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Analytical model of equal-channel angular pressing of titanium sponge 海绵钛等通道角挤压的解析模型
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-17-31
I. Berezin, A. Zalazinsky, D. Kryuchkov
Introduction. The use of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) of metal powder makes it possible to obtain practically non-porous blanks with high hardness, with a high level of accumulated deformation and with the formation of an ultra-fine-grained structure. A relevant issue for the study of the semi-continuous ECAP process remains a reliable assessment of the energy-power parameters of the process and the prediction of the porosity of compressed materials. This, in turn, is due to the need to develop sufficiently accurate, reliable and simple mathematical models for practical application. The purpose of the work is to develop an analytical model of the process of equal-channel angular pressing of porous material. Powdered screening of spongy titanium of the TG-100 brand was selected as a model of the material for the study. The object of the study is the process of semi-continuous equal-channel angular pressing of axisymmetric porous briquette of titanium sponge in the channel of the mold. It is assumed that the ECAP uses a punch to create back pressure. For the solution, a process scheme, a statically permissible load scheme on a layer of intense deformation and a kinematically permissible flow scheme of a plastically compressible medium in a layer are determined. A system of equations is constructed in accordance with the accepted schemes. The equation power balance is applied. The analytical equation is solved by the method of successive approximations. Finite element simulation of the porous titanium ECAP process was carried out at the angles of intersection of the mold channels at 45°, 50°, 55° and 60°. Results and Discussion. The porosity of the blank is determined at different stages of the ECAP process. A diagram of the change in pressure on the punch using the analytical solution and finite element simulation is obtained. It is revealed that the results of the analytical solution are consistent with the data of the finite element simulation. The highest stress level occurs in the process of equal-channel angular pressing at α = 45°, however, the distribution of relative density over the cross section is most uniform. The maximum value of the pressure on the working punch decreases with an increase in the angle α. Rational technological parameters of pressing porous blanks should provide the maximum permissible pressure on the deforming tool. From this condition, in each specific ECAP process, it is possible to determine the optimal angle value from the analytical solution.
介绍。使用金属粉末的等通道角压(ECAP)可以获得具有高硬度,高水平累积变形和形成超细晶粒结构的几乎无孔坯料。研究半连续ECAP过程的一个相关问题是如何可靠地评估该过程的能量-功率参数和预测压缩材料的孔隙率。反过来,这是由于需要为实际应用开发足够准确、可靠和简单的数学模型。本文的目的是建立多孔材料等通道角挤压过程的解析模型。选择TG-100牌海绵钛粉筛作为材料模型进行研究。研究的对象是轴对称多孔海绵钛型煤在模具通道内半连续等通道角压成形过程。假设ECAP使用冲孔来产生背压。为解决这一问题,确定了过程方案、强烈变形层上的静态允许载荷方案和层内塑性可压缩介质的运动允许流动方案。根据已接受的格式构造了一个方程组。应用了功率平衡方程。解析方程用逐次逼近法求解。对多孔钛ECAP工艺进行了45°、50°、55°和60°模具通道交角的有限元模拟。结果和讨论。坯料的孔隙率在ECAP工艺的不同阶段确定。利用解析解和有限元模拟得到了冲床上的压力变化图。结果表明,解析解的结果与有限元模拟的数据吻合较好。在α = 45°的等径角挤压过程中,应力水平最高,但相对密度在截面上的分布最为均匀。工作冲头压力最大值随夹角α的增大而减小。合理的冲压多孔毛坯工艺参数应使变形模具承受最大允许压力。在此条件下,在每个具体的ECAP过程中,可以从解析解中确定最佳角度值。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical study of the curvature of the treated surface during oblique milling with prefabricated milling cutters 预制铣刀斜铣削加工表面曲率的理论研究
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-32-44
V. Kuts, Sergey Сhevychelov
Introduction. The paper discusses the methods of processing large parts having curved convex surfaces with a rectilinear guide on multi-coordinate CNC machining centers using the touch method with a discrete motion of the tool feed along the profile of the part. It is shown that the main disadvantages of this method are lower productivity, which is due to the presence of discrete tool motions between cycles of its translation mode, where the value of discrete tool motion for a given processing accuracy depends on the curvature of the surface being processed. To improve processing performance, it is proposed to use prefabricated disc cutters equipped with replaceable polyhedral inserts (RPI) with rectilinear cutting edges. Its installation in the cutter body with non-zero angles of inclination of the main cutting edge, in combination with an additional rotation of the cutter, during processing, along the direction of the translational feed movement, allows you to obtain a concave surface and ensure a tighter fit of the producing surface of the tool and the machined surface of the part. The aim of the work is to reduce the error of approximation of the profile when it is processed using the touch method with discrete motion of prefabricated disc cutters along the profile and, consequently, to ensure workpiece the possibility of increasing the step of tool movement along the profile being formed to improve processing performance. Research methods: geometrical theory of designing metal-cutting tools. Results and discussion. The regularities established in the work made it possible to create a method for determining the angle of inclination of the main cutting edge of the RPI milling cutter and the angles of rotation of the milling cutter along the direction of translational feed movement during line-by-line processing of extended sections of parts with a curved profile on multi-coordinate CNC machines by turning the milling cutter to ensure the best fit of its producing surface to the surface being processed at the point of its contact, to reduce the approximation error processed profile and improve processing performance, due to the possibility of increasing the tool movement step.
介绍本文讨论了在多坐标数控加工中心上用直线导轨加工具有曲面凸表面的大型零件的方法,该方法使用刀具进给沿零件轮廓离散运动的接触法。结果表明,这种方法的主要缺点是生产率较低,这是由于在其平移模式的循环之间存在离散的工具运动,其中对于给定的加工精度,离散的工具移动的值取决于被加工表面的曲率。为了提高加工性能,建议使用装配有带直线切削刃的可更换多面体刀片(RPI)的预制圆盘刀具。它安装在刀具主体中,主切削刃的倾斜角度为非零,再加上刀具在加工过程中沿平移进给运动方向的额外旋转,使您能够获得凹面,并确保刀具的生产表面和零件的加工表面更紧密地配合。这项工作的目的是,当使用预制圆盘刀具沿轮廓离散运动的接触法加工轮廓时,减少轮廓的近似误差,从而确保工件有可能增加刀具沿正在形成的轮廓移动的步长,以提高加工性能。研究方法:设计金属刀具的几何理论。结果和讨论。工作中建立的规律使我们有可能创建一种方法来确定RPI铣刀主切削刃的倾斜角度和铣刀沿平移进给运动方向的旋转角度铣刀,以确保其生产表面在其接触点与被加工表面的最佳匹配,以减少加工轮廓的近似误差,并提高加工性能,因为有可能增加刀具的移动步骤。
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引用次数: 0
In-situ analysis of ZrN/CrN multilayer coatings under heating 加热条件下ZrN/CrN多层涂层的原位分析
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-68-80
A. Vorontsov, A. Filippov, N. Shamarin, E. Moskvichev, O. Novitskaya, Evgenii Knyazhev, Yu. I. Denisova, A. Leonov, V. Denisov
Introduction. Advanced hard coatings combine different properties such as high hardness, wear resistance, corrosive resistance. At present, layer-by-layer deposited zirconium and chromium nitrides are promising hard coating materials. Currently, the multilayer coating process is not sufficiently described in the literature to understand all the processes involved. The problem is the complexity of depositing thick layers of multilayer, multicomponent coatings with different physical characteristics of the coating components. First and foremost this concerns the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE). Since the coating and operating processes consist in heating, coating components with different CTE will be susceptible to cracking, further failure and product failure over time. The purpose of work is in-situ study of multilayer ZrN/CrN coatings by X-ray analysis using synchrotron radiation and qualitative microstress behavior of multilayer coatings formed by plasma-assisted vacuum-arc method on substrate of alloy VK8 (92% WC–8% Co) under heating up to 750°С. Research methodology. Samples of coatings made of chromium and zirconium nitrides deposited on a substrate of the hard alloy VK8 are investigated. The basic method is the X-ray analysis using synchrotron radiation. We used the most common techniques to study the characteristics of multilayered coatings such as the coefficient of linear thermal expansion and the qualitative measurement of microstresses. Results and discussion. The result is the ability to determine changes in the characteristics of multilayer coatings during heating, such as changes in the crystal lattice parameter of each of the coating components separately, the possibility to determine the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the coating components and the qualitative measurement of microstresses, as well as providing the opportunity, based on the analysis, to form recommendations for further application of the technology of applying multilayer coatings with given characteristics.
介绍。高级硬质涂料结合了不同的性能,如高硬度,耐磨,耐腐蚀性。目前,逐层沉积的氮化锆和氮化铬是很有前途的硬质涂层材料。目前,文献中对多层涂层工艺的描述不够充分,无法理解所涉及的所有工艺。问题是沉积多层、多组分具有不同物理特性的厚层涂层的复杂性。这首先与线性热膨胀系数(CTE)有关。由于涂层和操作过程都是在加热过程中进行的,不同CTE的涂层部件随着时间的推移会容易开裂、进一步失效和产品失效。采用同步辐射x射线原位研究了多层ZrN/CrN涂层,并在加热至750°С的情况下,对等离子体辅助真空弧法在VK8合金(92% WC-8% Co)基体上形成的多层ZrN/CrN涂层进行了微应力定性分析。研究方法。研究了在硬质合金VK8基体上沉积氮化铬和氮化锆涂层的样品。基本方法是利用同步辐射进行x射线分析。我们采用最常用的方法,如线性热膨胀系数和微应力的定性测量,来研究多层涂层的特性。结果和讨论。结果是能够确定多层涂层在加热过程中特性的变化,例如单独确定每个涂层组分的晶格参数的变化,确定涂层组分的线性热膨胀系数和微应力的定性测量的可能性,以及提供基于分析的机会。对具有特定特性的多层涂料的进一步应用提出建议。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of vacancy formation energy for BCC-, FCC-, and HCP-metals using density functional theory 用密度泛函理论评价BCC-、FCC-和HCP金属的空位形成能
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-104-116
Y. Émurlaeva, D. Lazurenko, Z. Bataeva, I. Petrov, G. Dovzhenko, Lubov Makogon, M. Khomyakov, K. Emurlaev, I. Bataev
Introduction. Vacancies are among the crystal lattice defects that have a significant effect on the structural transformations processes during thermal, chemical-thermal, thermomechanical, and other types of alloys treatment. The vacancy formation energy is one of the most important parameters used to describe diffusion processes. An effective approach to its definition is based on the use of the density functional theory (DFT). The main advantage of this method is to carry out computations without any parameters defined empirically. The purpose of the work is to estimate vacancy formation energy of BCC-, FCC- and HCP-metals widely used in mechanical engineering and to compare these findings obtained using various exchange-correlation functionals (GGA and meta-GGA). Computation procedure. The computations were carried out using the projector-augmented wave method using the GPAW code and the atomic simulation environment (ASE). The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof, MGGAC and rMGGAC functionals were used. The wave functions were described by plane waves within simulations. Vacancies formation energy was evaluated using supercells approach with a size 3 × 3 × 3. Computations were carried out for BCC-metals (Li, Na, K, V, Cr, Fe, Rb, Nb, Mo, Cs, Ta, W), FCC-metals (Al, Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, Co) and HCP-metals (Be, Ti, Zr, Mg, Sc, Zn, Y, Ru, Cd, Hf, Os, Co, Re). Results and discussion. A comparison of the defined vacancy formation energies indicates the validity of the following ratio of values: . The values obtained using the open source GPAW code are characterized by the same patterns as for widely spread commercially distributed program VASP. It was revealed that the use of the PBE and MGGAC functionals leads to a slight deviation relative to the experimentally determined vacancies formation energy in contrast to the computations using rMGGAC.
介绍空位是晶格缺陷中的一种,在热处理、化学热处理、热机械处理和其他类型的合金处理过程中,空位对结构转变过程有显著影响。空位形成能是描述扩散过程的最重要参数之一。一种有效的定义方法是基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的使用。这种方法的主要优点是在没有任何经验定义的参数的情况下进行计算。这项工作的目的是估计在机械工程中广泛使用的BCC-、FCC-和HCP金属的空位形成能,并比较使用各种交换相关泛函(GGA和间GGA)获得的这些发现。计算程序。使用投影增强波方法,使用GPAW代码和原子模拟环境(ASE)进行计算。使用Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof、MGGAC和rMGGAC泛函。波函数由模拟中的平面波描述。使用尺寸为3×3×3的超晶胞方法评估空位形成能量。对BCC金属(Li、Na、K、V、Cr、Fe、Rb、Nb、Mo、Cs、Ta、W)、FCC金属(Al、Ni、Cu、Rh、Pd、Ag、Ir、Pt、Au、Pb、Co)和HCP金属(Be、Ti、Zr、Mg、Sc、Zn、Y、Ru、Cd、Hf、Os、Co、Re)进行了计算。结果和讨论。定义的空位形成能量的比较表明以下值的比值的有效性:。使用开源GPAW代码获得的值的特征在于与广泛传播的商业分布式程序VASP相同的模式。结果表明,与使用rMGGAC的计算相比,PBE和MGGAC泛函的使用导致相对于实验确定的空位形成能量的轻微偏差。
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引用次数: 0
Structure and properties of WC-10Co4Cr coatings obtained with high velocity atmospheric plasma spraying 高速大气等离子喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的结构与性能
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-81-92
E. Kornienko, I. Gulyaev, V. Kuzmin, A. Tambovtsev, Pavel Tyryshkin
Introduction. Carbon steel is often used for the manufacture of various machine parts, but its operation in aggressive conditions (operation of steel parts under conditions of wear, high temperatures and aggressive corrosive environments) contributes to an extreme decline in properties, up to failure. To solve this problem the modification of the working surfaces of steel parts can be used. It increases its wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and service life. Metal-ceramic coatings based on WC are often used to improve the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of steel parts. The work purpose is to study the effect of high velocity atmospheric plasma spraying (HV-APS) modes on the structure, phase composition and properties of WC-Co coatings. Materials and methods. 86% WC-10% Co-4% Cr coatings were deposited on a mild steel substrate with help of the HV-APS method. The structure and phase composition of the coatings were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray phase analysis. In addition, the results of measurements of porosity, microhardness, wear resistance, as well as a qualitative assessment of the adhesion are shown in this paper. Results and discussion. It is shown that all coatings are characterized by high density, absence of cracks and oxide films. Using the SEM and XRD methods, it is found that the coatings contain WC and W2C particles uniformly distributed in the metal matrix. The matrix is an amorphous or nanocrystalline supersaturated Co(W,C) solid solution. The maximum amount of carbides (49%) is observed in coatings obtained by deposition from a distance of 170 mm, arc current — 140 A; the minimum (25%) is observed in coatings obtained by deposition from a distance of 250 mm, arc current — 200 A. The coatings with the maximum amount of carbides have the maximum values of microhardness (1,284 HV0.1) and wear resistance. It is established that all coatings are characterized by high adhesion.
介绍。碳钢通常用于制造各种机器零件,但其在腐蚀性条件下的运行(钢零件在磨损,高温和腐蚀性环境下的运行)会导致性能急剧下降,直至失效。为了解决这一问题,可以采用对钢制零件工作表面进行修饰的方法。提高了其耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和使用寿命。基于WC的金属陶瓷涂层常用于提高钢件的硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。研究高速大气等离子喷涂(HV-APS)模式对WC-Co涂层结构、相组成和性能的影响。材料和方法。在HV-APS法的帮助下,在低碳钢基体上沉积了86% WC-10% Co-4% Cr涂层。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和x射线相分析对涂层的结构和相组成进行了分析。此外,本文还给出了孔隙率、显微硬度、耐磨性以及附着力的定性评价结果。结果和讨论。结果表明,所有涂层均具有致密、无裂纹、无氧化膜的特点。通过SEM和XRD分析发现,涂层中WC和W2C颗粒均匀分布在金属基体中。基体为非晶或纳米晶过饱和Co(W,C)固溶体。在电弧电流- 140 a的距离为170 mm的镀层中观察到碳化物的最大含量(49%);最小值(25%)在距离为250mm,弧电流为- 200a的涂层中观察到。碳化物含量最高的涂层具有最高的显微硬度(1284 HV0.1)和耐磨性。所有涂层都具有高附着力的特点。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting the coolant lubricating properties based on its density and wetting effect 根据冷却剂的密度和润湿效果预测冷却剂的润滑性能
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-6-16
A. Kisel’, V. Churankin
Introduction. The processes occurring in the cutting zone contribute to the rapid wear of the cutting tool and a decrease in the quality of the workpiece. It is possible to reduce the impact of negative factors during metal cutting through a rational choice of coolant. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for the accelerated assessment of the coolant lubricating properties. Methods. Experimental studies of the lubricating effect of seven different grades of coolant, during friction of a T15K6 (15% TiC–79% WC–6% Co) hard alloy pad and a rotating roller made of carbon structural Steel 45 (0.45% C) are presented. As a parameter of coolant efficiency in terms of lubricating effect, paper proposes an efficiency coefficient Kc, which is equal to the ratio between the friction coefficient that occurs when using coolant and the friction coefficient during friction without coolant. The lower the coefficient Kc, the more effective this coolant is in terms of lubricating effect. Results. Empirical dependences of the coefficient Kc on the coolant density ρ and the limiting wetting angle Θ (Kc = f(ρ;Θ)) are established. Since the low significance of the parameter ρ is established, the formula for the dependence of the Kc only on the limiting wetting angle Θ (Kc = f(Θ)) is established in the work. It is established that the dependence formula (Kc = f(Θ) provides the highest accuracy of calculations. Discussion. After evaluating the research results presented in this paper, the following conclusions are made: 1) the paper establishes the influence of the coolant density and the limiting wetting angle on the coolant efficiency coefficient for the lubricating effect determined for the friction between a roller made of Steel 45 and a pad made of T15K6 alloy: Kc = f(ρ;Θ) and Kc = f(Θ); 2) the greatest accuracy of calculations from 2.75 to 15% is provided by the formula for the dependence Kc = f(Θ); 3) the dependence Kc = f(Θ)is proposed to be used for the method for the accelerated assessment of the coolant lubricating properties during friction of a pad made of T15K6 alloy and a rotating roller made of Steel 45. The proposed method consists in measuring the limiting wetting angle of a coolant drop on the surface of the workpiece and calculating the derived empirical dependence of the coolant efficiency coefficient on the lubricating effect.
介绍。在切削区发生的过程导致刀具的快速磨损和工件质量的下降。通过合理选择冷却剂,可以减少金属切削过程中负面因素的影响。这项工作的目的是开发一种加速评估冷却剂润滑性能的方法。方法。研究了7种不同冷却剂对T15K6 (15% TiC-79% WC-6% Co)硬质合金衬垫和45型碳素结构钢(0.45% C)旋转滚轮的摩擦润滑效果。本文提出了一个效率系数Kc,作为衡量冷却剂润滑效果的效率参数,它等于使用冷却剂时的摩擦系数与不使用冷却剂时摩擦系数之比。系数Kc越低,冷却液的润滑效果越好。结果。建立了系数Kc与冷却剂密度ρ和极限润湿角Θ (Kc = f(ρ;Θ))的经验依赖关系。由于确定了参数ρ的低显著性,因此在工作中建立了Kc仅依赖于极限润湿角Θ (Kc = f(Θ))的公式。建立了相关性公式(Kc = f(Θ))提供了最高的计算精度。讨论。通过对本文研究结果的综合评价,得出以下结论:1)建立了45钢滚子与T15K6合金垫片摩擦润滑效果的冷却剂密度和极限润湿角对冷却剂效率系数的影响:Kc = f(ρ;Θ)和Kc = f(Θ);2)由相关性Kc = f的公式(Θ)提供2.75 ~ 15%的最大计算精度;3)提出了利用Kc = f(Θ)关系式加速评价T15K6合金衬垫与45钢旋转滚轮摩擦时冷却液润滑性能的方法。该方法包括测量工件表面冷却液滴的极限润湿角,并计算推导出的冷却液效率系数对润滑效果的经验依赖关系。
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引用次数: 0
Hybrid technological equipment: on the issue of a rational choice of objects of modernization when carrying out work related to retrofitting a standard machine tool system with an additional concentrated energy source 混合技术设备:关于在进行与使用额外集中能源改造标准机床系统有关的工作时合理选择现代化对象的问题
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-45-67
V Yu Skeeba, Egor Zverev, P. Skeeba, A. Chernikov, Andrey Popkov
Introduction. Improving the competitiveness of manufactured products is impossible without achieving high rates of resource and energy saving, while providing modern machine tools with the proper level of production flexibility in combination with guaranteed high values of processing productivity and the required level of parts manufacturing quality. Insufficient or excess capacity of technological equipment leads to a decrease in its economic efficiency, an increase in capital costs and, as a result, an increase in the cost of production. In the machine tool industry, which is a strategically significant and basic industry for the modernization of mechanical engineering, there is a special interest in the development of a new type of technological equipment that makes it possible to implement methods for modifying the surface layers of parts by processing it with concentrated energy sources. The combination of two processing technologies (mechanical and surface-thermal operations) in the conditions of integrated equipment makes it possible to level the shortcomings of monotechnologies and obtain new effects that are unattainable when using technologies separately. Ensuring an optimal level of quality — one of the unconditional requirements of a market economy — is a priority when developing the overall concept of technological equipment. Thus, it should be noted that the required and specific set of consumer properties are laid down during the design. And, therefore, the problem of quality optimization belongs to the field of forecasting and should be comprehensively addressed at the initial stage of developing the concept of technological equipment. The purpose of this research is to rationally choose the objects of modernization when carrying out work related to retrofitting a standard machine tool system with an additional concentrated energy source. Methods: Theoretical studies of the possible structural composition and layout of hybrid equipment during the integration of mechanical and surface-thermal processes were carried out taking into account the main provisions of structural synthesis and components of metal-cutting systems. During the research, issues related to the main provisions of system analysis, the geometric theory of surface formation, the design of metal-cutting equipment, methods of mathematical and computer modeling were raised. Results and discussion. Theoretical studies is found that currently, most of the parameter-oriented (dimension) series of general-purpose metal-cutting machines, built according to the law of geometric progression with a constant denominator, are the cause of multiple duplication of individual size ranges on machines of the same series. This gives grounds to talk about an unreasonable increase in the number of its members and, as a result, to an increase in the cost of designing, manufacturing and operating equipment. The authors adhere to the point of view that in order to ensure maximum efficienc
介绍如果不实现高资源和节能率,就不可能提高制成品的竞争力,同时为现代机床提供适当水平的生产灵活性,同时保证高加工生产率和所需的零件制造质量。技术设备的能力不足或过剩会导致其经济效率下降,资本成本增加,从而导致生产成本增加。机床工业是机械工程现代化的一个具有重要战略意义的基础产业,在机床工业中,人们对开发一种新型技术设备特别感兴趣,这种设备可以通过集中能源加工来实现零件表面层的改性方法。在集成设备的条件下,两种加工技术(机械和表面热操作)的结合使得有可能弥补单一技术的缺点,并获得单独使用技术时无法获得的新效果。确保最佳质量水平——市场经济的无条件要求之一——是开发技术设备整体概念的优先事项。因此,应该注意的是,所需的和特定的一组消费者财产是在设计过程中制定的。因此,质量优化问题属于预测领域,应在开发技术设备概念的初始阶段予以全面解决。本研究的目的是在进行用额外的集中能源改造标准机床系统的相关工作时,合理选择现代化对象。方法:考虑到结构合成的主要规定和金属切削系统的组成部分,对机械和表面热工艺集成过程中混合设备的可能结构组成和布局进行了理论研究。在研究过程中,提出了系统分析的主要规定、表面形成的几何理论、金属切削设备的设计、数学和计算机建模方法等相关问题。结果和讨论。理论研究发现,目前,大多数通用金属切割机的参数导向(尺寸)系列,都是根据具有恒定分母的几何级数建造的,是同一系列机器上单个尺寸范围多次重复的原因。这就有理由谈论其成员数量的不合理增加,从而导致设备的设计、制造和操作成本的增加。作者坚持这样一种观点,即为了确保混合金属切削设备的最大效率,有必要实现用可变分母构建的面向参数的序列。形成面向参数的系列的这种原理使得可以提供几乎相等的概率来处理具有三倍范围重叠的最大生产率的任何尺寸的表面。对参数级数结构的形成技术进行了探讨。理论证明,在分母为φ=1.26(GOST 9726-89)的操作参数导向系列立式铣床的操作过程中,单个尺寸范围存在多次重叠,在一定的尺寸范围内达到九倍值,这当然会影响现有机床夹具的效率。反过来,在综合一个有前景的带有十字台的立式铣床参数系列时,表明新的面向参数的系列具有较小的成员数量。减少制造和现代化机床的范围将增加批量生产,并减少当前的维修和维护费用。此外,这种效果是在保持机床夹持的灵活性的同时实现的。
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引用次数: 0
Structure and properties of low carbon steel after plasma-jet hard-facing of boron-containing coating 低碳钢等离子喷镀含硼涂层后的组织与性能
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-93-103
A. Balanovsky, V. V. Nguyen, N. Astafieva, R. Gusev
Introduction. One of the effective thermochemical methods for increasing the hardness of steel is boronizing by diffusion of boron atoms into the steel surface at high temperatures. As a result of boronizing, coatings are formed on the steel surface, consisting of columnar crystals of FeB and Fe2B. The volume fraction of phases and the thickness of the coatings depend on the heating temperature and the chemical composition of the base material and the saturating medium. The main disadvantage of these boronized layers is its high brittleness. Boronizing by plasma heating is one of the alternatives to the diffusion boronizing process to minimize the brittleness of the boronized layer. The purpose of the work: to form boride coatings on low-carbon steel using plasma-jet hard-facing. The research methods are: determination of the content of chemical elements using an electron probe micro-analyzer, metallographic studies, analysis of the phase composition of the boronized layer, as well as measurement of the microhardness of the coating after plasma-jet hard-facing. In this work boronized layers obtained on low-carbon steel 20 by plasma-jet hard-facing of a boron-containing coating are studied. Powdered amorphous boron was used as an alloying element. The parameter varied during plasma-jet hard-facing process is the current strength (120 A, 140 A and 160 A). Results and discussions. Based on the studies performed, it is found that it is possible to form boronized layers on the steel surface using plasma-jet hard-facing method. It is noted that the surface layer of the coating of the 1st and 2nd specimens after plasma-jet hard-facing has a heterogeneous structure, consisting of rows of different zones. The first zone has a hypereutectic structure, which consists of primary borides FeB and Fe2B, located in the eutectic, consisting of Fe2B and α-Fe. The second zone above the boundary with the base metal is represented by eutectic colonies composed of Fe2B and α-Fe. The third specimen is characterized by a hypoeutectic structure consisting of boride eutectic and primary dendrites of the α-solid solution of boron in iron. The maximum hardness is fixed on the surface of the first specimen and is 1,575 HV. The depth of the hardened layer increases with increasing current, but the hardness value and boron content decrease after treatment. The slight hardness gradient observed over the depth of the coating, as well as the gradual decrease in hardness due to the presence of the transition zone, are considered favorable for good adhesion of the boronized layer to the surface of the base material.
介绍提高钢硬度的有效热化学方法之一是在高温下通过硼原子扩散到钢表面进行硼化。作为硼化的结果,在钢表面形成由FeB和Fe2B的柱状晶体组成的涂层。相的体积分数和涂层的厚度取决于加热温度以及基材和饱和介质的化学组成。这些硼化层的主要缺点是其高脆性。等离子体加热硼化是扩散硼化工艺的替代方案之一,以最大限度地降低硼化层的脆性。本工作的目的是:利用等离子体喷射硬面在低碳钢表面形成硼化物涂层。研究方法有:用电子探针显微分析仪测定化学元素含量,金相研究,分析渗硼层的相组成,以及测量等离子体喷射硬面后涂层的显微硬度。在本工作中,研究了通过含硼涂层的等离子体喷射硬面在低碳钢20上获得的硼化层。粉末状无定形硼被用作合金元素。等离子体喷射硬面工艺过程中变化的参数是电流强度(120A、140A和160A)。结果和讨论。基于所进行的研究,发现使用等离子体喷射硬面方法在钢表面形成硼化层是可能的。值得注意的是,第一和第二样品的涂层在等离子体喷射硬面处理后的表面层具有非均匀结构,由不同区域的行组成。第一个区具有过共晶结构,由初生硼化物FeB和Fe2B组成,位于由Fe2B和α-Fe组成的共晶中。与基底金属边界上方的第二个区域由Fe2B和α-Fe组成的共晶集落表示。第三个试样的特征是由硼在铁中的α-固溶体的硼化物共晶和初生枝晶组成的亚共晶结构。最大硬度固定在第一个试样的表面上,为1575HV。硬化层的深度随着电流的增加而增加,但处理后硬度值和硼含量降低。在涂层深度上观察到的轻微硬度梯度,以及由于过渡区的存在而导致的硬度的逐渐降低,被认为有利于硼化层与基材表面的良好粘附。
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引用次数: 0
Study of the properties of silicon bronze-based alloys printed using electron beam additive manufacturing technology 电子束增材制造技术打印硅青铜基合金的性能研究
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.1-110-130
A. Filippov, E. Khoroshko, N. Shamarin, E. Kolubaev, S. Tarasov
Introduction. Additive technologies make it possible to curb material expenses by reducing allowances for the final dimensional machining of workpieces. For such expensive materials as copper and copper alloys, this method is considerably attractive from a perspective of increasing resource efficiency in production. The operational properties of the C65500 alloy manufactured using additive technologies have not been fully studied and require additional research. The aim of the work is to study the structural and phase state, mechanical and operational properties of C65500 bronze specimens printed using electron beam additive manufacturing technology. In the work, specimens made of C65500 wire with different heat input values are studied, some of which were subjected to thermal treatment and mechanical processing, as well as specimens, manufactured using multi-wire technology. The work uses such research methods as the study of corrosion resistance of bronze specimens using a potentiostat, confocal laser scanning microscopy, friction tests and X-ray phase analysis. Results and discussion. Processing of specimens by plastic deformation (compression) and subsequent annealing leads to the most serious structural changes. Based on X-ray phase analysis, it is found that higher silicon content is observed in the case of the addition of silumins to bronze. The study of mechanical properties shows that the specimens, printed using multi-wire technology, have the highest strength properties. During tribological testing, fluctuations in the value of the friction coefficient are revealed, due to the scheme of the experiment and the combined adhesive-oxidative mechanism of specimens’ wear. The addition of 10 wt.% aluminum filament to bronze in the additive manufacturing process is an effective means for increasing the resistance of the material to electrochemical corrosion and increasing its wear resistance.
介绍添加剂技术可以通过减少工件最终尺寸加工的余量来控制材料费用。对于铜和铜合金等昂贵材料,从提高生产资源效率的角度来看,这种方法相当有吸引力。使用添加剂技术制造的C65500合金的操作性能尚未得到充分研究,需要进一步研究。本工作的目的是研究采用电子束增材制造技术印刷的C65500青铜试样的结构和相态、力学性能和操作性能。在这项工作中,研究了具有不同热输入值的C65500线材制成的试样,其中一些试样经过了热处理和机械加工,以及使用多丝技术制造的试样。该工作采用了恒电位仪、共聚焦激光扫描显微镜、摩擦试验和X射线相位分析等研究方法来研究青铜试样的耐腐蚀性。结果和讨论。通过塑性变形(压缩)和随后的退火处理试样会导致最严重的结构变化。基于X射线相分析,发现在青铜中添加硅铝的情况下观察到更高的硅含量。对力学性能的研究表明,使用多丝技术印刷的试样具有最高的强度性能。在摩擦学试验过程中,由于实验方案和试样磨损的粘合剂氧化机制的结合,摩擦系数的值出现了波动。在增材制造工艺中向青铜中添加10wt.%的铝丝是提高材料对电化学腐蚀的抵抗力和提高其耐磨性的有效手段。
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引用次数: 0
Methodology for criteria analysis of multivariant system 多变量系统的判别分析方法
IF 0.4 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.1-85-97
D. Lobanov, Olesya Rafanova
Introduction. Trends in the development and application of modern machine-building systems somehow create the problem of analysis and choice in the presence of alternative objects, or with a large number of comparison criteria - indicators of the effectiveness of objects or systems. The main difficulties in optimizing the solution for designing production systems depend on complex technological problems: a large number of influencing factors and the absence of patterns. The choice of effective objects and systems is often a complex and multi-criteria process that requires a lot of time and, as a result, reduces the efficiency of the organization of production preparation. In this regard, for the preparation and adoption of technical and economic decisions of various complexity in production conditions, a systematic approach is required using the most rational forms and methods of organizing production. The purpose of the work: to create a generalized methodology for the criteria analysis of multivariant systems. The methods of investigation. A methodology is proposed aimed at improving the efficiency of the organization of pre-production due to a reasonable choice from a large number of options. The choice of a rational solution option is based on the ranking of indicators by priority at the time of making a reasonable decision in a specific situation and the type of object and system under consideration. Indicators can be variable, taking into account the specifics of production. Results and Discussion. A comparative analysis of the process of edge cutting machining of the STEF-1 fiber-glass polymer composite material with an interlocking side mill carrying various insert materials is conducted as an example of the practical application of the proposed methodology. As comparison parameters, the period of technological tool life, cutting performance and reduced costs in the implementation of cutting are taken. According to the results of a comparative multi-criteria analysis carried out according to the presented method, it follows that the priority in the system under consideration with the specified parameters for the implementation of the technology is the tool equipped with WC–3Co alloy inserts, which has the highest value of the weight criteria coefficient. According to the results of the analysis, a tool equipped with WC–2TaC–6Co alloy inserts is close in rationality, which allows recommending it as an analogue when choosing. The scope of the proposed application of the methodology is seen if it is necessary to analyze complex multivariant systems/objects. The objects/systems can be both variants of scientific solutions under various conditions of comparability, as well as design, technological solutions, structural and instrumental materials at the selection stage in the design and technological preparation of production, variants of the system implementation algorithm. The comparison parameters can be physical, mechanical, technological,
介绍现代机器制造系统的发展和应用趋势在某种程度上造成了在存在替代对象的情况下或在存在大量比较标准的情况下进行分析和选择的问题,这些标准是对象或系统有效性的指标。优化生产系统设计解决方案的主要困难取决于复杂的技术问题:大量的影响因素和缺乏模式。有效对象和系统的选择往往是一个复杂和多标准的过程,需要大量时间,因此降低了生产准备组织的效率。在这方面,为了准备和通过生产条件中各种复杂的技术和经济决策,需要采用最合理的生产组织形式和方法,采取系统的方法。这项工作的目的:为多变量系统的标准分析创建一种通用的方法。调查方法。由于从大量选项中进行了合理的选择,因此提出了一种旨在提高预生产组织效率的方法。合理解决方案的选择是基于在特定情况下做出合理决定时按优先顺序排列的指标以及所考虑的对象和系统的类型。指标可以是可变的,考虑到生产的具体情况。结果和讨论。作为所提出方法的实际应用实例,对STEF-1玻璃纤维-聚合物复合材料的刃口加工过程与承载各种嵌入材料的联锁侧铣刀进行了比较分析。作为比较参数,采用了工艺刀具寿命周期、切削性能和切削实施过程中降低的成本。根据根据所提出的方法进行的比较多准则分析的结果,可以看出,在具有特定参数的系统中,实施该技术的优先级是配备WC–3Co合金刀片的工具,其具有最高的权重准则系数值。根据分析结果,配备WC–2TaC–6Co合金刀片的工具在合理性上接近,这允许在选择时将其推荐为类似工具。如果有必要分析复杂的多变量系统/对象,则可以看出该方法的拟议应用范围。对象/系统既可以是在各种可比条件下科学解决方案的变体,也可以是在设计和生产技术准备的选择阶段的设计、技术解决方案、结构和工具材料、系统实现算法的变体。比较参数可以是物理、机械、技术、操作特性;技术、经济和质量指标;具体特性和参数。所提出的技术将减少在不同生产条件下做出新决策的时间。使用具有已知和明确定义的参数的方法来表征多变量系统,可以对生产的组织和技术准备过程进行算法化,并随后实现自动化。
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引用次数: 0
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