation, creativity and improved solutions to their environment.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140262562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) and seismic pipe features have been used as proxies for defining the distribution of gas hydrate sediments in the offshore Niger Delta. This is the most extensive mapping of gas hydrate sediments in the Delta as of today. The seismic data merge comes from multiple surveys acquired with different parameters and seismic resolutions over the course of decades of oil and gas exploration in the region. Indicated gas hydrate distribution generally follows the structural fabric of the Niger Delta with BSRs occurring along the apexes of the thrust-related ridges that have bathymetric relief on the seafloor. The presence of swarms of seismic pipe features landwards of BSR locations suggests hydrates occur beyond BSR locations. The potential gas hydrates sediment acreage in offshore Niger Delta is 17600 sq-km, representing 20% of the area with a thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone reaching 440 m in the more outboard regions of the Delta. Total gas hydrates sediment coverage likely exceeds this value as BSRs become indistinguishable from sediment strata in regions of flat dips. The presence of double BSRs further suggests the presence of thermogenic gas hydrates in the region and allows to extend the thickness of the potential hydrate zone to 550 m in the outboard regions of the Delta.
{"title":"Seafloor morphology and potential gas hydrate distribution in the offshore Niger Delta","authors":"Muslim B Aminu, Samuel B Ojo","doi":"10.14419/wwajt225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/wwajt225","url":null,"abstract":"Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) and seismic pipe features have been used as proxies for defining the distribution of gas hydrate sediments in the offshore Niger Delta. This is the most extensive mapping of gas hydrate sediments in the Delta as of today. The seismic data merge comes from multiple surveys acquired with different parameters and seismic resolutions over the course of decades of oil and gas exploration in the region. Indicated gas hydrate distribution generally follows the structural fabric of the Niger Delta with BSRs occurring along the apexes of the thrust-related ridges that have bathymetric relief on the seafloor. The presence of swarms of seismic pipe features landwards of BSR locations suggests hydrates occur beyond BSR locations. The potential gas hydrates sediment acreage in offshore Niger Delta is 17600 sq-km, representing 20% of the area with a thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone reaching 440 m in the more outboard regions of the Delta. Total gas hydrates sediment coverage likely exceeds this value as BSRs become indistinguishable from sediment strata in regions of flat dips. The presence of double BSRs further suggests the presence of thermogenic gas hydrates in the region and allows to extend the thickness of the potential hydrate zone to 550 m in the outboard regions of the Delta.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"262 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140458537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bassey Ukorebi Asuquo, Anthony M. George, Emmanuel Akaerue, Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru
Integrated seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were used to study near-surface cavities with the aim of determining their geophysical properties. Five seismic refraction profiles around the study area were carried out using a 24-channel seismograph (ES-3000) while four ERT and ERT profiles were also conducted with IGIS resistivity meter and PLOTREFA software respectively. The data was processed using the RES2DINV software. Travel-time curves and velocity models were generated from the processed SRT data for each survey line, and 2-D inverted apparent resistivity models along the same lines were also generated for the purpose of comparison respectively. The results as obtained from the profiles showed SRT 1 (with a modelled velocity of 1,216 m/s in layer two at a depth of approximately 11 m - 20 m beneath the subsurface and an estimated cavity diameter of 11 m) and ERT 1 (with an apparent resistivity of approximately 826 Ωm and a depth of approximately 12.5 m – 16 m) indicates that the near-surface cavity outcrop links with a close-by mountainous structure in the EW direction. Profiles SRT 2 (with an approximately modeled velocity layer of 980 m/s in layer two at an approximate depth of 3.5 m – 7.0 m) and SRT 3 (with a modeled velocity layer of approx. 1,000 m/s in layer two at an approximate depth of 4.0 m – 7.0 m and 3.0 m – 9.0 m); ERT 2 (with an apparent resistivity of approximately 80 Ωm); and ERT 3 (with apparent resistivities of 116 Ωm and 182 Ωm at depths of approximately 3.5 m to 6.4 m and 4.0 m to 15.8 m) indicates that the surface cavity outcrop extends underneath the road network (Odukpani Central Section of Calabar-Ikom Highway) with a width of approximately 12 m. Profiles SRT 4 and SRT 5 (with an average velocity layer of 1,000 m/s in layer two at an approximate depth of 6.0 m – 13.2 m), and ERT 4 (with apparent resistivity ranging between 121 Ωm and 172 Ωm) at a depth of approximately 9.5 m to 20.0 m reveal that the near-surface cavity extends up to about 11 m across the highway and about 120 m away from the edge of the road. The above result will serve as reliable technical information to Transport and Building Construction Engineers on the presence of cavities along road networks and settlement areas in Odukpani Local Government Area. The recommendation is also made for the use of other geophysical techniques like Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) in conjunction with SRT and ERT to get higher-resolution imagery of the study area.
{"title":"Integrating seismic refraction and electrical approaches in determining geophysical properties of near-surface cavities in Calabar-Ikom highway, Odukpani, Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"Bassey Ukorebi Asuquo, Anthony M. George, Emmanuel Akaerue, Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru","doi":"10.14419/mze5m111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/mze5m111","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were used to study near-surface cavities with the aim of determining their geophysical properties. Five seismic refraction profiles around the study area were carried out using a 24-channel seismograph (ES-3000) while four ERT and ERT profiles were also conducted with IGIS resistivity meter and PLOTREFA software respectively. The data was processed using the RES2DINV software. Travel-time curves and velocity models were generated from the processed SRT data for each survey line, and 2-D inverted apparent resistivity models along the same lines were also generated for the purpose of comparison respectively. The results as obtained from the profiles showed SRT 1 (with a modelled velocity of 1,216 m/s in layer two at a depth of approximately 11 m - 20 m beneath the subsurface and an estimated cavity diameter of 11 m) and ERT 1 (with an apparent resistivity of approximately 826 Ωm and a depth of approximately 12.5 m – 16 m) indicates that the near-surface cavity outcrop links with a close-by mountainous structure in the EW direction. Profiles SRT 2 (with an approximately modeled velocity layer of 980 m/s in layer two at an approximate depth of 3.5 m – 7.0 m) and SRT 3 (with a modeled velocity layer of approx. 1,000 m/s in layer two at an approximate depth of 4.0 m – 7.0 m and 3.0 m – 9.0 m); ERT 2 (with an apparent resistivity of approximately 80 Ωm); and ERT 3 (with apparent resistivities of 116 Ωm and 182 Ωm at depths of approximately 3.5 m to 6.4 m and 4.0 m to 15.8 m) indicates that the surface cavity outcrop extends underneath the road network (Odukpani Central Section of Calabar-Ikom Highway) with a width of approximately 12 m. Profiles SRT 4 and SRT 5 (with an average velocity layer of 1,000 m/s in layer two at an approximate depth of 6.0 m – 13.2 m), and ERT 4 (with apparent resistivity ranging between 121 Ωm and 172 Ωm) at a depth of approximately 9.5 m to 20.0 m reveal that the near-surface cavity extends up to about 11 m across the highway and about 120 m away from the edge of the road. The above result will serve as reliable technical information to Transport and Building Construction Engineers on the presence of cavities along road networks and settlement areas in Odukpani Local Government Area. The recommendation is also made for the use of other geophysical techniques like Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) in conjunction with SRT and ERT to get higher-resolution imagery of the study area.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"28 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140506812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the geochemical attributes of the Lokoja-Basange Sandstone situated in Okpekpe and Imiegba areas of the Benin Flank of Anambra Basin, Nigeria. The aim of this study is to unveil its provenance, tectonic setting, and source rock weathering extent. Using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) "Minipal 4" spectrometer analysis, nine outcrop samples were examined for major oxide concentrations. The results show significant average SiO2 (77.09 wt. %), Al2O3 (12.10 wt. %), Fe2O3 (2.72 wt. %), Na2O (1.64 wt. %), K2O (2.41 wt. %), while TiO2, MnO, MgO, CaO, P2O5, LOI had average concentrations of less than 1.00 wt. %. Bivariate plots of log [Fe2O3/K2O] versus log [SiO2/Al2O3] indicate 77.80% litharenites and 22.20% arkose sediments. The [Al2O3]-[CaO+Na2O]-[K2O] ternary plot, the tectonic discriminant diagrams of [SiO2/20]-[K2O+Na2O]-[TiO2+Fe2O3+MgO], log [K2O/Na2O] versus SiO2, [SiO2/Al2O3] versus log [K2O/Na2O] and bivariate discriminant functions plot indicate that the sediments have felsic igneous provenance and quartzose sedimentary origin, within a passive margin tectonic setting and the source-area underwent moderate to near complete chemical weathering in semi-arid to humid climatic conditions with increasing chemical maturity. Conclusively, the chemical alteration index (CIA) ranges from 65.4% to 74.2%, averaging 70.70%; the chemical index of weathering (CIW) averages 82.37%; the plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) averages 78.88%; and the mineralogical index of alteration (MIA) averages 41.43%. These data signify extensive weathering of felsic igneous source rocks, highlighting mineralogical maturity of Lokoja-Basange Sandstone. In essence, this study enriches insights into the sandstone's origins, sedimentary context, and weathering history.
{"title":"Geochemical characterization of Lokoja-Basange Sandstone at Imiegba and Okpekpe areas, Benin flank of Anambra basin, Nigeria: implications for provenance, tectonic setting and source-rock weathering","authors":"Solomon Omale Obaje, Alex Adekunle Adefemisoye","doi":"10.14419/gcmec839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/gcmec839","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the geochemical attributes of the Lokoja-Basange Sandstone situated in Okpekpe and Imiegba areas of the Benin Flank of Anambra Basin, Nigeria. The aim of this study is to unveil its provenance, tectonic setting, and source rock weathering extent. Using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) \"Minipal 4\" spectrometer analysis, nine outcrop samples were examined for major oxide concentrations. The results show significant average SiO2 (77.09 wt. %), Al2O3 (12.10 wt. %), Fe2O3 (2.72 wt. %), Na2O (1.64 wt. %), K2O (2.41 wt. %), while TiO2, MnO, MgO, CaO, P2O5, LOI had average concentrations of less than 1.00 wt. %. Bivariate plots of log [Fe2O3/K2O] versus log [SiO2/Al2O3] indicate 77.80% litharenites and 22.20% arkose sediments. The [Al2O3]-[CaO+Na2O]-[K2O] ternary plot, the tectonic discriminant diagrams of [SiO2/20]-[K2O+Na2O]-[TiO2+Fe2O3+MgO], log [K2O/Na2O] versus SiO2, [SiO2/Al2O3] versus log [K2O/Na2O] and bivariate discriminant functions plot indicate that the sediments have felsic igneous provenance and quartzose sedimentary origin, within a passive margin tectonic setting and the source-area underwent moderate to near complete chemical weathering in semi-arid to humid climatic conditions with increasing chemical maturity. Conclusively, the chemical alteration index (CIA) ranges from 65.4% to 74.2%, averaging 70.70%; the chemical index of weathering (CIW) averages 82.37%; the plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) averages 78.88%; and the mineralogical index of alteration (MIA) averages 41.43%. These data signify extensive weathering of felsic igneous source rocks, highlighting mineralogical maturity of Lokoja-Basange Sandstone. In essence, this study enriches insights into the sandstone's origins, sedimentary context, and weathering history.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"88 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140513214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v10i1.32156
Md. Babul Hossain, Bishwajit Kundu
This study compared the profitability of tossa and kenaf seed cultivation based on the 2021 seed-growing season in two locations: Rangpur and Jashore using the tossa variety BJRI Tossa Pat 8 and Rangpur and Kishoreganj using the kenaf variety HC-95. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics, break-even analysis and cost-benefit analysis. The expensive factors in growing tossa and kenaf seeds were labor costs, followed by land use, machinery, fertilizers, and seed. While the cost of labor (58.38%) and fertilizers (8.74%) were higher for tossa seed, the cost of seed (4.85%) for kenaf seed cultivation was higher as a percentage of the total cost. The highest tossa and kenaf seed yields were 722 kgha-1 and 798 kgha-1, respectively, in Jashore and Kishoreganj. Average break-even price for kenaf seed was Tk. 130 kg-1, which was less expensive than tossa seed (Tk. 181 kg-1). When compared to kenaf (341 kgha-1), average break-even quantity of tossa seed was higher (679 kgha-1). The average benefit cost ratio was found higher in the kenaf seed crop, as compared to the tossa seed crop in respect of total cost, variable cost, and cash cost. According to this finding, growing kenaf as seed crop can be profitable for farmers.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of the profitability of the tossa and kenaf seed cultivation at contact growers’ level in selected areas of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Babul Hossain, Bishwajit Kundu","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v10i1.32156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v10i1.32156","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared the profitability of tossa and kenaf seed cultivation based on the 2021 seed-growing season in two locations: Rangpur and Jashore using the tossa variety BJRI Tossa Pat 8 and Rangpur and Kishoreganj using the kenaf variety HC-95. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics, break-even analysis and cost-benefit analysis. The expensive factors in growing tossa and kenaf seeds were labor costs, followed by land use, machinery, fertilizers, and seed. While the cost of labor (58.38%) and fertilizers (8.74%) were higher for tossa seed, the cost of seed (4.85%) for kenaf seed cultivation was higher as a percentage of the total cost. The highest tossa and kenaf seed yields were 722 kgha-1 and 798 kgha-1, respectively, in Jashore and Kishoreganj. Average break-even price for kenaf seed was Tk. 130 kg-1, which was less expensive than tossa seed (Tk. 181 kg-1). When compared to kenaf (341 kgha-1), average break-even quantity of tossa seed was higher (679 kgha-1). The average benefit cost ratio was found higher in the kenaf seed crop, as compared to the tossa seed crop in respect of total cost, variable cost, and cash cost. According to this finding, growing kenaf as seed crop can be profitable for farmers.","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129301286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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