Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica最新文献

Ale and beer brewing and drinking have apparently been part of the human experience since the dawn of civilization. Beer is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages around the world. It is rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and other compounds. Historically, ale and beer have served as sources of potent nutrient food and have also been used for their medicinal properties. It was believed that the process of fermentation changes simple ingredients such as grain and water into sacred produce, and the introduction of medicinal plants enhances its properties. The earliest records show that in Sumer, beer was used for medicinal purposes as early as 2000 BCE. In the early Middle Ages, ales became popular among the Celts, Germans, and Scandinavians, who were great ale drinkers. Ales were brewed without hops; instead, a specific herb or a combination of herbs called gruit was used for flavouring. Ale and beer were thought to have both magical and medicinal powers, and were often prescribed for medicinal purposes. The introduction of hops revolutionized the brewing and beer trade. Hops improved the quality of beer and gave beer greater durability and protection against bacteria. The aim of the paper is to present the history of ale and beer used for their medicinal properties.

Paralytic ileus is a prevalent medical condition following surgery, exerting a significant financial impact on the healthcare system. Despite its considerable implications, there has been limited progress in advancing both diagnostic and curative approaches to address ileus. This study seeks to introduce alternative diagnostic methodologies rooted in Persian medicine (PM) for paralytic ileus. Our investigation involved a thorough review of literature, including The Canon of Medicine, and an exploration of various PM texts for relevant references. The findings were systematically compared with contemporary medical documentation. According to Persian medicine, paralytic ileus is classified as a type of 'Gholanj' disease. Persian medicine physicians extensively documented this disease, presenting detailed insights. While some aspects of PM viewpoints and the etiology of intestinal obstruction were humoral-theory-based, a majority of his definitions align with current medical concepts. Additionally, Persian medicine physicians proposed numerous therapeutic approaches for managing ileus, such as the Hoghne method, rectal suppositories, topical application of medicines, sitz baths, and the use of laxatives. Gaining a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology and exploring alternative treatment options outlined in Persian medicine can prove valuable for future studies aimed at enhancing the management of paralytic ileus.

“The Black Eagle” pharmacy in Karlovac was founded in 1726 as the sixth military pharmacy in Croatia, and it has been continuously operating until today. In this work, relying on available literature, archival sources, and information from contemporary publications, the complete reconstruction of the historical continuity and ownership sequence of the oldest pharmacy in Karlovac is presented for the first time. All pharmacists who have made their mark in the operation of the pharmacy are listed, and biographies of those pharmacists who had a special significance in Karlovac’s pharmacy and social life of that time are highlighted. New and original insights are presented, and incorrect data that have been circulating in the literature are corrected. Historical research on “The Black Eagle” pharmacy is valuable not only in the context of preserving Croatian pharmaceutical heritage but also as a space of exceptional historical and cultural significance.

Anatomy is a dynamic and translational discipline that integrates research and education. Throughout the centuries, anatomical knowledge has become increasingly important for the medical sciences, especially surgery. Cadaver dissection remains an irreplaceable met-hod for acquiring a comprehensive and detailed understanding of human anatomy, as it is the only method that enables safe and effective clinical practice. The teaching of anatomy has evolved from traditional teachings to modern approaches. Scientific progress and societal changes have introduced digital tools into anatomy education. While new methods and digital technologies enhance the education of future doctors, the practice of dissection should never be abandoned as a foundational teaching and learning method in anatomy. This is because cadavers provide the closest approximation to the real patients that future doctors will treat. This paper discusses the evolution of anatomy teaching at the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine in Rijeka from its inception to the present day.

Τhe 1821 Greek War of Independence, following 400 years under Turkish occupation, resulted, after long-term sacrifices, in the establishment of Greece as a sovereign nation-state, marking the first in the autocratic Europe of the time. The poor public health and the lack of doctors, medical supplies, safe water, food, and sewage favored the outbreak of epidemics. The Greek cause attracted worldwide support, and a great number of philhellenes, physicians, and aristocrats offered services and even their lives on the battlefields. Greek and foreign historians stress the international importance of the Greek Revolution for the activation of the term nation into a social force for democracy and the right to public and individual health and welfare all around the world.

The article presents the little-known pioneering activity of doctors working in Lviv, the capital of the Galicia province in the Austrian Monarchy, for the development of therapeutic gymnastics and orthopedics from 1847 to 1918. Analysis of source materials from archives, medical magazines, and daily newspapers shows that therapeutic gymnastics was introduced for the treatment of locomotor diseases in Lviv at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Initially, it was based on the German method and then replaced by the Swedish method. At the same time, orthopedics emerged from surgery, with its origins related to the habilitation of Dr Antoni Gabryszewski at the University of Lviv. The main role in this process belonged to Lviv doctors, graduates of universities in Krakow, Lviv, Prague, and Vienna. They conducted scientific research at the Medical Faculty of the University of Lviv and made numerous trips to renowned centers in other provinces of Austria, as well as in Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland. Due to their scientific work, as well as the knowledge and experience gained from foreign scientific visits, they founded and managed facilities where they applied orthopedics, healing gymnastics, mechanotherapy, physical therapy, massage, and orthopedic equipment. Most facilities were comparable in functionality to renowned foreign centers. The pioneering activities of Lviv doctors contributed to the development of orthopedics and healing gymnastics in other Galician cities and influenced the establishment of spas throughout the province. In later years, this activity furthered the establishment of orthopedics, comprehensive rehabilitation, and spa therapy in Poland and Ukraine.

Organized and formal education of nurses in Croatia began in 1921 with the establishment of the School for Nursing Assistants in Zagreb. From the establishment of the first health institutions in Karlovac until the end of the Second World War, there were extremely few educated personnel for patient care. Patient care was performed by apprentices and nuns who attended nursing schools organized as part of the hospitals they managed or who had a diploma from the School for Assistant Nurses in Zagreb. In the period after the Second World War, many nuns were forced to leave the service, which contributed to a large extent to the attrition of trained personnel, who were already scarce. The General Hospital in Karlovac solved this problem by opening schools for childcare workers, paramedics, hygienists, and dental assistants, who, until the opening of the School for Nurses in Karlovac in 1960, will make up the majority of the staff providing direct care to patients. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the education of auxiliary staff and the structure of employees who were direct care providers, with a review of the working conditions in General Hospital Karlovac from the end of the Second World War to the 1960s. The educational programs found for childcare workers and paramedics and the listed persons who implemented these programs are shown.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) was the founder of the modern-day Turkish Republic. Although much has been published about his life, only one biography adopted a psychological/psychoanalytic perspective. The authors Vamık Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz argued that the main driving mechanism behind Atatürk's behavior was his narcissistic personality organization. Their framework considered Mustafa's birth, which occurred shortly after his elder brothers had passed away, and how his mother, presumably in a state of severe depression, could not provide adequate emotional care, which gave way to compensatory narcissistic tendencies in the child. For several decades, the hypothesis has remained unchallenged, and no serious review has yet been carried out. In this article, I argue that Mustafa Kemal was a highly intelligent and gifted child based on his well-developed verbal skills and his record as a high achiever at school. While considering the impact of adverse events in early childhood on cognitive development and personality, a review of historical texts revealed that his elder brothers died in 1883-not before Mustafa's birth, as the authors had believed. Thus, no serious event appears to have taken place in his early years when rapid brain development is thought to occur. Since the central premise has lost its integrity to support the biography, Volkan and Itzkowitz's hypothesis can no longer be regarded as tenable and viable.

Reviewing historical medical manuscripts shows that neurological disorders have been previously described in the Islamic Golden Age. Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna (980-1037 AD), was one of the most renowned scientists during this period. He widely practiced medicine, especially those disorders related to neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry in conventional medicine. In his extant book al-Qānūn fī al-Tibb (the Canon of Medicine), he claimed that some types of brain diseases can be related to the "marāqq" and called them marāqq-related disorders. From Avicenna's viewpoint, "marāqq" is considered a membranous structure in the abdomen. Ibn Sina has illustrated the association between the "marāqq" and the brain through some direct and indirect pathways. As a result, some disturbances in the "marāqq" can influence the brain, which can contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of brain diseases. Accordingly, those patients who regularly had gastrointestinal discomforts experienced a higher prevalence of headache, melancholia, and epilepsy. This study aimed to explore the relationship between abdominal and brain diseases from Avicenna's viewpoint. Furthermore, the definition, clinical manifestation, and therapeutic strategies of marāqq-related disorders were described.

Scientific meeting review / Prikaz skupa.