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State Machinery Building and Economic Transition: Lessons from the German Unification 国家机器建设与经济转型:德国统一的启示
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1177/02601079231178157
Yasushi Nakamura
East Germany was deficient in the human resources to establish a new state machinery that was equal to that of West Germany. The solution was transferring knowledge and know-hows from West to East Germany through dispatching West German personnel, retraining and building informal personal networks. East Germany could establish the new state machinery quickly, although copying West Germany left little room to build a better state machinery, and the sudden change might undermine East German personnel’s efforts to increase their capacities. The German experience suggests that the other ex-socialist countries that could not expect a fast and extensive transfer of knowledge and know-how would need a long period measured by the unit of decade or generation to establish the new state machinery. Those countries needed a commonly understood goal of systemic transformation and public support for it over a long period. JEL: H10, N44, O15, P20, P37
东德缺乏人力资源来建立一个与西德相当的新国家机器。解决方案是通过派遣西德人员、再培训和建立非正式的个人网络,将知识和技能从西德转移到东德。东德可以迅速建立新的国家机器,尽管效仿西德几乎没有建立更好的国家机器的空间,而且这种突然的变化可能会破坏东德人员提高能力的努力。德国的经验表明,其他前社会主义国家无法指望知识和技能的快速和广泛转移,需要以十年或一代人为单位的长期时间来建立新的国家机器。这些国家需要一个普遍理解的系统转型目标,并在很长一段时间内得到公众的支持。JEL:H10、N44、O15、P20、P37
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引用次数: 0
Towards Dual Interest Theory in Metaeconomics 论元经济学中的双重利益理论
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1177/02601079231172366
G. Lynne, Natalia V. Czap
The purpose of this article is to expand the economic discourse beyond single interest as the dominant analytical foundation of microeconomics towards dual interest and metaeconomics. Metaeconomics is based on the reality of joint and non-separable self and other-interest arising because of non-allocable goods and non-allocable inputs. Non-allocable goods are explained by the internal tendencies in the mind to a more primal ego-based self-interest tempered by an empathy-based other (shared with the other, while internalised within the own-self-interest). Non-allocable inputs giving joint products and dual interest in the outcomes are explained by thermodynamics: production is internal to and non-separable from the natural system on the Spaceship Earth. Dual Interest Theory (DIT) assumes that self-interest is accompanied by empathy-based other-interest and that individuals tend to balance both interests in their decisions and behaviour. Several empirical tests of DIT demonstrated its advantages in explaining the observed behavioural outcomes as compared to the consideration of self-interest alone. DIT is also more powerful in explaining many other social phenomena than if one relies on the single/self-interest assumption of microeconomics alone. JEL Codes: A20, D11, D21, D62, D64, H41
本文的目的是将单一利益作为微观经济学的主要分析基础的经济话语扩展到双重利益和元经济学。元经济学是建立在共同的、不可分离的自我和他人利益的基础上的——利益是由不可分配的商品和不可分配的投入引起的。不可分配物品的解释是,人们的内心倾向于一种更原始的、以自我为基础的利己主义,这种利己主义受到以移情为基础的他人的调和(与他人分享,同时内化在自己的利己主义中)。不可分配的投入产生了共同的产品和对结果的双重兴趣,这可以用热力学来解释:生产是地球飞船上的自然系统的内部和不可分离的。双重利益理论(DIT)认为,自利伴随着基于移情的他人利益,个人倾向于在决策和行为中平衡这两种利益。与单独考虑自身利益相比,DIT的几个实证测试证明了它在解释观察到的行为结果方面的优势。在解释许多其他社会现象时,DIT也比单独依赖微观经济学的单一/自利假设更有力。JEL代码:A20, D11, D21, D62, D64, H41
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引用次数: 2
COVID-19 Crisis and the Association Between Inequality and Economic Growth COVID-19危机以及不平等与经济增长之间的关系
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/02601079221142703
S. Chahine, Adam Chahine
In this paper, we investigate the macroeconomic response to exogenous shocks, namely the COVID-19. We conjecture that the sensitivity of an economic system to an exogenous shock is endogenous on its characteristics and ability to counter a shock. We use the COVID-19 crisis as an exogenous shock, and we argue that a higher income inequality is likely to lead to a greater negative impact of an exogenous shock on economic growth. We validate our expectations using different inequality indexes. In further robustness tests, we confirm our conclusions using different proxies for economic conditions. JEL Codes: A10, I14, I15
在本文中,我们研究了宏观经济对外生冲击(即COVID-19)的反应。我们推测,经济系统对外生冲击的敏感性在其特征和抵御冲击的能力上是内生的。我们将COVID-19危机作为外生冲击,认为收入不平等加剧可能导致外生冲击对经济增长的负面影响更大。我们使用不同的不等式指数来验证我们的期望。在进一步的稳健性测试中,我们使用不同的经济条件代理来证实我们的结论。JEL代码:A10, I14, I15
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引用次数: 0
When an A Is NOT an A in Academic Research, or How A-Journal List Metrics Inhibit Exploratory Behaviour in Academia 当学术研究中的A不是A时,或者A期刊列表指标如何抑制学术界的探索行为
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1177/02601079231152118
Alejandro Agafonow, Marybel Perez
On account of the leverage that the Academy of Management (AOM) has, via its positioning in the highest tiers of the A-journal lists currently used to adjudicate promotions and tenure evaluations, it is urgent to assess the premises and assumptions upon which the so-called pluralist model of scholarly impact, advocated by academics with executive responsibilities in the AOM, is built. Our findings are that the pluralist model is liable to three crucial problems: ecological bias, specific knowledge and pre-emptive costs. Consistent with extant performance evaluation scholarship, promotions and tenure evaluations must build instead on: (a) a qualitative evaluation of scholarly contributions unencumbered by ordinality assumptions; (b) the narrowing of the span of control of academics, moving supervisory authority away from the line structure and back into the hands of true peers; and (c) muting the incentives that prevent academics from focusing on riskier and long-term horizon outputs, which are pillars in agreement with known accounts of how exploratory behaviour has been successfully managed at IBM, Google, the SAS Institute and Nokia, to name but a few cases. JEL Codes: 123, O31
鉴于美国管理学会(AOM)的影响力,通过其在目前用于裁决晋升和终身教职评估的a期刊列表中的最高层次的定位,迫切需要评估在AOM中承担行政责任的学者所倡导的所谓学术影响的多元模式所建立的前提和假设。我们的研究发现,多元主义模式容易出现三个关键问题:生态偏见、特定知识和先发制人的成本。与现有的绩效评估一样,奖学金、晋升和终身职位评估必须建立在以下基础上:(a)对学术贡献进行定性评估,不受一致性假设的影响;(b)缩小学术界的控制范围,将监管权力从直线结构转移到真正的同行手中;(c)消除阻碍学者关注风险更大和长期前景产出的激励机制,这些激励机制与IBM、bb0、SAS Institute和诺基亚(Nokia)等公司成功管理探索行为的已知案例相一致。JEL代码:123,O31
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引用次数: 1
Rationally Inattentive Behaviour with A Priori Knowledge 先验知识的理性疏忽行为
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1177/02601079221133991
Jiří Dvořák, Libor Votava, L. Komárková, Mojmír Sabolovic, Jan Závodný Pospíšil
To contribute to the discussion on the importance of the sense of fairness in the decision-making process according to the theory of rational inattention. The study is based on an experiment where economically educated respondents state and justify the price at which they are willing to provide and accept help in an emergency. Most of the respondents are willing to provide and accept help. For the assistance provided, most would demand a significantly lower price than the maximum economic return defined by the known value of the commercial service. The respondents were repeatedly willing to pass on the pricing decision to the counterparty. This behaviour in decision-making processes represents non-inclusion of a sufficient a priori knowledge as a determining factor in the selection of variants, which is a limitation in the cognitively limited modelling of economic subjects. The results are based on the original experiment as an empirical basis and it is valuable because of the lack of experimental research in this domain. Limitations include the relatively small sample of respondents and, in terms of generalising the results, that they were students at a university of economics. JEL: D01, D11, D12, D14
根据理性疏忽理论,为讨论公平感在决策过程中的重要性做出贡献。这项研究基于一项实验,在该实验中,受过经济教育的受访者陈述并证明了他们在紧急情况下愿意提供和接受帮助的价格。大多数受访者愿意提供并接受帮助。对于所提供的援助,大多数人要求的价格远低于商业服务已知价值所定义的最大经济回报。受访者一再表示愿意将定价决定传递给交易对手。决策过程中的这种行为代表着在选择变量时没有包含足够的先验知识作为决定因素,这是对经济主体认知有限建模的限制。这些结果是基于原始实验作为经验基础的,由于缺乏该领域的实验研究,因此很有价值。局限性包括受访者样本相对较少,而且就概括结果而言,他们是经济大学的学生。JEL:D01、D11、D12、D14
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引用次数: 0
Agricultural Export, Growth and the Poor in Africa: A Meta Analysis 非洲农业出口、增长与贫困:一个元分析
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1177/02601079221132145
David Adeabah, Simplice Asongu
Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have examined the role of agricultural export in economic growth in Africa. The literature, however, provides conflicting results about the agricul...
在过去十年中,越来越多的研究审查了农业出口在非洲经济增长中的作用。然而,文献提供了关于农业…
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引用次数: 0
Automated Economic Welfare for Everyone? Examining Barriers to Adopting Robo-Advisors from the Perspective of Explainable Artificial Intelligence 人人享有自动化经济福利?从可解释人工智能的角度审视采用机器人顾问的障碍
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1177/02601079221130183
Claas Digmayer
Robo-advisors (RAs) support economic decisions for customers using artificial intelligence (AI). RAs are gaining increasing significance but lack market penetration. A significant issue is the perceived low transparency of such AI systems. This study examines the public’s demands on RAs with text-mining methods from the perspective of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The results reveal understandability and trustworthiness issues for each of the RA use phases (configuration, matching, and maintenance). In particular, five barriers emerge in RA if information needs remain unanswered: entry barrier, assessment barrier, evaluation barrier, continuation barrier and withdrawal barrier. The barriers can be mitigated by combining explanation, design and communication measures. The results are discussed regarding theoretical implications and practical recommendations for facilitating the adoption of RAs. JEL: D8 (D81, D83, D89), G1 (G11), G2 (G20, G23), G4 (G41), I2 (I24, I25), O3 (O31, O33)
机器人顾问(RA)使用人工智能(AI)为客户的经济决策提供支持。RA的重要性越来越大,但缺乏市场渗透力。一个重要的问题是这种人工智能系统的透明度低。本研究从可解释人工智能(XAI)的角度,用文本挖掘方法考察了公众对RA的需求。结果揭示了每个RA使用阶段(配置、匹配和维护)的可理解性和可信度问题。特别是,如果信息需求仍然没有得到回应,RA会出现五个障碍:进入障碍、评估障碍、评价障碍、继续障碍和退出障碍。这些障碍可以通过结合解释、设计和沟通措施来缓解。讨论了促进RA采用的理论含义和实践建议的结果。JEL:D8(D81,D83,D89),G1(G11),G2(G20,G23),G4(G41),I2(I24,I25),O3(O31,O33)
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引用次数: 0
Emergency Responses Under COVID-19: Development Assistance, ‘Structural Violence’, and ‘Interpretive Labour’ in Samoa 2019冠状病毒病下的紧急应对:萨摩亚的发展援助、“结构性暴力”和“解释性劳动”
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-10-22 DOI: 10.1177/02601079221121903
P. Blunt, Cecilia Escobar, Vlassis Missos
Data gathered in Samoa before and after the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020 compare and contrast the nature and extent of ‘structural violence’ perpetrated by ‘egoistic’ bilateral development assistance. Despite much higher risks and costs to aid recipients than under normal circumstances, during the pandemic, donor control in ‘increasingly detailed and encompassing ways’ and donor use of ‘technical discourse’ to conceal ‘hidden purposes of bureaucratic power or dominance’ both increased significantly. Pandemic-induced opportunistic abandonments by donor governments of neoliberal policy principles did not ameliorate such structural violence. Individual differences among donor officials affected how control was exercised and whether host-government ‘ownership’ and ‘leadership’ of development assistance was flouted peremptorily, or denied more subtly and politely (with ‘warm regards’); and they influenced the volume and complexity of ‘interpretive labour’ required of resistance. But donor domination and control were undiminished by any of this. ‘Bullshit’ jobs and the blind allegiance of their (donor) incumbents were crucial to the realisation of such ends. The findings reconfirm the embeddedness of the neoliberal order and shed light on the character of its deep-seated bureaucratic resistance to change. JEL: F35, F54, F55, O19, O20, O22, P48
在2020年3月11日宣布COVID-19大流行之前和之后在萨摩亚收集的数据比较和对比了“自私的”双边发展援助所造成的“结构性暴力”的性质和程度。尽管受援国面临的风险和成本比正常情况下高得多,但在大流行期间,捐助者以“越来越详细和广泛的方式”进行控制,以及捐助者利用“技术话语”掩盖“官僚权力或支配的隐藏目的”,这两方面都显著增加。大流行引发的捐助国政府机会主义地放弃新自由主义政策原则,并没有改善这种结构性暴力。捐助国官员之间的个体差异影响了如何行使控制权,以及东道国政府对发展援助的“所有权”和“领导权”是被专横地蔑视,还是更微妙、更礼貌地拒绝(带着“热情问候”);它们影响了抵抗所需要的“解释劳动”的数量和复杂性。但捐赠者的支配和控制并没有因此而减弱。“扯淡”的工作和现任(捐助者)的盲目忠诚对实现这些目标至关重要。这些发现再次证实了新自由主义秩序的根深蒂固,并揭示了其根深蒂固的官僚主义抵制变革的特征。型号:f35, f54, f55, o19, o20, o22, p48
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引用次数: 1
The Effect of Economic Freedom on Quality of Life: Exploring the Role of Political Risk Factors in Africa 经济自由对生活质量的影响:探索政治风险因素在非洲的作用
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.1177/02601079221121894
A. Akinlo, Charles O. Okunlola
This article examines economic freedom’s impact on quality of life conditional on the political risk factors in Africa over the period 1985–2016, using the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique. The results show that economic freedom has a significant positive effect on the quality of life. However, political risk fundamentals, namely civil liberties, political rights and conflict, cause economic freedom to deteriorate the quality of life in African. These results support North’s (1990) argument that political institutions play a cardinal role in Africa’s economic outcomes and well-being. Therefore, governments in Africa must improve on the political factors to enhance economic freedom’s impact on quality of life. Moreover, policies that lead to an increase in aid and economic growth will improve the quality of life in Africa. JEL: C23, I31, P25
本文使用广义矩量法(GMM)估计技术,研究了1985-2016年期间非洲政治风险因素对经济自由对生活质量的影响。结果表明,经济自由度对生活质量有显著的正向影响。然而,政治风险基本面,即公民自由、政治权利和冲突,导致经济自由恶化了非洲的生活质量。这些结果支持North(1990)的观点,即政治制度在非洲的经济成果和福祉中发挥着重要作用。因此,非洲各国政府必须改善政治因素,以增强经济自由对生活质量的影响。此外,导致援助增加和经济增长的政策将改善非洲的生活质量。Jel: 23, 31, p25
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引用次数: 0
Piero Sraffa—Doing ‘History in Reverse’ 皮耶罗·斯拉法:“历史倒转”
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1177/02601079221121933
Eric Rahim
This article follows a suggestion made by Piero Sraffa in the late 1920s about the writing of his book that was published in 1960—a suggestion that he did not follow. The suggestion consisted in the writing of a history of political economy, starting with the ideas of the French Physiocrats, and its further development by Adam Smith and David Ricardo. This history was intended as an introduction to the 1960 book. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the ‘central propositions’ of the 1960 book, seen as a rigorous theoretical statement of the political economy of these ‘old’ economists. JEL Code: J12
这篇文章遵循了皮耶罗·斯拉法在20世纪20年代末关于他1960年出版的书的写作的建议——他没有遵循这个建议。这个建议包括写一部政治经济学的历史,从法国重农主义者的思想开始,由亚当·斯密和大卫·李嘉图进一步发展。这段历史是作为1960年出版的那本书的导言。文章最后简要讨论了1960年出版的这本书的“中心命题”,这本书被视为这些“老”经济学家的政治经济学的严格理论陈述。JEL代码:J12
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics
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