Patrick Höschele, S. Smit, E. Tomasch, M. Östling, K. Mroz, Corina Klug
{"title":"Generic Crash Pulses Representing Future Accident Scenarios of Highly\u0000 Automated Vehicles","authors":"Patrick Höschele, S. Smit, E. Tomasch, M. Östling, K. Mroz, Corina Klug","doi":"10.4271/09-10-02-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44003326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kang, J. Stammen, Alexander Bendig, A. Agnew, A. Hagedorn, Colton Thomas, R. Ramachandra, Hyun-Jung Kwon, K. Moorhouse, J. Bolte
{"title":"Effects of Seatback Recline and Belt Restraint Type on PMHS Responses\u0000 and Injuries in Rear-Facing Frontal Impacts","authors":"Y. Kang, J. Stammen, Alexander Bendig, A. Agnew, A. Hagedorn, Colton Thomas, R. Ramachandra, Hyun-Jung Kwon, K. Moorhouse, J. Bolte","doi":"10.4271/09-10-02-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48109533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Mroz, M. Östling, Corina Klug, Patrick Höschele, N. Lubbe
{"title":"Supplementing Future Occupant Safety Assessments with Severe\u0000 Intersection Crashes Selected Using the SAFER Human Body Model","authors":"K. Mroz, M. Östling, Corina Klug, Patrick Höschele, N. Lubbe","doi":"10.4271/09-10-02-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46665411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamie Mackenzie, J. Dutschke, Cédric Di Loreto, M. Forrest, A. van den Berg, F. Mérienne, J. Chardonnet, B. Sandoz
Whiplash injuries resulting from vehicle collisions are still a significant socio-economic issue across the world. Years of research has resulted in the development of injury criteria, restraint systems and a deeper understanding of the injury mechanism. However, some grey areas remain and, in the context of the increasing automation of vehicles, one can wonder how the injury mechanisms may change due to changes in collision forces or directions. This paper presents an experiment with ten volunteers subjected to two braking modes, including automated braking preceded by an alarm warning or robot human braking, in three different initial head positions: forward facing, lateral rotation and flexion rotation. The volunteers were equipped with inertial measurement units to record their head and neck dynamics. Results show that the initial position of volunteers implies differences in the volunteer head dynamics. Also, the auditory alarm emitted prior to the emergency braking may have helped the volunteers to mitigate the mechanical stimulus and most likely the injury risk.
{"title":"Human Head and Neck Kinematics during Autonomous and Human Braking in\u0000 Three Initial Head Positions","authors":"Jamie Mackenzie, J. Dutschke, Cédric Di Loreto, M. Forrest, A. van den Berg, F. Mérienne, J. Chardonnet, B. Sandoz","doi":"10.4271/09-10-02-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Whiplash injuries resulting from vehicle collisions are still a significant socio-economic issue across the world. Years of research has resulted in the development of injury criteria, restraint systems and a deeper understanding of the injury mechanism. However, some grey areas remain and, in the context of the increasing automation of vehicles, one can wonder how the injury mechanisms may change due to changes in collision forces or directions. This paper presents an experiment with ten volunteers subjected to two braking modes, including automated braking preceded by an alarm warning or robot human braking, in three different initial head positions: forward facing, lateral rotation and flexion rotation. The volunteers were equipped with inertial measurement units to record their head and neck dynamics. Results show that the initial position of volunteers implies differences in the volunteer head dynamics. Also, the auditory alarm emitted prior to the emergency braking may have helped the volunteers to mitigate the mechanical stimulus and most likely the injury risk.","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47777331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sequeira, A. Konda, Robert Lugner, U. Jumar, T. Brandmeier
{"title":"Crash Pulse Prediction Using Regression Algorithm with Gradient\u0000 Descent Optimization Method for Integrated Safety Systems","authors":"G. Sequeira, A. Konda, Robert Lugner, U. Jumar, T. Brandmeier","doi":"10.4271/09-10-02-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41517970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Muscle Activation Affects Kinematic Response and Injury Risk in\u0000 Non-Traditional Oblique Impact Scenarios Assessed with a Head and Neck Finite\u0000 Element Model","authors":"J. Barker, D. Cronin","doi":"10.4271/09-10-02-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70624050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Safety Evaluation of Directional Interchange with Semi-direct Ramp\u0000 Connections and Loops","authors":"K. Hamad, A. Ismail","doi":"10.4271/09-10-01-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-01-0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43600296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Integrated control for automated vehicles in platoons with nonlinear coupled dynamics is developed in this article. A nonlinear MPC approach is used to address the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nature of the problem, the nonlinear vehicle dynamics, and the platoon constraints. The control actions are determined by using model-based prediction in conjunction with constrained optimization. Two distinct scenarios are then simulated. The first scenario consists of the multivehicle merging into an existing platoon in a controlled environment in the absence of noise, whereas the effects of external disturbances, modeling errors, and measurement noise are simulated in the second scenario. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the system states under the sensor and process noise effectively. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is a suitable tool to handle the nonlinearities in the vehicle dynamics, the complication of the multivehicle merging scenario, and the presence of modeling uncertainties and measurement noise.
{"title":"A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Design for Autonomous Multivehicle Merging into Platoons","authors":"Muhammad Goli, A. Eskandarian","doi":"10.4271/09-10-01-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-01-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated control for automated vehicles in platoons with nonlinear coupled dynamics is developed in this article. A nonlinear MPC approach is used to address the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nature of the problem, the nonlinear vehicle dynamics, and the platoon constraints. The control actions are determined by using model-based prediction in conjunction with constrained optimization. Two distinct scenarios are then simulated. The first scenario consists of the multivehicle merging into an existing platoon in a controlled environment in the absence of noise, whereas the effects of external disturbances, modeling errors, and measurement noise are simulated in the second scenario. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the system states under the sensor and process noise effectively. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is a suitable tool to handle the nonlinearities in the vehicle dynamics, the complication of the multivehicle merging scenario, and the presence of modeling uncertainties and measurement noise.","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43811501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Survey-Based Accident Analysis for Human-Powered Three-Wheeled Vehicles","authors":"T. Wilhelm, V. Dorsch, F. Gauterin","doi":"10.4271/09-10-01-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-01-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48544534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Front Crush Stiffness Coefficients for Crossover and Standard Sport Utility Vehicles","authors":"P. Chhour, A. Hoffman, J. McGowan","doi":"10.4271/09-09-02-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/09-09-02-0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42847,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41577665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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