Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a6
H. Boshoff
{"title":"Oor die grense van taal","authors":"H. Boshoff","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42623503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a2
M. van der Walt
A typifying characteristic of Homo sapiens is its ability to walk upright, which allowed humans to move about in grasslands, enabling them to leave the forests of central Africa and populate the rest of Africa and later the world, a success story like no other. Africa is the place of origin of Homo sapiens. The first major migration of anatomically modern humans, known as the Out-of-Africa migration, was the first of many migratory events of Homo sapiens that continue up to the current era that shaped the world and society. This article aims to describe the defining role of human migration in spreading infectious diseases from pre-history to the present. In future, infectious diseases will continue to spread through migration. However, by contrast, the spread of diseases will be exacerbated due to the opportunities provided in the Anthropocene epoch and will become progressively more challenging. Migration is a term that encompasses the simultaneous movement of large numbers or groups of people away from their original place of living and for a specific reason. The main reasons for migration are emigration/immigration, forced displacement, slavery, migrant labour, asylum seeking and refugees. In addition, war, conflict, and environmental disasters such as droughts, famine and overpopulation are other common causes of migration. Migration is usually unplanned;it happens without warning or advanced planning and is accompanied by a large-scale disruption in the socio-economic structure, health, and well-being of the migrants and/or other affected groups. Such major disruptions to individuals' normal living can weaken the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. In addition, temporary housing during migration can often also result in humanitarian disasters that increase opportunities for the transmission of infectious diseases. Migrants are also at risk of contracting new or previously-unencountered diseases prevalent in their chosen resettlement area. Conversely, migrants can carry with them microorganisms absent in the resettlement area. An example of this is the smallpox virus that was brought to South America by the Spanish colonisers. At that stage, poxvirus was absent in this continent, and the indigenous populations had no immunity to the pathogen. The transmission of the poxvirus by colonizers to indigenous populations almost destroyed the indigenous populations of the time. A form of migration that emerged more recently is travel. Travel migration is defined as the large number of unrelated individuals who travel simultaneously across the globe for work or pleasure. Travel migration has been enabled by advances in the speed by which air and train travel takes place. This results in large numbers of individuals being transported across the globe in a short period and over long distances. Travel by water, air and land resulted in the world's population being highly interconnected through the mingling of large
{"title":"Die migrasie en verspreiding van aansteeklike siektes: Vanaf die oorsprong van Homo sapiens tot en met die Antroposeen","authors":"M. van der Walt","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a2","url":null,"abstract":"A typifying characteristic of Homo sapiens is its ability to walk upright, which allowed humans to move about in grasslands, enabling them to leave the forests of central Africa and populate the rest of Africa and later the world, a success story like no other. Africa is the place of origin of Homo sapiens. The first major migration of anatomically modern humans, known as the Out-of-Africa migration, was the first of many migratory events of Homo sapiens that continue up to the current era that shaped the world and society. This article aims to describe the defining role of human migration in spreading infectious diseases from pre-history to the present. In future, infectious diseases will continue to spread through migration. However, by contrast, the spread of diseases will be exacerbated due to the opportunities provided in the Anthropocene epoch and will become progressively more challenging. Migration is a term that encompasses the simultaneous movement of large numbers or groups of people away from their original place of living and for a specific reason. The main reasons for migration are emigration/immigration, forced displacement, slavery, migrant labour, asylum seeking and refugees. In addition, war, conflict, and environmental disasters such as droughts, famine and overpopulation are other common causes of migration. Migration is usually unplanned;it happens without warning or advanced planning and is accompanied by a large-scale disruption in the socio-economic structure, health, and well-being of the migrants and/or other affected groups. Such major disruptions to individuals' normal living can weaken the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. In addition, temporary housing during migration can often also result in humanitarian disasters that increase opportunities for the transmission of infectious diseases. Migrants are also at risk of contracting new or previously-unencountered diseases prevalent in their chosen resettlement area. Conversely, migrants can carry with them microorganisms absent in the resettlement area. An example of this is the smallpox virus that was brought to South America by the Spanish colonisers. At that stage, poxvirus was absent in this continent, and the indigenous populations had no immunity to the pathogen. The transmission of the poxvirus by colonizers to indigenous populations almost destroyed the indigenous populations of the time. A form of migration that emerged more recently is travel. Travel migration is defined as the large number of unrelated individuals who travel simultaneously across the globe for work or pleasure. Travel migration has been enabled by advances in the speed by which air and train travel takes place. This results in large numbers of individuals being transported across the globe in a short period and over long distances. Travel by water, air and land resulted in the world's population being highly interconnected through the mingling of large ","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44804812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a5
P. Duvenage
{"title":"Taal as wêreldontsluiting: 'n Krities-waarderende interpretasie","authors":"P. Duvenage","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44115921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a8
gebruik van emoji’s
Afrikaans
南非荷兰语
{"title":"Afrikaansstudente se gebruik van emoji's","authors":"gebruik van emoji’s","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a8","url":null,"abstract":"Afrikaans","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49165451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a3
skouing van Edmund Burke, teenoor dié, Ernst Roets
Edmund Burke’s traditonal conservative conception of freedom as opposed to that of modern conservatism Even though Edmund Burke (1729–1797) is regularly described as the “founder of conservatism”, it is argued in this article that Burke would not recognise his thinking in what is today regarded as modern conservatism. This is because modern conservatism – and the different strands that constitute it – can more aptly be described as particular strands within the broad framework of liberalism. The reason is that modern conservatism is in many ways built on liberal cornerstones, such as the pursuit of individual freedom, free markets, an appeal to political theory and a quest to universalise its way of thinking. Modern conservatism can be divided into a number of strands. It is argued that the most infl uential of these strands include: 1
{"title":"Die tradisioneel-konserwatiewe vryheidsbe-skouing van Edmund Burke teenoor dié van moderne konserwatisme","authors":"skouing van Edmund Burke, teenoor dié, Ernst Roets","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a3","url":null,"abstract":"Edmund Burke’s traditonal conservative conception of freedom as opposed to that of modern conservatism Even though Edmund Burke (1729–1797) is regularly described as the “founder of conservatism”, it is argued in this article that Burke would not recognise his thinking in what is today regarded as modern conservatism. This is because modern conservatism – and the different strands that constitute it – can more aptly be described as particular strands within the broad framework of liberalism. The reason is that modern conservatism is in many ways built on liberal cornerstones, such as the pursuit of individual freedom, free markets, an appeal to political theory and a quest to universalise its way of thinking. Modern conservatism can be divided into a number of strands. It is argued that the most infl uential of these strands include: 1","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46239970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a7
C. Wolhuter, J. van der WaltI
{"title":"Strominge en teenstrominge in die vraag na die onderwystaalmedium: 'n Internasionale en 'n Suid-Afrikaanse perspektief","authors":"C. Wolhuter, J. van der WaltI","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46797086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a11
F. Joubert, A. Laäs, J. Rossouw, C. Vermeulen
{"title":"'n Perspektief op Orania se OSK Koöperatiewe Bank Beperk","authors":"F. Joubert, A. Laäs, J. Rossouw, C. Vermeulen","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41540773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a10
C. Kemp, A. Pienaar, D. du Toit
{"title":"Skoolgebaseerde bewegingsontwikkelings-programme en die motoriese behendigheid van graad 1-leerders: Die NW-CHILD-studie","authors":"C. Kemp, A. Pienaar, D. du Toit","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48334721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a9
E. Basson
Restandardisation by means of school textbooks in order to legitimise Cape Afrikaans The discourse on the restandardisation of Afrikaans often raises the issue of the negative consequences of a hegemonic standard variety in the Afrikaans classroom and how the school system has been using teaching materials such as textbooks to protect the point of view that the standard language is the only legitimate language. Various educators, researchers, linguists, artists, and language activists have spoken out about how Standard Afrikaans (Standaardafrikaans) alienates learners who are speakers of Cape Afrikaans and how drastic changes to the language form of Standard Afrikaans and language functions of varieties such as Cape Afrikaans are needed so that Afrikaans can serve the entire Afrikaans-speaking community. Yet the school context and textbooks are predomi-nantly underutilised as a source of language legitimation in the course of the current discussion on restandardisation. Bearing in mind Haugen’s (1987:637) view that changes to the language form should be implemented by educational institutions, this conceptual article investigates how the inclusion of Cape Afrikaans in textbooks can legitimise this variety and ultimately advance the restandardisation of Afrikaans. First, Odendaal’s (2012:125-126) theoretical exposition of the concept of “restandardi-sation” is discussed. From her definition, the conclusion is made that restandardisation could be a social restitution aimed at democratising Afrikaans by using varieties such as Cape Afrikaans as a source to expand the standard variety. The democratisation of Afrikaans entails that varieties like Cape Afrikaans must be destigmatised by introducing it in authoritative spaces such as the education system. In this way, the prestige of the varieties is increased, and it is established as a legitimate form of Afrikaans. It is argued that textbooks possess discursive qualities that offer productive possibilities to promote the restandardisation of Afrikaans by establishing Cape Afrikaans as a legitimate language form. These discursive qualities of textbooks are explored, as well as how textbooks as linguistic resources bring about legitimation.
{"title":"Herstandaardisering aan die hand van skoolhand-boeke vir die legitimering van Kaapse Afrikaans","authors":"E. Basson","doi":"10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2022/v62n4a9","url":null,"abstract":"Restandardisation by means of school textbooks in order to legitimise Cape Afrikaans The discourse on the restandardisation of Afrikaans often raises the issue of the negative consequences of a hegemonic standard variety in the Afrikaans classroom and how the school system has been using teaching materials such as textbooks to protect the point of view that the standard language is the only legitimate language. Various educators, researchers, linguists, artists, and language activists have spoken out about how Standard Afrikaans (Standaardafrikaans) alienates learners who are speakers of Cape Afrikaans and how drastic changes to the language form of Standard Afrikaans and language functions of varieties such as Cape Afrikaans are needed so that Afrikaans can serve the entire Afrikaans-speaking community. Yet the school context and textbooks are predomi-nantly underutilised as a source of language legitimation in the course of the current discussion on restandardisation. Bearing in mind Haugen’s (1987:637) view that changes to the language form should be implemented by educational institutions, this conceptual article investigates how the inclusion of Cape Afrikaans in textbooks can legitimise this variety and ultimately advance the restandardisation of Afrikaans. First, Odendaal’s (2012:125-126) theoretical exposition of the concept of “restandardi-sation” is discussed. From her definition, the conclusion is made that restandardisation could be a social restitution aimed at democratising Afrikaans by using varieties such as Cape Afrikaans as a source to expand the standard variety. The democratisation of Afrikaans entails that varieties like Cape Afrikaans must be destigmatised by introducing it in authoritative spaces such as the education system. In this way, the prestige of the varieties is increased, and it is established as a legitimate form of Afrikaans. It is argued that textbooks possess discursive qualities that offer productive possibilities to promote the restandardisation of Afrikaans by establishing Cape Afrikaans as a legitimate language form. These discursive qualities of textbooks are explored, as well as how textbooks as linguistic resources bring about legitimation.","PeriodicalId":42800,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44647432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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