H. Neves, Guy Orban, Milena Koudelka-Hep, Thomas Stieglitz, Patrick Ruther
Recordings from the brain have been used for decades to investigate the activity of individual neurons. However, the complex interaction between electrical and chemical signals with respect to short and long term changes of morphology and information transfer is still poorly understood. We introduce a new modular approach for multifunctional probe arrays for cerebral applications that will enable the addressing of fundamental questions in neuroscience. Our approach allows the individual assembly of multiple probes with customized architecture into three-dimensional arrays to address specific brain regions, including sulci of highly folded cortices such as those of humans. In this paper, we introduce the system approach that allows the integration of recording and stimulation electrodes, biosensors, microfluidics and integrated electronics, all sharing a common backbone. We present the first prototypes of multichannel electrodes, flexible ribbon cables, a backbone platform and the first telemetry unit.
{"title":"Development of Modular Multifunctional Probe Arrays for Cerebral Applications","authors":"H. Neves, Guy Orban, Milena Koudelka-Hep, Thomas Stieglitz, Patrick Ruther","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369623","url":null,"abstract":"Recordings from the brain have been used for decades to investigate the activity of individual neurons. However, the complex interaction between electrical and chemical signals with respect to short and long term changes of morphology and information transfer is still poorly understood. We introduce a new modular approach for multifunctional probe arrays for cerebral applications that will enable the addressing of fundamental questions in neuroscience. Our approach allows the individual assembly of multiple probes with customized architecture into three-dimensional arrays to address specific brain regions, including sulci of highly folded cortices such as those of humans. In this paper, we introduce the system approach that allows the integration of recording and stimulation electrodes, biosensors, microfluidics and integrated electronics, all sharing a common backbone. We present the first prototypes of multichannel electrodes, flexible ribbon cables, a backbone platform and the first telemetry unit.","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130410054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The VSAMUEL consortium developed silicon-based, electrode arrays (referred to as ACREO electrodes), that may one day provide a highly selective neural interface for neuroscience or neural prosthesis applications. We previously reported on the successful insertion into brain tissue. In the present work, we investigated the feasibility of implanting the ACREO electrodes into peripheral nerve. We compared the implant mechanics of single shaft silicon ACREO electrodes (25 times 38 times 15000 mum) and conventional tungsten needle electrodes (50mum diameter). Experimentally measured implant forces were measured in vivo (1 acute rabbit, 2 mm depth, 2 mm/s velocity). The force required for the tungsten electrode to first penetrate the perineurium was in average 7.4 plusmn 3.9 mN, whereas the maximum force the electrode had to withstand during the entire insertion/retraction was 11.3 plusmn 2.8 mN. It was not possible to facilitate perpendicular insertion of the ACREO electrode without breaking it. The critical buckling force of the ACREO electrode was theoretically estimated to 1-4 mN, which proved consistent with the experimentally measured break force (5.1 plusmn 2.1 mN). Bending moment analysis showed that tungsten could withstand ultimate stresses 4-10 times higher than our silicon-based electrodes. Before the ACREO electrodes can be safely used for peripheral and spinal cord implants we recommend to shorten and thicken the probes to increase their mechanically strength.
{"title":"In vivo implant mechanics of single-shaft microelectrodes in peripheral nervous tissue","authors":"W. Jensen, K. Yoshida, U.G. Hofinann","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369596","url":null,"abstract":"The VSAMUEL consortium developed silicon-based, electrode arrays (referred to as ACREO electrodes), that may one day provide a highly selective neural interface for neuroscience or neural prosthesis applications. We previously reported on the successful insertion into brain tissue. In the present work, we investigated the feasibility of implanting the ACREO electrodes into peripheral nerve. We compared the implant mechanics of single shaft silicon ACREO electrodes (25 times 38 times 15000 mum) and conventional tungsten needle electrodes (50mum diameter). Experimentally measured implant forces were measured in vivo (1 acute rabbit, 2 mm depth, 2 mm/s velocity). The force required for the tungsten electrode to first penetrate the perineurium was in average 7.4 plusmn 3.9 mN, whereas the maximum force the electrode had to withstand during the entire insertion/retraction was 11.3 plusmn 2.8 mN. It was not possible to facilitate perpendicular insertion of the ACREO electrode without breaking it. The critical buckling force of the ACREO electrode was theoretically estimated to 1-4 mN, which proved consistent with the experimentally measured break force (5.1 plusmn 2.1 mN). Bending moment analysis showed that tungsten could withstand ultimate stresses 4-10 times higher than our silicon-based electrodes. Before the ACREO electrodes can be safely used for peripheral and spinal cord implants we recommend to shorten and thicken the probes to increase their mechanically strength.","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123808249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Georgiou, I. Triantis, T. Constandinou, C. Toumazou
A spiking chemical sensor (SCS) is presented for detection of neurogenic ion concentration associated with active nerve fibres in nerve bundles. Based on the "integrate-and-fire" circuit, the SCS uses a chemically-modified ISFET front end encoding the sense data in the spike domain. Used in an array, it provides a spatio-temporal map of chemical activity around the nerve bundle which may be relayed off chip using low power asynchronous communication hardware. The circuit is shown to be tunable to yield a linear relation with either pH or actual hydrogen ion concentration. Furthermore, its compact pixel footprint in addition to efficient use of the sensing surface, makes it ideal for use in neuro-chemical imaging.
{"title":"Spiking Chemical Sensor (SCS): A new platform for neuro-chemical sensing","authors":"P. Georgiou, I. Triantis, T. Constandinou, C. Toumazou","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369628","url":null,"abstract":"A spiking chemical sensor (SCS) is presented for detection of neurogenic ion concentration associated with active nerve fibres in nerve bundles. Based on the \"integrate-and-fire\" circuit, the SCS uses a chemically-modified ISFET front end encoding the sense data in the spike domain. Used in an array, it provides a spatio-temporal map of chemical activity around the nerve bundle which may be relayed off chip using low power asynchronous communication hardware. The circuit is shown to be tunable to yield a linear relation with either pH or actual hydrogen ion concentration. Furthermore, its compact pixel footprint in addition to efficient use of the sensing surface, makes it ideal for use in neuro-chemical imaging.","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131362883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hafizovic, F. Heer, U. Frey, T. Ugniwenko, A. Blau, C. Ziegler, A. Hierlemann
We report on a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-based system that is capable of bidirectionally communicating (stimulation and recording) with electrogenic cells such as neurons or cardiomyocytes. It is is targeted at investigating electrical signal propagation within cellular networks in vitro. Experiments including the stimulation of neurons with two different spatio-temporal patterns and the recording of the triggered spiking activity have been carried out. The neuronal response patterns have been successfully classified (83% correct classifications) with respect to the different stimulation patterns. It will be demonstrated that information processing using natural neuronal networks may be possible
{"title":"A CMOS-based Microelectrode Array for Information Processing with Natural Neurons","authors":"S. Hafizovic, F. Heer, U. Frey, T. Ugniwenko, A. Blau, C. Ziegler, A. Hierlemann","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369767","url":null,"abstract":"We report on a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-based system that is capable of bidirectionally communicating (stimulation and recording) with electrogenic cells such as neurons or cardiomyocytes. It is is targeted at investigating electrical signal propagation within cellular networks in vitro. Experiments including the stimulation of neurons with two different spatio-temporal patterns and the recording of the triggered spiking activity have been carried out. The neuronal response patterns have been successfully classified (83% correct classifications) with respect to the different stimulation patterns. It will be demonstrated that information processing using natural neuronal networks may be possible","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121236355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Buerger, R. Olsson III, K. Wojciechowski, E. Yepez III, D. Novick, K. Peterson, T. Turner, J. Wheeler, B. Rohrer, D. Kholwadwala
While existing work in neural interfaces is largely geared toward the restoration of lost function in amputees or victims of neurological injuries, similar technology may also facilitate augmentation of healthy subjects. One example is the potential to learn a new, unnatural sense through a neural interface. The use of neural interfaces in healthy subjects would require an even greater level of safety and convenience than in disabled subjects, including reliable, robust bidirectional implants with highly-portable components outside the skin. We present our progress to date in the development of a bidirectional neural interface system intended for completely untethered use. The system consists of a wireless stimulating and recording peripheral nerve implant powered by a rechargeable battery, and a wearable package that communicates wirelessly both with the implant and with a computer or a network of independent sensor nodes. Once validated, such a system could permit the exploration of increasingly realistic use of neural interfaces both for restoration and for augmentation.
{"title":"Portable, Chronic Neural Interface System Design for Sensory Augmentation","authors":"S. Buerger, R. Olsson III, K. Wojciechowski, E. Yepez III, D. Novick, K. Peterson, T. Turner, J. Wheeler, B. Rohrer, D. Kholwadwala","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369602","url":null,"abstract":"While existing work in neural interfaces is largely geared toward the restoration of lost function in amputees or victims of neurological injuries, similar technology may also facilitate augmentation of healthy subjects. One example is the potential to learn a new, unnatural sense through a neural interface. The use of neural interfaces in healthy subjects would require an even greater level of safety and convenience than in disabled subjects, including reliable, robust bidirectional implants with highly-portable components outside the skin. We present our progress to date in the development of a bidirectional neural interface system intended for completely untethered use. The system consists of a wireless stimulating and recording peripheral nerve implant powered by a rechargeable battery, and a wearable package that communicates wirelessly both with the implant and with a computer or a network of independent sensor nodes. Once validated, such a system could permit the exploration of increasingly realistic use of neural interfaces both for restoration and for augmentation.","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133703249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A model that predicts psychophysical ability to discriminate electrical stimulation trains is presented. Our model is a leaky integrator, which operates based on the hypothesis that the perceived intensity of a stimulus train is a function of the total number of action potentials evoked over the volume of stimulated neurons. The model predictions are validated with our experimental results obtained from four Long Evans rats on a two-alternative behavioral task. The rats were stimulated in the whisker barrel cortex using frequency, amplitude, and duration modulation. Our results demonstrate that the rats generalized the perception of frequency, amplitude, and duration of stimulation, in a manner consistent with the model. The surprising finding of our work is that the model is able to accurately predict the psychophysical discrimination of intensity, without accounting for the neural network properties of the somatosensory cortex.
{"title":"Somatosensory Feedback for Brain-Machine Interfaces: Perceptual Model and Experiments in Rat Whisker Somatosensory Cortex","authors":"G. Fridman, H. T. Blair, A. Blaisdell, J. Judy","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369689","url":null,"abstract":"A model that predicts psychophysical ability to discriminate electrical stimulation trains is presented. Our model is a leaky integrator, which operates based on the hypothesis that the perceived intensity of a stimulus train is a function of the total number of action potentials evoked over the volume of stimulated neurons. The model predictions are validated with our experimental results obtained from four Long Evans rats on a two-alternative behavioral task. The rats were stimulated in the whisker barrel cortex using frequency, amplitude, and duration modulation. Our results demonstrate that the rats generalized the perception of frequency, amplitude, and duration of stimulation, in a manner consistent with the model. The surprising finding of our work is that the model is able to accurately predict the psychophysical discrimination of intensity, without accounting for the neural network properties of the somatosensory cortex.","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122937867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The characteristics of impedance for the electrode-electrolyte interface are important in the electrode researches for biomedical applications. So, the equivalent circuit models for the interface have been researched and developed. However, the applications of such previous models are limited in terms of the frequency range, type of electrode or electrolyte. In this paper, a new electrical circuit model was proposed and demonstrated its capability of fitting the experimental results more accurately than before. A new electrical circuit model consists of three resistors and two constant phase elements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the interface for several materials of Au, Pt, and stainless steel electrode in 0.9% NaCl solution. The new model and the previous model were applied to fit the measured impedance results, and were compared their goodness of fit
{"title":"Fitting Improvement Using a New Electrical Circuit Model for the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface","authors":"J. Chang, Jungil Park, Y. Pak, J. Pak","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369737","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of impedance for the electrode-electrolyte interface are important in the electrode researches for biomedical applications. So, the equivalent circuit models for the interface have been researched and developed. However, the applications of such previous models are limited in terms of the frequency range, type of electrode or electrolyte. In this paper, a new electrical circuit model was proposed and demonstrated its capability of fitting the experimental results more accurately than before. A new electrical circuit model consists of three resistors and two constant phase elements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the interface for several materials of Au, Pt, and stainless steel electrode in 0.9% NaCl solution. The new model and the previous model were applied to fit the measured impedance results, and were compared their goodness of fit","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127643785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Tran, R. Thuraisingham, N. Wijesuriya, H.T. Nguyen, A. Craig
Brain computer interface (BCI) technology as its name implies, relies upon decoding brain signals into operational commands. Aside from needing effective means of control, successful BCIs need to remain stable in varying physiological conditions. BCIs need to be developed with mechanisms to recognise and respond to physiological states (such as stress and fatigue) that can disrupt user capability. This paper compares a spectral analysis of EEG signals technique with a nonlinear method of sample entropy to detect changes in brain dynamics during moments of stress and fatigue. The results demonstrated few changes in the spectral frequency bands of the EEG during fatigue and stress conditions. However, when the EEG signals were analysed with the nonlinear technique of sample entropy the results indicated a reduction of complexity during moments of fatigue and stress and an increase in complexity during moments of engagement to the task.
{"title":"Detecting neural changes during stress and fatigue effectively: a comparison of spectral analysis and sample entropy","authors":"Y. Tran, R. Thuraisingham, N. Wijesuriya, H.T. Nguyen, A. Craig","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369682","url":null,"abstract":"Brain computer interface (BCI) technology as its name implies, relies upon decoding brain signals into operational commands. Aside from needing effective means of control, successful BCIs need to remain stable in varying physiological conditions. BCIs need to be developed with mechanisms to recognise and respond to physiological states (such as stress and fatigue) that can disrupt user capability. This paper compares a spectral analysis of EEG signals technique with a nonlinear method of sample entropy to detect changes in brain dynamics during moments of stress and fatigue. The results demonstrated few changes in the spectral frequency bands of the EEG during fatigue and stress conditions. However, when the EEG signals were analysed with the nonlinear technique of sample entropy the results indicated a reduction of complexity during moments of fatigue and stress and an increase in complexity during moments of engagement to the task.","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128469926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to obtain an insight of how fear memory is encoded in the electrophysiological signals of the rat. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) of the lateral amygdala (LA) and the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm) in the rat's brain during retrieval of fear memory. The rats were trained to freeze when they hear the conditioned tone (CS+) using Pavlovian fear conditioning. Total 10 adult rats were used for this experiment and 10-second of noise-free LFPs was used for analysis. We found increased theta power spectrum of neural activity in the LA and the MGm during retrieval of fear memory similar with the previous report. The linear functional connectivity between the LA and the MGm also increased after fear conditioning, specifically during CS+ presentation. In addition, approximate entropy (ApEn), a nonlinear measure of complexity and irregularity of signals, indicated that there was more information processing during fear state. These results show that recall of fear memory can be distinguished from the rest state of brain using linear and nonlinear properties of electrophysiological signals. These electrophysiological properties of fear memory would be used in neuro-engineering field to modify or decode the neural activity for clinical application
{"title":"Analysis of fear memory signals in the rat amygdala and thalamus","authors":"Hyeran Jang, Sumin Chang, Mookyoung Han, K. Baek, Dongil Chung, Jaeseung Jeong","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369763","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to obtain an insight of how fear memory is encoded in the electrophysiological signals of the rat. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) of the lateral amygdala (LA) and the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm) in the rat's brain during retrieval of fear memory. The rats were trained to freeze when they hear the conditioned tone (CS+) using Pavlovian fear conditioning. Total 10 adult rats were used for this experiment and 10-second of noise-free LFPs was used for analysis. We found increased theta power spectrum of neural activity in the LA and the MGm during retrieval of fear memory similar with the previous report. The linear functional connectivity between the LA and the MGm also increased after fear conditioning, specifically during CS+ presentation. In addition, approximate entropy (ApEn), a nonlinear measure of complexity and irregularity of signals, indicated that there was more information processing during fear state. These results show that recall of fear memory can be distinguished from the rest state of brain using linear and nonlinear properties of electrophysiological signals. These electrophysiological properties of fear memory would be used in neuro-engineering field to modify or decode the neural activity for clinical application","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128742631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most common treatment for patients with hydrocephalus is the surgical implantation of a cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) shunt. A leading cause of shunt failure is the obstruction of the ventricular catheter. The goal of this project is to design a ventricular catheter that will resist occlusion through the use of micromachining and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies. We designed, fabricated, and tested a second-generation magnetic microactuator. The preliminary results show that the fabricated microactuators can produce the force necessary to break an adherent cellular layer grown over the microactuator surface.
{"title":"Magnetic Microactuators for MEMS-Enabled Ventricular Catheters for Hydrocephalus","authors":"S.A. Lee, J. Pinney, M. Bergsneider, J. Judy","doi":"10.1109/CNE.2007.369613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2007.369613","url":null,"abstract":"The most common treatment for patients with hydrocephalus is the surgical implantation of a cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) shunt. A leading cause of shunt failure is the obstruction of the ventricular catheter. The goal of this project is to design a ventricular catheter that will resist occlusion through the use of micromachining and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies. We designed, fabricated, and tested a second-generation magnetic microactuator. The preliminary results show that the fabricated microactuators can produce the force necessary to break an adherent cellular layer grown over the microactuator surface.","PeriodicalId":427054,"journal":{"name":"2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering","volume":"9 Suppl 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116933178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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