SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety最新文献

{"title":"Experimental Assessment of Human and Crash Dummy Skin to Vehicle Air Bag Fabric Coefficients of Friction","authors":"Scott Noll, Sheng Dong, Yun-Seok Kang, John Bolte, Jason Stammen, Kevin Moorhouse","doi":"10.4271/09-11-03-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-03-0014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Oblique motor vehicle crashes can cause serious head or brain injuries due to contact with interior vehicle structures even with the deployment of air bags, as they are not yet completely successful in preventing traumatic brain injury. Rotational head velocity is strongly correlated to the risk of brain injury, and this head motion is potentially related to the tangential friction force developed during contact between the head and air bags. Although crash test dummy head skins are designed with appropriate mass properties and anthropometry to simulate the normal direction impact response of the human head, it is not known whether they accurately represent the frictional properties of human skin during air bag interaction. This study experimentally characterized the dynamic friction coefficient between human/dummy skins and air bag fabrics using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Human skin samples were harvested from five locations (left and right forehead, left and right cheek, and chin) from male and female postmortem human subjects (PMHSs); some samples had previously been frozen and some were fresh. Crash dummy head skin samples were obtained from Hybrid III, ES-2re, and THOR-50M 50th-percentile male anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and were characterized in both chalked and unchalked conditions. Fabric samples were obtained from five different air bags spanning various vehicle manufacturers and interior mounting locations. Neither sex, linear speed, nor the harvested skin location on the head played a significant role on the dynamic friction between PMHS skin samples and air bag fabrics, while PMHS skin samples that had not been previously frozen had a higher coefficient of friction than those that had. Further, increasing normal load reduced the dynamic friction coefficient between PMHS skin samples and air bag fabrics. Unchalked ATD head skins exhibited significantly higher dynamic friction coefficients than PMHS skins for the air bag fabrics tested. The presence of a thin chalk layer on ATD skins reduced friction and produced dynamic friction coefficients with air bag fabrics that were not significantly different from those of PMHS skins; however, neither unchalked nor chalked ATD head skins differentiated the air bag fabric dynamic friction coefficients in the same pattern as the PMHS skin samples.</div>","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":"224 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135206232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criticality Metrics Study for Safety Evaluation of Merge Driving Scenarios, Using Near-miss Video Data","authors":"Takashi Imaseki, Fukashi Sugasawa, Eriko Kawakami, Hiroshi Mouri","doi":"10.4271/09-12-01-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-12-01-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>In autonomous driving vehicles with an automation level greater than three, the autonomous system is responsible for safe driving, instead of the human driver. Hence, the driving safety of autonomous driving vehicles must be ensured before they are used on the road. Because it is not realistic to evaluate all test conditions in real traffic, computer simulation methods can be used. Since driving safety performance can be evaluated by simulating different driving scenarios and calculating the criticality metrics that represent dangerous collision risks, it is necessary to study and define the criticality metrics for the type of driving scenarios. This study focused on the risk of collisions in the confluence area because it was known that the accident rate in the confluence area is much higher than on the main roadway. There have been several experimental studies on safe driving behaviors in the confluence area; however, there has been little study logically exploring the merging actions with mathematical metrics. In light of this, this study introduces a criticality metric representing the risk of a collision in a junction area. The metric calculates the reaction level required to avoid a predicted collision risk; therefore, a safety evaluation can be performed by assessing the reaction effort to prevent such collisions in a driving scenario. The near-miss video data from the database is used to validate the proposed metric for the merging scenario. The database contains various real merging scenarios experienced by human drivers. The proposed metric was validated to identify a critical situation with collision risks and a safe driving situation that can prevent collisions easily, using sample data of merging scenarios from the database. Moreover, an example application for safety assessment was investigated. In summary, the safety performance of autonomous driving vehicles in merging can be evaluated through simulations using the criticality metric. In the future, the results of this study could be applied to develop an on-board risk detection function in the confluence area.</div>","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135394352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupant Kinetics and Muscle Responses of Relaxed and Braced Small\u0000 Female and Midsize Male Volunteers in Low-Speed Frontal Sled\u0000 Tests","authors":"Hana Chan, Devon L. Albert, F. S. Gayzik, A. Kemper","doi":"10.4271/09-11-03-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-03-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Previous volunteer studies focused on low-speed frontal events have demonstrated\u0000 that muscle activation (specifically pre-impact bracing) can significantly\u0000 affect occupant response. However, these tests do not always include a\u0000 sufficient number of small female volunteers to compare their unique responses\u0000 to the typically studied midsize male population. The purposes of this study\u0000 were to quantify the occupant kinetics and muscle responses of relaxed and\u0000 braced small female and midsize male volunteers during low-speed frontal sled\u0000 tests and to compare between muscle states and demographic groups. Small female\u0000 and midsize male volunteers experienced multiple low-speed frontal sled tests\u0000 consisting of two pulse severities (1 g and 2.5 g) and two muscle states\u0000 (relaxed and braced) per pulse severity. The muscle activity of 30 muscles (15\u0000 bilaterally) and reaction forces at the volunteer-test buck interfaces and seat\u0000 belt were measured before and during each sled test. Compared to the relaxed\u0000 muscle state, bracing generally increased pre-test muscle activity and pre-test\u0000 forces, delayed muscle activation (relative to the pre-test value) in response\u0000 to the sled pulse, and increased peak forces during the sled tests. However,\u0000 relaxed volunteers exhibited greater changes in muscle activity and reaction\u0000 forces relative to the pre-test value. Males exhibited higher peak forces across\u0000 all reaction surfaces during the sled tests compared to females, but peak muscle\u0000 activity varied as to whether males or females exhibited higher activation. The\u0000 upper extremity muscles activated the most during pre-test bracing, while the\u0000 upper extremity, trunk, and neck muscles activated the most during the sled\u0000 tests.","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49137541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of a Dynamic Abdominal Pressure Twin\u0000 Sensor Finite Element Model","authors":"Peiyu Yang, D. Katangoori, Scott Noll, J. Stammen, B. Suntay, Michael Carlson, K. Moorhouse","doi":"10.4271/09-11-03-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-03-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Some anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) currently being developed are equipped\u0000 with abdominal pressure twin sensors (APTS) for the assessment of abdominal\u0000 injuries and as an indicator of the occurrence of the submarining of an occupant\u0000 during a crash event. The APTS is comprised of a fluid-filled polyurethane\u0000 elastomeric bladder which is sealed by an aluminum cap with an implanted\u0000 pressure transducer. It is integrated into ATD abdomens, and fluid pressure is\u0000 increased due to the abdomen/bladder compression due to interactions with the\u0000 seatbelt or other structures. In this article, a nonlinear dynamic finite\u0000 element (FE) model is constructed of an APTS using LS-PrePost and converted to\u0000 the LS-Dyna solver input format. The polyurethane bladder and the internal fluid\u0000 are represented with viscoelastic and isotropic hypoelastic material models,\u0000 respectively. The aluminum cap was considered a rigid part since it is\u0000 significantly stiffer than the bladder and the fluid. To characterize the APTS,\u0000 dynamic compression tests were conducted on a servo-hydraulic load frame under\u0000 displacement control and held at the peak compression to allow for stress\u0000 relaxation prior to slowly releasing the compression amount. The initial peak\u0000 pressures and loads were 15–17% above the level observed at a 10-second hold\u0000 period with 50% of the decay occurring within 300 ms. The material properties\u0000 are identified using an inverse method that minimizes the difference between\u0000 measured and predicted load and pressure time histories. Further, the\u0000 bio-fidelity static specifications of the APTS manufacturer are used as a basis\u0000 to identify the quasi-static material parameters. This approach resulted in a\u0000 reasonable match between physical test data and model-simulated data for dynamic\u0000 compressions of 10 mm and 15 mm (~50% compression). Additional compression tests\u0000 are conducted at two compression levels (5 and 10 mm) and at four load offset\u0000 configurations for use in the model validation. The FE model was used to predict\u0000 peak pressure responses within approximately 10% error at full-load capacity and\u0000 achieved CORA ratings >0.99 for the pressure time history. The proposed\u0000 inverse method is expected to be generally applicable to the component\u0000 characterization of other models and sizes of APT sensors.","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43081090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Emergency Collision Avoidance of Straight-Crossing\u0000 Intelligent Vehicle at a 90-Degree Intersection Based on Vehicle-to-Everything\u0000 Technology","authors":"Fei Lai, Hui Yang, C. Huang","doi":"10.4271/09-11-03-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-03-0010","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reduce collision at a 90-degree intersection, an automatic emergency\u0000 collision avoidance control method for intelligent vehicles based on\u0000 vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology is proposed. Most of the existing\u0000 automatic emergency braking (AEB) control algorithms are designed for a single\u0000 high-friction road with reference to the European New Car Assessment Programme\u0000 (Euro NCAP) evaluation procedures, and they do not consider changes in road\u0000 friction. Thus, it may be difficult to avoid collision successfully on a\u0000 low-friction road. Although some studies have considered the variation of road\u0000 friction, they are only applicable to straight-line rear-end collisions and\u0000 cannot be directly applied to intersections. In addition, most studies regard\u0000 the vehicle only as a particle, ignoring the actual dynamic characteristics of\u0000 the vehicle. The main contribution of this article is to present an AEB control\u0000 strategy by V2X technology, which can make the intelligent vehicle avoid\u0000 collisions at a 90-degree intersection effectively. The proposed\u0000 time-to-collision (TTC) adaptive algorithm has considered various road surfaces,\u0000 and its effectiveness is verified by the co-simulation of Matlab/Simulink,\u0000 CarSim, and Prescan on a typical urban intersection road.","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43691648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Daily Vibration Dose during Different Ride Parameters\u0000 among Tractor Driving","authors":"C. Prakash, L. Singh, Ajay Gupta","doi":"10.4271/09-11-03-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-03-0009","url":null,"abstract":"This research examined tractor operators’ daily vibration exposure A(8) with\u0000 different input riding parameters, i.e., average speed (m/s) (2.78, 3.89, 5.0),\u0000 body mass (BM) (kg/m2) (35.3, 32.6, 25.4), and different terrain\u0000 types (brick, farm, and tar roads). To arrange the systematic sequence of\u0000 experiments, Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array has been selected for this study. The\u0000 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is calculated to analyze the overall influence of\u0000 input parameters over the output parameters. In this study, it is found that\u0000 A(8) responses exceeded the recommended action value among all the tractor\u0000 operators according to ISO 2631-1 (1997). The average speeds and various terrain\u0000 conditions were shown to be the most influential significant variables\u0000 (p ≤ 0.05), with percentage contributions of 53.71% and\u0000 11.53%, respectively. The predicted linear and linear interaction values in a\u0000 regression model are quite similar to the experimental values, with mean error\u0000 percentages of 3.89% and 2.27%, respectively. As comfort is essential for the\u0000 tractor operator, the results of this research may be used in the design of\u0000 tractor seats to improve comfort. The approach is unique in the Indian context\u0000 for the comfort of the tractor driver.","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46170164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Intrusion Injuries: Occupant Kinematics and Pressure Exposure\u0000 during Rearward Falls from a Personal Watercraft","authors":"Eric S. Winkel, Katie B. Zakutansky, M. Schirmann, Kevin C. Breen, Robert K. Taylor","doi":"10.4271/09-11-01-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-01-0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43154434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a New Human Thoracic Equivalent Model during Frontal\u0000 Impact","authors":"Zhixin Liu, Hong Zheng, Weijie Ma","doi":"10.4271/09-11-02-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-02-0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47917392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severity of Pedestrian Crashes in Developing Countries: Analysis and\u0000 Comparisons Using Decision Tree Techniques","authors":"Ahmed Jaber, Khaled Al-Sahili","doi":"10.4271/09-11-02-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-02-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46297503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Damage Propagation Process during Actual Operation of\u0000 a Truck Tire—A Case Study","authors":"K. Waluś, J. Warszczyński","doi":"10.4271/09-11-01-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-11-01-0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42807381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}