Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica最新文献

Şereffeddin Sabuncuoğlu was a skilled surgeon from the early Ottoman period (15th century) in the Anatolian city of Amasya. He was a physician, surgeon, trainer, scientist, miniature artist, calligrapher, and the author of three significant books in addition to four other known manuscripts. In this study, unlike the previous historical clinical articles about him focused only on certain chapters he had written in his book 'Imperial Surgery', we have tried to focus on his whole life, including his personal experiences and things happening in his immediate environment.

The primary aim of this paper will be to understand hypochondria as a philosophical problem, rather than a medical-psychological one, since there is a significant difference between the modern (medical-psychological in the true sense of the word) understanding of hypochondria and all earlier anthropological, philosophical, and physiological understandings, including that of Kant. Kant's interpretation of hypochondria, as a mental illness, highlights an interesting dichotomy between actual bodily sensations and distorted perception. The hypochondriac experiences real physical sensations but interprets them in a way that is not grounded in actuality. Kant argues that these sensations result from the (lack of) attention the hypochondriac gives to certain physical signals. On the other hand, if one were to focus their attention on something else or engage in activities that distract their thoughts from pathological feelings, the feelings could diminish, and with enough composure, even disappear entirely. One of the key problems with hypochondria is that rational arguments often cannot change the beliefs of a person who feels symptoms in their body and mind. In order for a person to regain control over themselves, Kant turns to the principles of moral and philosophical dietetics. Therefore, this paper will specifically follow two aspects: Kant's scattered analysis of hypochondria and its transcendental philosophical assumptions. Conclusions from transcendental philosophy should help in overcoming hypochondriac whims.

In this paper, I focus on the knowability of empirical laws in Kant. Specifically, I explore the interpretative thread according to which the knowability of an item is secured through an appropriate classification within a hierarchical ordering.The relationship between the knowability and classification is ultimately based on Kant's characterization of our understanding as being "discursive", i.e., relying on subsuming-procedures. More specifically, the focus is on empirical laws referring to biological phenomena broadly construed, which are interestingly intertwined with the teleology-mechanism specific relationship. "Critique of the Power of Judgment" and related Kant's works, thus, address the class of teleological judgments and/or functional statements that should also have the status of a law of nature. I argue that the knowability of generally biological laws equally relies on subsuming-procedures, which in the life sciences, that is, primarily, biology plus its application to medical practices, consist in an explanatory integration between normative teleological judgments and those causal-mechanical. Finally, I try to clarify how a Kantian take on these issues fits within the current function debate: namely, in what way it acknowledges the explanatory and normative dimensions of function statements as they contribute to the practice of the life sciences.

This paper examines Kant's concept of the health under four aspects. Part 1:  Kant speaks of health primarily in terms of common sense (gesunder Menschenverstand) and healthy reason (gesunde Vernunft). The concept of health is therefore mainly an epistemological concept. Part 2: Health then stands in the context of disease. For Kant, disease is always linked to a lack of cognitive capacity. Kant's thoughts on disease and health can be found above all in his late writings "Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View" (1798) and "The Conflict of the Faculties" (1798). The early work "Essay on the Maladies of the Head" (1764) and a speech on "On Philosophers' Medicine of the Body" (1786) should also be included. Since health is primarily in the context of cognition, mental illnesses are at the centre of Kant's work. Part 3: Kant repeatedly presents his own state of health as an example. When Kant wrote his own "dietetics" in response to Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland's "Macrobiotics or The Art of Prolonging Human Life", it becomes clear that the attainment of physical health is also linked to mental health. After all, we can speak of psychosomatics. Part 4: For Kant, the preservation of health is also the task of the government. This political dimension of health is evident in Kant's writings. This discovery of psychosomatics is part of a medical-historical context that originated with Kant, among others, and which has not yet been sufficiently researched.

Ale and beer brewing and drinking have apparently been part of the human experience since the dawn of civilization. Beer is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages around the world. It is rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and other compounds. Historically, ale and beer have served as sources of potent nutrient food and have also been used for their medicinal properties. It was believed that the process of fermentation changes simple ingredients such as grain and water into sacred produce, and the introduction of medicinal plants enhances its properties. The earliest records show that in Sumer, beer was used for medicinal purposes as early as 2000 BCE. In the early Middle Ages, ales became popular among the Celts, Germans, and Scandinavians, who were great ale drinkers. Ales were brewed without hops; instead, a specific herb or a combination of herbs called gruit was used for flavouring. Ale and beer were thought to have both magical and medicinal powers, and were often prescribed for medicinal purposes. The introduction of hops revolutionized the brewing and beer trade. Hops improved the quality of beer and gave beer greater durability and protection against bacteria. The aim of the paper is to present the history of ale and beer used for their medicinal properties.

Paralytic ileus is a prevalent medical condition following surgery, exerting a significant financial impact on the healthcare system. Despite its considerable implications, there has been limited progress in advancing both diagnostic and curative approaches to address ileus. This study seeks to introduce alternative diagnostic methodologies rooted in Persian medicine (PM) for paralytic ileus. Our investigation involved a thorough review of literature, including The Canon of Medicine, and an exploration of various PM texts for relevant references. The findings were systematically compared with contemporary medical documentation. According to Persian medicine, paralytic ileus is classified as a type of 'Gholanj' disease. Persian medicine physicians extensively documented this disease, presenting detailed insights. While some aspects of PM viewpoints and the etiology of intestinal obstruction were humoral-theory-based, a majority of his definitions align with current medical concepts. Additionally, Persian medicine physicians proposed numerous therapeutic approaches for managing ileus, such as the Hoghne method, rectal suppositories, topical application of medicines, sitz baths, and the use of laxatives. Gaining a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology and exploring alternative treatment options outlined in Persian medicine can prove valuable for future studies aimed at enhancing the management of paralytic ileus.

“The Black Eagle” pharmacy in Karlovac was founded in 1726 as the sixth military pharmacy in Croatia, and it has been continuously operating until today. In this work, relying on available literature, archival sources, and information from contemporary publications, the complete reconstruction of the historical continuity and ownership sequence of the oldest pharmacy in Karlovac is presented for the first time. All pharmacists who have made their mark in the operation of the pharmacy are listed, and biographies of those pharmacists who had a special significance in Karlovac’s pharmacy and social life of that time are highlighted. New and original insights are presented, and incorrect data that have been circulating in the literature are corrected. Historical research on “The Black Eagle” pharmacy is valuable not only in the context of preserving Croatian pharmaceutical heritage but also as a space of exceptional historical and cultural significance.

Anatomy is a dynamic and translational discipline that integrates research and education. Throughout the centuries, anatomical knowledge has become increasingly important for the medical sciences, especially surgery. Cadaver dissection remains an irreplaceable met-hod for acquiring a comprehensive and detailed understanding of human anatomy, as it is the only method that enables safe and effective clinical practice. The teaching of anatomy has evolved from traditional teachings to modern approaches. Scientific progress and societal changes have introduced digital tools into anatomy education. While new methods and digital technologies enhance the education of future doctors, the practice of dissection should never be abandoned as a foundational teaching and learning method in anatomy. This is because cadavers provide the closest approximation to the real patients that future doctors will treat. This paper discusses the evolution of anatomy teaching at the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine in Rijeka from its inception to the present day.

Τhe 1821 Greek War of Independence, following 400 years under Turkish occupation, resulted, after long-term sacrifices, in the establishment of Greece as a sovereign nation-state, marking the first in the autocratic Europe of the time. The poor public health and the lack of doctors, medical supplies, safe water, food, and sewage favored the outbreak of epidemics. The Greek cause attracted worldwide support, and a great number of philhellenes, physicians, and aristocrats offered services and even their lives on the battlefields. Greek and foreign historians stress the international importance of the Greek Revolution for the activation of the term nation into a social force for democracy and the right to public and individual health and welfare all around the world.

The article presents the little-known pioneering activity of doctors working in Lviv, the capital of the Galicia province in the Austrian Monarchy, for the development of therapeutic gymnastics and orthopedics from 1847 to 1918. Analysis of source materials from archives, medical magazines, and daily newspapers shows that therapeutic gymnastics was introduced for the treatment of locomotor diseases in Lviv at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Initially, it was based on the German method and then replaced by the Swedish method. At the same time, orthopedics emerged from surgery, with its origins related to the habilitation of Dr Antoni Gabryszewski at the University of Lviv. The main role in this process belonged to Lviv doctors, graduates of universities in Krakow, Lviv, Prague, and Vienna. They conducted scientific research at the Medical Faculty of the University of Lviv and made numerous trips to renowned centers in other provinces of Austria, as well as in Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland. Due to their scientific work, as well as the knowledge and experience gained from foreign scientific visits, they founded and managed facilities where they applied orthopedics, healing gymnastics, mechanotherapy, physical therapy, massage, and orthopedic equipment. Most facilities were comparable in functionality to renowned foreign centers. The pioneering activities of Lviv doctors contributed to the development of orthopedics and healing gymnastics in other Galician cities and influenced the establishment of spas throughout the province. In later years, this activity furthered the establishment of orthopedics, comprehensive rehabilitation, and spa therapy in Poland and Ukraine.