Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.14419/IJAG.V8I2.31021
Duru P.P, Kaura J.M, Akinola O.O, R. I.B
This study presents the experimental investigation carried out on the compressive strength and water absorption properties of lateritic blocks stabilized with cement and locust bean pod extract. Tests were carried out in which different sample batches of cement blocks (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5kg) were moulded and different sample batches of locust bean pod extract blocks (50, 100, 133, 150 and 200g/litre) were moulded and with both cement and locust bean pod moulded too. The compressive strength of the lateritic block samples were tested at 28 days. The results indicated that the cement with locust bean pod extract significantly increase the compressive strength of the lateritic block samples. This compressive strength increases as the amount of cement and locust bean pod extract was increased. This is a validation of the high possibilities of both cement locust bean pod extract being utilized as a binder in the production of blocks for low housing construction in developing areas of Nigeria.
{"title":"Compressive strength and water absorption of cement stabilized earth brick mixed with locust bean pod extract","authors":"Duru P.P, Kaura J.M, Akinola O.O, R. I.B","doi":"10.14419/IJAG.V8I2.31021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJAG.V8I2.31021","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the experimental investigation carried out on the compressive strength and water absorption properties of lateritic blocks stabilized with cement and locust bean pod extract. Tests were carried out in which different sample batches of cement blocks (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5kg) were moulded and different sample batches of locust bean pod extract blocks (50, 100, 133, 150 and 200g/litre) were moulded and with both cement and locust bean pod moulded too. The compressive strength of the lateritic block samples were tested at 28 days. The results indicated that the cement with locust bean pod extract significantly increase the compressive strength of the lateritic block samples. This compressive strength increases as the amount of cement and locust bean pod extract was increased. This is a validation of the high possibilities of both cement locust bean pod extract being utilized as a binder in the production of blocks for low housing construction in developing areas of Nigeria. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133931721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-02DOI: 10.14419/IJAG.V8I2.31023
Olawale OlakunleOsinowo, A. Usman, Ayotunde Allen Omitoogun
This study applied Electrical Resistivity Tomography geophysical investigation technique to evaluate the gold mineralization potential of Iperindo in Ilesha Schist Belt, southwestern Nigeria, where commercial exploitation capable of generating revenue and employment for the inhabitants has been challenged by lack / inadequate subsurface geological/geophysical information. The filtered and inverted electrical resistivity data acquired through five (5) 336 m long E – W trending profiles, established 10 m apart from each other, delineate isolated near surface but thick (> 30 m) low resistivity zones, especially at the eastern and western ends of the study area. Some of the delineated low resistivity zones (3 – 200 𝛀m) present vertical sharp edges, likely created by vertical faults that flank the zones on both sides. The low resistivity of these zones could be attributed to the occurrence of conductive material such as gold and associated base metals which probably exist in pegmatitic veins within the zones.
{"title":"Application of electrical resistivity tomography for mapping gold mineralization potential in Iperindo, Ilesha schist belt, southwestern Nigeria","authors":"Olawale OlakunleOsinowo, A. Usman, Ayotunde Allen Omitoogun","doi":"10.14419/IJAG.V8I2.31023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJAG.V8I2.31023","url":null,"abstract":"This study applied Electrical Resistivity Tomography geophysical investigation technique to evaluate the gold mineralization potential of Iperindo in Ilesha Schist Belt, southwestern Nigeria, where commercial exploitation capable of generating revenue and employment for the inhabitants has been challenged by lack / inadequate subsurface geological/geophysical information. The filtered and inverted electrical resistivity data acquired through five (5) 336 m long E – W trending profiles, established 10 m apart from each other, delineate isolated near surface but thick (> 30 m) low resistivity zones, especially at the eastern and western ends of the study area. Some of the delineated low resistivity zones (3 – 200 𝛀m) present vertical sharp edges, likely created by vertical faults that flank the zones on both sides. The low resistivity of these zones could be attributed to the occurrence of conductive material such as gold and associated base metals which probably exist in pegmatitic veins within the zones. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127455697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v8i1.13677
Omali A.O, Usman A.O, Baba Y
Geophysical and Geochemical assessment of groundwater in part of Northern Anambra Basin has been evaluated. The groundwater potentials, aquifer characteristics and groundwater quality within the study area have been delineated. This is aimed is at establishing the depth to watertable and potability of the groundwater within the area. Twenty-(20) vertical electrical soundings (VES) were acquired with a maximum half current electrode spacing of 150 metres using ABEM 4000 SAS Tetrameter. Hydrogeochemical analysis was carried out using HANA Model Hi 83200 multi parameter ion specific meter to evaluate the basic anions and cations in the water samples. Piper, Durov and Schoeller semi-logarithmic plots were drawn to characterize the water types. Results from the geo-electric sections revealed the presence of five to seven geo-electric layers. The depth to water table ranges between 20m and 161.1m. The depth to Watertable is deepest around Ogene area with depth of 161.1m. The result of the geophysical analysis correlates with the borehole data acquired from the study area. Results from hydrogeochemical studies revealed that the concentrations of ions are in the order of Ca2+> Na2+>K+>Mg2+ and HCO3->NO3->SO42->Cl- in Anyigba area, Na2+>K+> Ca2+>Mg2 and Cl- >HCO3->NO3->SO42- Ankpa area while in Ejule area Mg2+>Na2+>K+> Ca2+and Cl- >HCO3->NO3->SO42-. These fall within the WHO (2006) drinking water standard. It is recommended that an average depth of 75m should be drilled for borehole within the northern part of the studied area and a depth of about 100m in the southern part of the study area. In addition, the water is recommended for domestic use.
对阿南布拉盆地北部部分地区地下水进行了地球物理和地球化学评价。圈定了研究区内的地下水潜力、含水层特征和地下水水质。其目的是确定该地区地下水位的深度和地下水的可饮用性。使用ABEM 4000 SAS Tetrameter获得了20个垂直电测深(VES)，最大半电流电极间距为150米。采用HANA Model Hi 83200型多参数离子比较仪进行水文地球化学分析，评价水样中的碱性阴离子和阳离子。绘制了Piper, Durov和Schoeller半对数图来表征水的类型。地电剖面结果显示存在5 ~ 7个地电层。到地下水位的深度在20米至161.1米之间。至地下水位最深的是奥根区附近，深度为161.1m。地球物理分析结果与研究区的钻孔资料相吻合。水文地球化学研究结果表明，安依巴地区的离子浓度为Ca2+> Na2+>K+>Mg2+、HCO3->NO3->SO42-，安kpa地区的离子浓度为Na2+>K+>Mg2、Cl- >HCO3->NO3->SO42-，鄂居乐地区的离子浓度为Mg2+>Na2+>K+> Ca2+、Cl- >HCO3->NO3->SO42-。这些都符合世卫组织(2006年)饮用水标准。建议研究区北部钻孔平均深度75m，研究区南部钻孔平均深度100m左右。此外，建议使用家庭用水。
{"title":"Evaluation of groundwater resources within Ankpa and environ, north central Nigeria","authors":"Omali A.O, Usman A.O, Baba Y","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v8i1.13677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.13677","url":null,"abstract":"Geophysical and Geochemical assessment of groundwater in part of Northern Anambra Basin has been evaluated. The groundwater potentials, aquifer characteristics and groundwater quality within the study area have been delineated. This is aimed is at establishing the depth to watertable and potability of the groundwater within the area. Twenty-(20) vertical electrical soundings (VES) were acquired with a maximum half current electrode spacing of 150 metres using ABEM 4000 SAS Tetrameter. Hydrogeochemical analysis was carried out using HANA Model Hi 83200 multi parameter ion specific meter to evaluate the basic anions and cations in the water samples. Piper, Durov and Schoeller semi-logarithmic plots were drawn to characterize the water types. Results from the geo-electric sections revealed the presence of five to seven geo-electric layers. The depth to water table ranges between 20m and 161.1m. The depth to Watertable is deepest around Ogene area with depth of 161.1m. The result of the geophysical analysis correlates with the borehole data acquired from the study area. Results from hydrogeochemical studies revealed that the concentrations of ions are in the order of Ca2+> Na2+>K+>Mg2+ and HCO3->NO3->SO42->Cl- in Anyigba area, Na2+>K+> Ca2+>Mg2 and Cl- >HCO3->NO3->SO42- Ankpa area while in Ejule area Mg2+>Na2+>K+> Ca2+and Cl- >HCO3->NO3->SO42-. These fall within the WHO (2006) drinking water standard. It is recommended that an average depth of 75m should be drilled for borehole within the northern part of the studied area and a depth of about 100m in the southern part of the study area. In addition, the water is recommended for domestic use. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130652036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-14DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30645
M. O. Ajala, K. J. Akinyede, G. O. Adunoye, I. J. Akintola
This study investigated the effect of groundnut shell ash (GSA) on the strength of selected lateritic soils, with a view to determining the optimum percentage of GSA that will give the best strength properties of the soils. Soil samples were collected from two different borrow pits and identified as sample A and sample B respectively. Preliminary tests (Natural moisture content, specific gravity, grain size analysis, Atterberg limit) and engineering tests (compaction and unsoaked California bearing ratio (CBR)) were conducted on the soil samples in their natural state. GSA was then added to the soils at 2 %, 4 % and 6 % proportions. Atterberg limits, compaction and unsoaked CBR tests were conducted for each addition of GSA. The results showed that there was much improvement in the properties of the soils, with values of plasticity index (PI) reducing from 23.02 % (at 0 % GSA) to 12.55 % (at 6 % GSA) for sample A; and 35.14 % (at 0 % GSA) to 2..54 % (at 6 % GSA) for sample B. It was also observed that addition of GSA generally caused reduction in optimum moisture content (OMC) with an increase in corresponding maximum dry density (MDD). For sample A the maximum value of unsoaked CBR (17 %) was obtained at 2 % GSA, while for sample B, maximum CBR value (4 %) was obtained at 4 % GSA. It was concluded that GSA could be used to significantly improve the strength of lateritic soil.
{"title":"A study on the effects of groundnut shell ash on strength characteristics of soil","authors":"M. O. Ajala, K. J. Akinyede, G. O. Adunoye, I. J. Akintola","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30645","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effect of groundnut shell ash (GSA) on the strength of selected lateritic soils, with a view to determining the optimum percentage of GSA that will give the best strength properties of the soils. Soil samples were collected from two different borrow pits and identified as sample A and sample B respectively. Preliminary tests (Natural moisture content, specific gravity, grain size analysis, Atterberg limit) and engineering tests (compaction and unsoaked California bearing ratio (CBR)) were conducted on the soil samples in their natural state. GSA was then added to the soils at 2 %, 4 % and 6 % proportions. Atterberg limits, compaction and unsoaked CBR tests were conducted for each addition of GSA. The results showed that there was much improvement in the properties of the soils, with values of plasticity index (PI) reducing from 23.02 % (at 0 % GSA) to 12.55 % (at 6 % GSA) for sample A; and 35.14 % (at 0 % GSA) to 2..54 % (at 6 % GSA) for sample B. It was also observed that addition of GSA generally caused reduction in optimum moisture content (OMC) with an increase in corresponding maximum dry density (MDD). For sample A the maximum value of unsoaked CBR (17 %) was obtained at 2 % GSA, while for sample B, maximum CBR value (4 %) was obtained at 4 % GSA. It was concluded that GSA could be used to significantly improve the strength of lateritic soil. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133636407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30559
D. Isaac, Mbowou Gbambié Isaac Bertrand, Y. N. Fadimatou, Ntoumbé Mama, Ngounouno Ismaïla
The Garga-Sarali granitoids outcrop in form of large slabs and undistorted large blocks, into a schisto-gneissic basement. These rocks contain mainly muscovite and microcline, followed by K-feldspar, quartz, biotite, pyroxene, zircon and oxides, with coarse-grained to fine-grained textures. Geochemical analysis show that it belongs to differentiated rocks group (granodiorite-granite) with high SiO2 (up to 72 wt%) contents. Their genesis was made from a process of partial melting and fractional crystallization. These rocks are classified as belonging to I- and S-Type, meta-peraluminous, shoshonitic granites; belonging to the domain of volcanic arcs. The rare earth elements patterns suggest a source enriched of incompatible elements. The Nb-Ta and Ti negative anomalies from the multi-element patterns are characteristics of the subduction domains.
{"title":"Geochemistry of Garga-Sarali intrusive granitoids (central domain of the central African fold belt in Cameroon): petrological implication","authors":"D. Isaac, Mbowou Gbambié Isaac Bertrand, Y. N. Fadimatou, Ntoumbé Mama, Ngounouno Ismaïla","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30559","url":null,"abstract":"The Garga-Sarali granitoids outcrop in form of large slabs and undistorted large blocks, into a schisto-gneissic basement. These rocks contain mainly muscovite and microcline, followed by K-feldspar, quartz, biotite, pyroxene, zircon and oxides, with coarse-grained to fine-grained textures. Geochemical analysis show that it belongs to differentiated rocks group (granodiorite-granite) with high SiO2 (up to 72 wt%) contents. Their genesis was made from a process of partial melting and fractional crystallization. These rocks are classified as belonging to I- and S-Type, meta-peraluminous, shoshonitic granites; belonging to the domain of volcanic arcs. The rare earth elements patterns suggest a source enriched of incompatible elements. The Nb-Ta and Ti negative anomalies from the multi-element patterns are characteristics of the subduction domains. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129351501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-16DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30551
Sudip Saha, A. Reza, M. Roy
The Tista River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. The deposits that exposed along the both banks of the Tista River are characterized mainly by sand, sand laden with gravel and pebble with minor amounts of silt and clay. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) of the clay sized sediments of the Tista River reveals that illite (and/or mica), chlorite, kaolinite, quartz and feldspar are the principal mineral constituents. The minor to trace amounts of lavendulan, glauconite lepidolite, enstatite, sekaninaite and ferrierite minerals were identified in the investigated area. Illite constitutes 36% of the total minerals of the Tista River basin. The values of the illite crystallinity index varies from 0.228 to 0.345, indicating that the illites are relatively well crystallized and derived from the mechanical weathering of pre-existing rocks. The presence of illite and kaolinite suggests their derivation from the crystalline rocks that contain feldspar and mica, as well as from the pre-existing soils and sedimentary rocks. Glauconite forms in the sediments of continental shelf in the marine environment. The accessory minerals like enstatite, sekanianite and ferrierite are derived from basic igneous rocks. The dissolution of copper arsenate mineral, lavendulan might be a source of arsenic in the sediments of the study area.
{"title":"Illite crystallinity index an indicator of physical weathering of the Sediments of the Tista River, Rangpur, Bangladesh","authors":"Sudip Saha, A. Reza, M. Roy","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30551","url":null,"abstract":"The Tista River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. The deposits that exposed along the both banks of the Tista River are characterized mainly by sand, sand laden with gravel and pebble with minor amounts of silt and clay. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) of the clay sized sediments of the Tista River reveals that illite (and/or mica), chlorite, kaolinite, quartz and feldspar are the principal mineral constituents. The minor to trace amounts of lavendulan, glauconite lepidolite, enstatite, sekaninaite and ferrierite minerals were identified in the investigated area. Illite constitutes 36% of the total minerals of the Tista River basin. The values of the illite crystallinity index varies from 0.228 to 0.345, indicating that the illites are relatively well crystallized and derived from the mechanical weathering of pre-existing rocks. The presence of illite and kaolinite suggests their derivation from the crystalline rocks that contain feldspar and mica, as well as from the pre-existing soils and sedimentary rocks. Glauconite forms in the sediments of continental shelf in the marine environment. The accessory minerals like enstatite, sekanianite and ferrierite are derived from basic igneous rocks. The dissolution of copper arsenate mineral, lavendulan might be a source of arsenic in the sediments of the study area. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129835280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30400
M. Debnath, Md. Mahabubul Islam, Md. Ayub Khan, S. Akter, Protap Narayan Nandi Md. Mukul Mia
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the fertilizer dose for jute cultivation at the field after harvesting of onion at Gangabordi and Talma, Faridpur during 2017 with five treatments with different level of Urea, Triple Super Phosphate, Muriate of Potash and Gypsum. The result revealed that the treatment of higher doses of fertilizer gave the statistically significant highest fibre (2.76t/ha) yield whereas treatment of lower doses of fertilizer gave the lowest fibre yield (2.40 t/ha) but the Benefit Cost ratio from different treatment showed statistical non significance. From the view of economic profitability, farmers may use no fertilizer at their field during jute cultivation where previous crop was onion.
{"title":"Fertilizer doses for jute cultivation after onion harvest","authors":"M. Debnath, Md. Mahabubul Islam, Md. Ayub Khan, S. Akter, Protap Narayan Nandi Md. Mukul Mia","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30400","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to evaluate the fertilizer dose for jute cultivation at the field after harvesting of onion at Gangabordi and Talma, Faridpur during 2017 with five treatments with different level of Urea, Triple Super Phosphate, Muriate of Potash and Gypsum. The result revealed that the treatment of higher doses of fertilizer gave the statistically significant highest fibre (2.76t/ha) yield whereas treatment of lower doses of fertilizer gave the lowest fibre yield (2.40 t/ha) but the Benefit Cost ratio from different treatment showed statistical non significance. From the view of economic profitability, farmers may use no fertilizer at their field during jute cultivation where previous crop was onion. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122823997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30319
A. Ashraf
Snow and glaciers form a major source of fresh water for sustenance of millions of people in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya (HKH) region. The meltwater supplies are highly vulnerable to changing climate which may affect irrigated agriculture, livelihoods and natural ecosystems in the region. In the present study, a correlation between ice-melt runoff, glacier area and mean temperature was developed and applied to assess glacier-melt runoff using lapse rates of temperature (LRT) in 10 river basins of the HKH ranges of Pakistan. The LRT of ablation period was determined about –0.39°C/100 m in the Hindu Kush, –0.67°C/100 m in the Karakoram and –0.59°C/100 m in the Himalayas. Maximum ice-melt runoff was estimated from 4500–5000 m in seven basins, whereas it was maximum from 5000–5500 m elevation range in two basins. In Jhelum basin, the runoff was found maximum from 4000–4500 m elevation range. Overall, about 28.3% of the glacier-melt appears to generate from 5000–5500 m and 27.8% from 4500–5000 m elevation range in all three HKH ranges. However, thorough glacio-hydrological studies are essential in context of possible changes in climate and land use for effective water resource management in this region in future.
{"title":"Altitudinal runoff assessment under variable lapse rates of temperature in the Hindu Kush, Karakorum and Himalaya ranges of Pakistan","authors":"A. Ashraf","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30319","url":null,"abstract":"Snow and glaciers form a major source of fresh water for sustenance of millions of people in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya (HKH) region. The meltwater supplies are highly vulnerable to changing climate which may affect irrigated agriculture, livelihoods and natural ecosystems in the region. In the present study, a correlation between ice-melt runoff, glacier area and mean temperature was developed and applied to assess glacier-melt runoff using lapse rates of temperature (LRT) in 10 river basins of the HKH ranges of Pakistan. The LRT of ablation period was determined about –0.39°C/100 m in the Hindu Kush, –0.67°C/100 m in the Karakoram and –0.59°C/100 m in the Himalayas. Maximum ice-melt runoff was estimated from 4500–5000 m in seven basins, whereas it was maximum from 5000–5500 m elevation range in two basins. In Jhelum basin, the runoff was found maximum from 4000–4500 m elevation range. Overall, about 28.3% of the glacier-melt appears to generate from 5000–5500 m and 27.8% from 4500–5000 m elevation range in all three HKH ranges. However, thorough glacio-hydrological studies are essential in context of possible changes in climate and land use for effective water resource management in this region in future. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116821183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v8i1.29162
I. UdoK., J. Georgen, O. AkankpoA., B. AzuokoG., Aka M.U
Fracture pressure gradient is one of the essential parameters used in determining mud weight profiles during drilling operations. We have determined fracture pressure gradients from well logs obtained from three producing wells in Onshore Niger Delta using an empirical model. Key logs needed for the prediction were conditioned and quality controlled to meet the standard required for reliable results. The true vertical stress, normal compaction trend and compressional shale velocity trends were generated from the logs (density and sonic logs). Poison’s ratio was obtained from compressional and shear wave velocities derived from sonic log. Pore pressures in the three wells were then predicted using Eaton’s Method. The predicted pore pressures, overburden pressures and poison’s ratio were used to determine fracture pressures using Ben Eaton’s Model. Results showed that there is a suitable drilling margin at all depths only in well G-005. Drilling well A-001 to a depth of 10962.81 ft and K-001 to a depth of 12626.9 ft will fracture the formations because the fluid pressures at those depths approximate the fracture pressures of 8536.7psi and 9506 psi with corresponding gradients of 0.78 psi/ft and 0.75 psi/ft respectively. The implication is that drilling deeper in the field will results in very low seal capacity magnitudes, thereby presenting a higher risk of top-seal failure.
{"title":"Determining Fracture Pressure Gradients from Well Logs","authors":"I. UdoK., J. Georgen, O. AkankpoA., B. AzuokoG., Aka M.U","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v8i1.29162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.29162","url":null,"abstract":"Fracture pressure gradient is one of the essential parameters used in determining mud weight profiles during drilling operations. We have determined fracture pressure gradients from well logs obtained from three producing wells in Onshore Niger Delta using an empirical model. Key logs needed for the prediction were conditioned and quality controlled to meet the standard required for reliable results. The true vertical stress, normal compaction trend and compressional shale velocity trends were generated from the logs (density and sonic logs). Poison’s ratio was obtained from compressional and shear wave velocities derived from sonic log. Pore pressures in the three wells were then predicted using Eaton’s Method. The predicted pore pressures, overburden pressures and poison’s ratio were used to determine fracture pressures using Ben Eaton’s Model. Results showed that there is a suitable drilling margin at all depths only in well G-005. Drilling well A-001 to a depth of 10962.81 ft and K-001 to a depth of 12626.9 ft will fracture the formations because the fluid pressures at those depths approximate the fracture pressures of 8536.7psi and 9506 psi with corresponding gradients of 0.78 psi/ft and 0.75 psi/ft respectively. The implication is that drilling deeper in the field will results in very low seal capacity magnitudes, thereby presenting a higher risk of top-seal failure. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"295 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133193794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v7i2.29562
Hamma Ada Moussa, M. Harouna
The Paleogene Sokor1 Formation in Termit Basin is recognized as the most important hydrocarbon reservoir. However, in spite of its reservoir importance, published studies on its diagenetic process and their effects on reservoir quality are absent or limited. Petrographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to assess diagenetic characteristics, controls on reservoir and reservoir quality of Sokor1 Formation. The Sokor1 sandstones are mostly quartz sandstone, lithic quartz-arenite and rarely lithic fedspathic-quartz-arenite, with an average mass fraction of quartz 95%, feldspar 1.6% and rock fragments 3.4% (Q95F1.6R3.4). Diagenetic processes in Sokor1 sandstones include mechanical compaction, cementation, dissolution and replacement. The main authigenic minerals are quartz overgrowth and clay minerals, which occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Sokor1 sandstone has undergone stages A and B of eodiagenesis and now, it is experiencing stage A of mesodiagenesis. The widespread occurrences of quartz overgrowth suggest that Sokor1 sandstones lost a significant amount of primary porosity during its diagenetic history. Secondary porosity occurred due to partial and complete dissolution of feldspar, quartz grains and rock fragments, so increasing reservoir quality. The latter is predominantly controlled by depositional environment controls on grains size, sorting and matrix. Thus, reservoirs of best quality were deposited in braided river channel environments. In addition, oil accumulation has no discernable effects on porosity and oil probably entered the reservoir at late diagenetic stage, after quartz overgrowth and authigenic cements had already occurred.
{"title":"Diagenesis and reservoir quality evolution of the paleogene sokor1 sandstones in the agadem block, termit basin, eastern Niger","authors":"Hamma Ada Moussa, M. Harouna","doi":"10.14419/ijag.v7i2.29562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v7i2.29562","url":null,"abstract":"The Paleogene Sokor1 Formation in Termit Basin is recognized as the most important hydrocarbon reservoir. However, in spite of its reservoir importance, published studies on its diagenetic process and their effects on reservoir quality are absent or limited. Petrographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to assess diagenetic characteristics, controls on reservoir and reservoir quality of Sokor1 Formation. The Sokor1 sandstones are mostly quartz sandstone, lithic quartz-arenite and rarely lithic fedspathic-quartz-arenite, with an average mass fraction of quartz 95%, feldspar 1.6% and rock fragments 3.4% (Q95F1.6R3.4). Diagenetic processes in Sokor1 sandstones include mechanical compaction, cementation, dissolution and replacement. The main authigenic minerals are quartz overgrowth and clay minerals, which occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Sokor1 sandstone has undergone stages A and B of eodiagenesis and now, it is experiencing stage A of mesodiagenesis. The widespread occurrences of quartz overgrowth suggest that Sokor1 sandstones lost a significant amount of primary porosity during its diagenetic history. Secondary porosity occurred due to partial and complete dissolution of feldspar, quartz grains and rock fragments, so increasing reservoir quality. The latter is predominantly controlled by depositional environment controls on grains size, sorting and matrix. Thus, reservoirs of best quality were deposited in braided river channel environments. In addition, oil accumulation has no discernable effects on porosity and oil probably entered the reservoir at late diagenetic stage, after quartz overgrowth and authigenic cements had already occurred. ","PeriodicalId":424421,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Geosciences","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114583066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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