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Quantifying Value with Effective Complexity 用有效复杂性量化价值
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/0260107920913663
M. Murialdo, Arturo Cifuentes
We present a new economic theory of value based on complexity theory. For simplicity, we call this theory ‘complexalism’ (a portmanteau of ‘complexity’ and ‘capitalism’). Complexalism is a framework that establishes valuations by quantifying the present and future complexities of objects and their surroundings. This framework reparameterises questions of economic value into more objectively addressable subcomponents. First, we motivate the importance of developing alternative frameworks for value. Next, we discuss a novel three-dimensional framework to analyse value and the use of effective complexity as a proxy metric of economic value. Finally, we propose explicit methods for quantifying complexity and simulating valuations. The resulting valuations may serve to benchmark prices and can be used in evaluating the market rules of engagement. JEL: B41, B59, C63, D63
我们在复杂性理论的基础上提出了一种新的经济价值理论。为了简单起见,我们将这一理论称为“复杂性”(“复杂性”和“资本主义”的组合)。复杂性是一种通过量化物体及其周围环境的当前和未来复杂性来建立估价的框架。该框架将经济价值问题重新划分为更客观的子组成部分。首先,我们强调开发替代价值框架的重要性。接下来,我们讨论了一个新的三维框架来分析价值,以及使用有效复杂性作为经济价值的代理度量。最后,我们提出了量化复杂性和模拟估值的显式方法。由此产生的估值可以作为基准价格,并可用于评估市场参与规则。JEL:B41、B59、C63、D63
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引用次数: 0
Altruism and Structure of Values: An Experimental Investigation 利他主义与价值结构:一项实验研究
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919897219
Luca Gandullia, E. Lezzi, Paolo Parciasepe, Lidia Siri
Individual structure of values explains many behaviours that people consciously undertake when setting goals for themselves, both in personal and social dimensions. Altruistic behaviours may be influenced, for example, by personal concerns for the well-being and interests of others that fit into a broader framework of values. We use an online experiment to explore how donors (pure altruists, warm-glow givers and impure altruists) differ in their structure of values, and whether their prosocial behaviours are guided by specific sets of values and motivations. We find that donors give great importance to the relationship with others, and they identify themselves with the norms and attitude of a community, responding to the values of tradition, conformity, benevolence and universalism. On the contrary, non-donors do not seem to have this kind of values reference and, therefore, are not inclined to make a donation. Furthermore, we find that impure altruists wish to achieve self-enhancement objectives through altruistic behaviour, as pure warm-glow givers do, but, at the same time, they make a donation because it represents a genuine altruistic act, similarly to pure altruists. JEL: H41, C90, C91
个人价值观结构解释了人们在为自己设定个人和社会目标时有意识地采取的许多行为。例如,利他行为可能受到个人对他人福祉和利益的关切的影响,这些关切符合更广泛的价值观框架。我们通过一项在线实验来探索捐赠者(纯利他主义者、暖光捐赠者和非纯利他主义者)在价值观结构上的差异,以及他们的亲社会行为是否受到特定价值观和动机的指导。我们发现,捐赠者非常重视与他人的关系,他们认同一个社区的规范和态度,对传统、顺从、仁慈和普遍主义的价值观做出回应。相反,非捐助者似乎没有这种价值观参照,因此不倾向于捐款。此外,我们发现,不纯粹的利他主义者希望通过利他行为实现自我提升的目标,就像纯粹的暖光捐赠者一样,但与此同时,他们进行捐赠是因为这是一种真正的利他行为,与纯粹的利他主义者类似。jl: h41, c90, c91
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引用次数: 5
Development Undone: Weber, Kafka and the Organisation of Supply-Side Vested Interests 发展Undone:韦伯、卡夫卡与供给侧既得利益组织
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919896879
P. Blunt
Based on primary empirical evidence from six Asian countries at different stages of development, it is argued, first, that at the national point of delivery supply-side development assistance, organisations routinely behave in a manner that is antithetical to development, contradict their stated intentions and the principles of good governance that they claim to uphold (bureaucratic misrepresentation and anomie) and waste resources on technical ‘remedies’ that they know to be ineffective (bureaucratic misdirection); second, that these things are done to serve national and/or personal vested interests on the supply-side; third, that this can lead to internal conflict and alienation in supply-side organisations; fourth, that contrary to conventional wisdom, in many ways, supply-side behaviour mirrors the behaviour of vested interests on the demand-side and that they are mutually reinforcing; fifth, that Kafka’s notion of organisation explains such supply-side and demand-side behaviour much better than Weber’s does and sixth, that the dominance of neoliberal and Weberian thinking in our political and educational institutions and the Kafkaesque nature of development agencies at the national level make it likely that development in the interests of poor people by well-intentioned and well-informed technocrats will continue to be severely curtailed. JEL: F35, F51, F54, F55 O19, O57, P48
基于来自处于不同发展阶段的六个亚洲国家的主要经验证据,有人认为,首先,在国家提供供应方发展援助时,组织的行为通常与发展背道而驰,与他们声明的意图和他们声称坚持的善治原则相矛盾(官僚主义的虚假陈述和失范),并将资源浪费在他们知道无效的技术“补救措施”上(官僚主义的误导);第二,这些事情是为了服务于国家和/或个人在供应方面的既得利益;第三,这可能导致供应方组织内部冲突和异化;第四,与传统观点相反,在许多方面,供应方的行为反映了需求方既得利益者的行为,并且它们是相辅相成的;第五,卡夫卡的组织概念比韦伯的更好地解释了这种供给侧和需求侧的行为。第六,新自由主义和韦伯思想在我们的政治和教育机构中的主导地位,以及国家一级发展机构的卡夫卡式性质,使得善意和知情的技术官僚为穷人的利益而进行的发展很可能会继续受到严重限制。JEL:F35、F51、F54、F55 O19、O57、P48
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引用次数: 2
Modinomics 1.0 and the Indian Economy 莫迪经济学1.0与印度经济
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919875569
Hideki Esho
In this study, we recapitulate the economic policies/measures implemented by Narendra Modi in his first five-year term (2014–2019), referred to as ‘Modinomics’. It rests on two pillars, namely growth strategy and anti-poverty programmes, represented by the ‘Make in India’ and ‘JAM trinity’ initiatives, respectively. Further, we assess the economic performance achieved in his first term. Macro-economic indicators, such as economic growth and inflation rates, show satisfactory results; however, we do not find enough evidence of the main objective of ‘Make in India’ being fulfilled, which is ‘to make India a global hub of manufacturing, design, and innovation’. The continuation/aggravation of ‘jobless growth’ is concerning; thus, India should adapt export-oriented industrialization strategy to enhance the viability of ‘Make in India’ and create enough jobs opportunities. JEL: E24, E61, N15, N35, N65
在这项研究中,我们回顾了纳伦德拉·莫迪在其第一个五年任期(2014-2019年)实施的经济政策/措施,称为“莫经济学”。它建立在两个支柱之上,即增长战略和反贫困计划,分别以“印度制造”和“JAM三位一体”倡议为代表。此外,我们还评估了他第一个任期内的经济表现。宏观经济指标,如经济增长和通货膨胀率,显示出令人满意的结果;然而,我们没有找到足够的证据证明“印度制造”的主要目标正在实现,即“使印度成为全球制造、设计和创新中心”。“失业增长”的持续/恶化令人担忧;因此,印度应该调整出口导向型工业化战略,以提高“印度制造”的可行性,并创造足够的就业机会。JEL:E24,E61,N15,N35,N65
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引用次数: 0
Why India Is Not Quite a Part of the Asian Miracle 为什么印度不是亚洲奇迹的一部分
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/0260107920904875
M. Desai
This paper seeks to explain the low growth trajectory of India vis-a-vis East Asia in a historical and cultural perspective. It is argued that the Indian subcontinent was culturally separated from Buddhism and therefore from an egalitarian social possibility after the first millennium CE. A brief history of Indian economic development since independence is provided in light of the introductory historical account. JEL: N15, O10, O53
本文试图从历史和文化的角度解释印度相对于东亚的低增长轨迹。有人认为,在公元一千年后,印度次大陆在文化上与佛教分离,因此与平等主义的社会可能性分离。根据介绍性的历史叙述,简要介绍了印度自独立以来的经济发展历史。耶利米:15、10、53
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引用次数: 0
The TRIPS Agreement and the Pharmaceutical Industry in India 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》与印度制药业
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919875573
Atsuko Kamiike
The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) calls for the harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) regulations across all WTO member countries. The TRIPS Agreement requires all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property. It was assumed that the introduction of pharmaceutical product patents would hamper the Indian pharmaceutical industry’s growth. Contrary to expectations, however, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has been growing in the post-TRIPS period. The TRIPS Agreement changed the research and development (R&D) orientation of Indian pharmaceutical companies, which have increased their R&D investments. Since the TRIPS Agreement was signed, the pharmaceutical global value chain (GVC) has been re-structured and has now expanded to emerging countries like India. Indian pharmaceutical firms have thus been participating in the pharmaceutical GVC in the post-TRIPS period. This participation is conducive to technological upgrading and technology transfers. While operating in the GVC, Indian pharmaceutical firms are upgrading by adopting state-of-the-art technologies. This study explores how the TRIPS Agreement is influencing the Indian pharmaceutical industry and discusses the industry’s growth factors in the post-TRIPS period within the GVC framework. JEL: L21, L24, L26, L65
世界贸易组织(WTO)的《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(TRIPS协定)呼吁协调所有WTO成员国的知识产权法规。《TRIPS协定》要求世贸组织所有成员国采用并执行知识产权的最低标准。人们认为,药品专利的引入将阻碍印度制药行业的发展。然而,与预期相反,印度制药行业在《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》后时期一直在增长。TRIPS协议改变了印度制药公司的研发方向,这些公司增加了研发投资。自《TRIPS协定》签署以来,制药全球价值链(GVC)已经重新构建,现在已经扩展到印度等新兴国家。因此,印度制药公司一直在参与后TRIPS时期的制药全球价值链。这种参与有利于技术升级和技术转让。在全球价值链中运营的同时,印度制药公司正在通过采用最先进的技术进行升级。本研究探讨了《TRIPS协定》如何影响印度制药行业,并在全球价值链框架内讨论了后TRIPS时期印度制药行业的增长因素。JEL:L21、L24、L26、L65
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引用次数: 9
Female Workers’ Skills, Wages, and Householding in Bangladesh’s Readymade Garment Industry: The Case of a Japanese Multinational Company 孟加拉国成衣服装业女工的技能、工资和家务:以一家日本跨国公司为例
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919875571
H. Nagata
The economic relationship between Japan and Bangladesh has grown stronger since the global financial crisis of 2008, with Bangladesh being identified as ‘China plus one’ by the Japanese companies. These companies have accordingly begun transferring the capital from China to Bangladesh to avoid political and social risks in China. This article examines the skills, wages, and householding of female Bangladeshi readymade garment workers, focussing on a Japanese multinational company’s international transfers and business activities in Bangladesh since the global financial crisis. This study yielded three main findings. First, it identified the structure of the division of labour involved in the production of pairs of short pants exported to Japan. Second, it compared 20 female operators’ wage assessments to those of the overall labour force, based on their skills and experience, and pointed out ambiguous and unfounded issues caused by the gender-asymmetrical workforce deployment of Bangladeshi factories. This gender-asymmetrical system is responsible for Bangladeshi female workers’ low wages. Finally, despite their low wages, the analyzed Bangladeshi women were found to share multiple household reproduction costs through remittances and perform most of the housework and care work in the household. JEL: B54, F23, F66, O53
自2008年全球金融危机以来,日本和孟加拉国之间的经济关系变得更加牢固,孟加拉国被日本公司认定为“中国加一”。因此,这些公司已开始将资本从中国转移到孟加拉国,以避免中国的政治和社会风险。本文考察了孟加拉国成衣女工的技能、工资和家务,重点关注了全球金融危机以来一家日本跨国公司在孟加拉国的国际转移和商业活动。这项研究得出了三个主要发现。首先,它确定了出口到日本的短裤生产所涉及的分工结构。其次,它根据20名女性经营者的技能和经验,将她们的工资评估与整个劳动力的工资评估进行了比较,并指出了孟加拉国工厂劳动力部署的性别不对称所造成的模棱两可和毫无根据的问题。这种性别不对称的制度是孟加拉国女工工资低的原因。最后,尽管工资很低,但被分析的孟加拉国妇女通过汇款分担了多个家庭的生育成本,并承担了家庭中的大部分家务和护理工作。JEL:B54、F23、F66、O53
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引用次数: 1
Productivity Dynamics and Rural Industrialization in India 印度的生产力动态与农村工业化
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919875585
Takahiro Sato, A. Aggarwal
Since the late 1990s, industrialization in India has been driven by the rural organized manufacturing sector. This paper examines the effects of firms’ dynamics on rural industrialization in India, using plant-level panel data, to investigate the characteristics of rural industrialization in India in recent years. In particular, the paper focuses on productivity differences among continuing, entering, and exiting firms. The results show that both labour and total factor productivity of the organized manufacturing sector in rural areas increased during 2000–2006 and the aggregate productivity growth is supported by the productivity growth of the continuing firms, the entry of productive firms, and the exit of less-productive firms. The paper can conclude that firms’ productivity dynamics contributed to the current rural industrialization in India. JEL: O14, O47, O53
自20世纪90年代末以来,印度的工业化一直由农村有组织的制造业推动。本文利用工厂层面的面板数据,考察了企业动态对印度农村工业化的影响,考察了近年来印度农村工业化特征。特别是,本文关注的是持续、进入和退出企业之间的生产率差异。结果表明,2000-2006年期间,农村地区有组织制造业的劳动生产率和全要素生产率都有所提高,持续企业的生产率增长、生产性企业的进入和低生产率企业的退出支持了总生产率的增长。本文可以得出结论,企业的生产力动态对当前印度农村工业化做出了贡献。JEL:O14,O47,O53
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引用次数: 0
Introduction 介绍
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919892889
P. Bhattacharya, Takahiro Sato
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引用次数: 0
Trustee, State and Stakeholder: Hindu Temple Management in Contemporary India, 1957–2012 受托人、国家和利益相关者:当代印度印度教寺庙管理,1957–2012
IF 0.6 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/0260107919875590
Tetsuya Tanaka
The literature on temple management in colonial and post-colonial India focusses on the dominant role of the trustees and the impact of state intervention. However, this article tries to grasp significance of the role of the stakeholders in the temple management as a bridge between the trustees and the state by analyzing the management history of the Rani Sati temple from 1957 to 2012. It will first explain the historical background of this temple and its managers, the Marwaris. The second section analyzes the form of the temple management from the 1950s to 1970s, and the judicial case against the traditional temple stakeholders, then chief priest and his family members. Because of the national controversy over sati in the late 1980s, public interest groups emerged as the new stakeholders of the temple. Third, this article clarifies the state’s intervention in the temple’s management according to the influence of new the stakeholders. By focussing on the role of the stakeholders, this article discloses how a state intervention can be initiated by the stakeholders and the possibility of transformation of the temple management. JEL: M14, K41, Z12
关于殖民时期和后殖民时期印度寺庙管理的文献主要关注受托人的主导作用和国家干预的影响。然而,本文试图通过分析1957年至2012年拉尼萨提寺庙的管理历史,把握利益相关者在寺庙管理中作为受托人与国家之间桥梁的作用的意义。它将首先解释这座寺庙及其管理者马尔瓦尔人的历史背景。第二部分分析了20世纪50年代至70年代寺庙管理的形式,以及针对传统寺庙利益相关者、当时的大祭司及其家人的司法案件。上世纪80年代末,由于全国对萨提的争论,公益团体成为寺庙的新利益相关者。第三,本文从新的利益相关者的影响出发,明确了国家对寺庙管理的干预。本文通过关注利益相关者的角色,揭示了利益相关者如何发起国家干预,以及寺庙管理转型的可能性。Jel: m14, k41, z12
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics
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