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Using wearable technologies to minimise occupational illnesses among construction workers 使用可穿戴技术减少建筑工人的职业病
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.23.00007
Lesiba George Mollo
This study investigated how wearable technology could help construction workers contract fewer occupational illnesses. A case study research strategy was used to collect qualitative data. The qualitative data were collected using a semi-structured interview, and 30 participants were interviewed from multiple case studies. A model for using wearable technologies for minimising occupational illnesses was developed. Additionally, it was determined that wearable technology supports UN Sustainable Development Goal 9. The use of wearable technologies for construction workers to monitor their health in real time is another option to support UN Sustainable Development Goal 3. Additionally, it was inferred that the construction workers’ use of wearable technology was significantly constrained by ethical considerations. To improve the usability and functionality of wearable technology, this study suggested that user acceptance, security, ethical issues and big data challenges be addressed.
这项研究调查了可穿戴技术如何帮助建筑工人减少职业病。采用个案研究策略收集定性数据。采用半结构化访谈法收集定性数据,并对来自多个案例研究的30名参与者进行访谈。开发了一个使用可穿戴技术最大限度地减少职业病的模型。此外,确定可穿戴技术支持联合国可持续发展目标9。为建筑工人使用可穿戴技术实时监测其健康状况是支持联合国可持续发展目标3的另一个选择。此外,我们推断建筑工人使用可穿戴技术明显受到道德考虑的限制。为了提高可穿戴技术的可用性和功能性,本研究建议解决用户接受度、安全性、伦理问题和大数据挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Driven pile foundation reuse in East London 东伦敦沉桩基础的再利用
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.22.00033
P Morrison, Lohini Ganesharatnam
Multiple phases of redevelopment of the London Docklands have resulted in the need to replace existing structures with new, often larger, structures. This paper presents the case history of a 1980’s low rise office building (3-4 stories) being replaced by a medium rise (5 stories + roof terrace) recreational building structure. The 1980’s building was founded on driven close-ended steel tube piles located within one of London’s historic docks. Subsequent to the 1980’s building construction, London Underground tunnels were constructed below the dock in the late 1990’s in close proximity to the structure. Piling in the dock adjacent to the LU tunnels results in restrictions to pile construction methodology. The new structure reused the driven piles in the dock and added new onshore bored piles to accommodate a larger building footprint landward. The pile reuse justification used the original preliminary pile load test and driving records along with current design codes. The 1980’s allowable working loads stated on the design drawing were less than that required to support the new building thereby requiring re-interpretation of preliminary pile load test results. The pile reuse assessment justified an increase in pile working load from 1050 kN to 1760 kN.
伦敦码头区的多个重建阶段导致需要用新的、通常更大的结构取代现有结构。本文介绍了一座20世纪80年代的低层办公楼(3-4层)被中层(5层+屋顶露台)休闲建筑结构所取代的案例历史。这座20世纪80年代的建筑建立在伦敦历史悠久的码头之一的驱动封闭式钢管桩上。在20世纪80年代的建筑建设之后,伦敦地铁隧道在20世纪90年代末在靠近该结构的码头下方建造。在靠近隧道的码头打桩,对桩的施工方法造成了限制。新结构重复使用了码头上的打孔桩,并增加了新的陆上钻孔桩,以适应更大的建筑面积。桩的再利用论证采用了原始的初步桩荷载试验和打桩记录以及现行的设计规范。1980年代设计图纸上规定的允许工作载荷小于支撑新建筑所需的载荷,因此需要重新解释初步桩荷载测试结果。桩的再利用评估表明,桩的工作荷载从1050 kN增加到1760 kN。
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引用次数: 0
Managing piling obstruction risk intelligently for reinvention of a brutalist building 为野兽派建筑的再创造巧妙地管理桩阻风险
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.22.00028
Alice Berry, Dinesh Patel, Felix Faber, Liam Bond, Joel Brook, Jan Kaussen
Northwood Investors are reinventing a 1980s Brutalist style London office building, “The Acre”, located in a densely populated urban environment, and surrounded by residential properties. There is a plethora of known and unknown obstructions beneath the site, including heavy steel grillages. Typically, such sites are redeveloped by total demolition and lengthy enabling works with significant vibration and noise. Instead, Northwood elected to selectively replace just 20% of the existing structure while upgrading and re-cladding the remaining 80% to create a modern development, with half the embodied carbon of the previously consented scheme. To make the scheme viable, Arup proposed the use of Pali Radice piles. This technique can construct mini-piles through layers of obstructions that would defeat traditional piling rigs, and can operate in constrained spaces such as existing basements. Despite the choice of piling technique limiting the pile diameter and tender options, this offered a step change in risk control and was crucial to enabling the project. Drilling trials and preliminary pile load testing were undertaken. The trials proved effectiveness of the technique and informed the pile design. Evidence from the trials permitted the method and programme to be assessed, and installation risks to be appropriately managed.
Northwood Investors正在改造一座20世纪80年代野兽派风格的伦敦办公楼“The Acre”,它位于人口稠密的城市环境中,周围都是住宅物业。场地下面有大量已知和未知的障碍物,包括沉重的钢格栅。通常情况下,这些地盘的重建是通过全面拆除和冗长的使能工程进行的,并且会产生很大的振动和噪音。相反,Northwood选择选择性地替换现有结构的20%,同时升级和重新覆盖剩余的80%,以创建一个现代化的开发项目,其中包含的碳排放量是先前批准方案的一半。为了使方案可行,奥雅纳建议使用巴利拉迪斯桩。这种技术可以通过层层障碍物来建造微型桩,这是传统打桩设备无法做到的,而且可以在现有地下室等受限空间内运行。尽管选择的打桩技术限制了桩径和投标选择,但这为风险控制提供了一个步骤,对项目的实现至关重要。进行了钻孔试验和初步桩载试验。试验证明了该技术的有效性,并为桩的设计提供了参考。来自试验的证据允许对方法和程序进行评估,并对安装风险进行适当管理。
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引用次数: 0
Confidence and performance in different engineering tasks 在不同工程任务中的信心和表现
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.23.00001
C. MacRobert
To explore how different tasks inform decisions, geotechnicians were invited to predict the stability of a failed tailings dam. Participants included students, contractors and experienced consultants. The first task involved noting down stability concerns and making a stability prediction. Participants then prepared sketches, suggested material parameters and updated their predictions. The third task involved suggesting strength parameters for a limit equilibrium model, critiquing the model and making a final stability prediction. A 30 min time limit increased the chance of human error. Accurately assessing the failure mode at the note and sketch sections did not translate into correct predictions, despite high confidence in these tasks, particularly from experienced participants. The majority (80%) of final stability predictions were highly correlated with the analytical computer model, despite low confidence in this model, particularly from experienced participants. While this trend in confidence is perhaps expected, most participants, including experienced participants, failed to identify that failure was imminent and were confident in their final predictions. This was largely because many suggested drained strength parameters, rather than undrained strength parameters appropriate for the problem. This highlights the importance of intuitive tasks such as note taking and sketching to understand problems before building analytical models.
为了探索不同的任务如何影响决策,岩土技术人员被邀请来预测一个失败的尾矿坝的稳定性。参与者包括学生、承包商和经验丰富的顾问。第一项任务是记录稳定性问题并做出稳定性预测。然后,参与者准备草图,提出材料参数并更新他们的预测。第三项任务是提出极限平衡模型的强度参数,对模型进行批评,并做出最终的稳定性预测。30分钟的时间限制增加了人为错误的可能性。尽管对这些任务(尤其是经验丰富的参与者)有很高的信心,但准确评估笔记和草图部分的故障模式并不能转化为正确的预测。大多数(80%)的最终稳定性预测与分析计算机模型高度相关,尽管对该模型的置信度较低,特别是从经验丰富的参与者。虽然这种信心的趋势可能是意料之中的,但大多数参与者,包括经验丰富的参与者,都没有意识到失败即将来临,并对自己的最终预测充满信心。这主要是因为许多人提出了排水强度参数,而不是适合问题的不排水强度参数。这突出了直观任务的重要性,比如在构建分析模型之前做笔记和画草图来理解问题。
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引用次数: 0
Strip footings for the extension of a piled building 条形地基:为一堆建筑物的扩建而建的条形地基
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.22.00030
A. Gasparre, M. Crilly, Sam Harland, Gareth Atkinson
A four-storey building in south-west London, UK is to be extended to eight storeys by introducing a system of strip footings to supplement the original foundation system, formed by displacement flight auger piles. The reuse of the original foundation piles and the implementation of the new footings were made possible by a detailed desk study, which obtained record information on the existing foundation system together with a thorough investigation of the existing foundations, which validated the record data. The strip footing solution was assessed against other options and selected on the basis of accessibility and construction practicalities. New ground beams were designed to distribute the new column loads in a manner compatible with the implemented solution. The complex interaction between the new shallow footings and the existing deep footings was assessed considering different loading scenarios and maximum and minimum displacements for each element. Simplified linear elastic geotechnical analyses and pile settlement calculations supported the structural assessment of the proposed extension.
英国伦敦西南部的一座四层建筑将扩展到八层,通过引入条带基础系统来补充原有的基础系统,该系统由位移飞行螺旋桩形成。通过详细的案头研究,获得了现有基础系统的记录信息,并对现有基础进行了彻底的调查,从而验证了记录数据,从而使原有基础桩的再利用和新基础的实施成为可能。对条形基础解决方案进行了评估,并根据可达性和施工实用性进行了选择。新的地梁被设计成以一种与实施的解决方案兼容的方式分配新的柱荷载。考虑不同的荷载情况以及每个单元的最大和最小位移,评估了新浅基础与现有深基础之间的复杂相互作用。简化的线弹性岩土分析和桩沉降计算支持拟议扩展的结构评估。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the performance of bridge decks through full-scale accelerated testing 通过全尺寸加速试验了解桥面性能
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00032
Mehdi Rashidi, Hoda Azari, J. Braley, R. Zobel
Understanding the long-term performance of bridges plays a major role in the selection of appropriate asset management strategies, which eventually reduce life-cycle costs and extend the service life of a bridge. To better understand bridge performance, the Federal Highway Administration initiated a research project utilizing accelerated testing of full-scale bridge superstructure systems subjected to cyclic moving wheel loads and freeze-thaw environmental conditions. As a part of the research project, complementary nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques were used to assess the performance of a full-scale bridge deck during the curing and loading period. NDE results, shortly after construction, revealed a smaller cover depth of rebars in the middle section of the deck. This has likely created a preferential path for the subsequent deterioration of the deck. It was suggested to use a scaled version of the electrical resistivity (ER) values to improve the consistency between temporal ER measurements of the deck, and it was shown that combining construction information with NDE results can improve the interpretation of results. Overall, results showed the importance of NDE for quality assurance of new construction and provided a better understating of the long-term bridge deck performance.
了解桥梁的长期性能在选择适当的资产管理策略方面起着重要作用,从而最终降低生命周期成本并延长桥梁的使用寿命。为了更好地了解桥梁性能,美国联邦公路管理局启动了一项研究项目,利用全尺寸桥梁上部结构系统在循环移动车轮载荷和冻融环境条件下的加速测试。作为研究项目的一部分,采用互补无损评估(NDE)技术来评估全尺寸桥面在养护和加载期间的性能。施工后不久的无损检测结果显示,甲板中部的钢筋覆盖深度较小。这很可能为随后的桥牌退化创造了一条优先路径。建议使用比例版本的电阻率(ER)值来提高甲板瞬时ER测量值之间的一致性,并表明将施工信息与无损检测结果相结合可以改善结果的解释。总体而言,结果表明NDE对新建筑质量保证的重要性,并提供了对桥面长期性能的更好理解。
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引用次数: 0
Design of lead-rubber-bearing isolation systems using a grasshopper optimisation algorithm 用蚱蜢优化算法设计铅橡胶支座隔震系统
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.22.00034
S. Mollaei, E. N. Farsangi, M. Babaei, Fatemeh Mehri, Fakhraddin Ghahramani
Seismic isolation is an efficient method for improving the seismic behaviour of building structures. Sensitivity analysis of the behaviour of the base-isolated structures is essential to investigate the effects of various mechanical and environmental factors on the performance of seismic isolation systems. In this study, the optimal design of a lead-rubber-bearing seismic isolation system is investigated by considering irregular mass condition, and near-fault seismic excitation. The grasshopper optimisation algorithm was used to optimise the design of the isolation system. The sensitivity analysis of the seismic response of the isolated structures was carried out for the mechanical parameters of the isolation system, mass irregularity in the building, and near-fault earthquakes. The results proved the efficiency of the algorithm in optimal design problems for structural isolation systems. Also, the sensitivity analysis of the seismic behaviour of base-isolated structures showed that the yield base shear index had the most important effects in analysis. Also, mass irregularity showed a negligible influence on the behaviour of the isolated structures.
隔震是改善建筑结构抗震性能的有效方法。基础隔震结构性能的敏感性分析对于研究各种力学和环境因素对隔震系统性能的影响至关重要。在考虑不规则质量条件和近断层地震激励的情况下,研究了铅-橡胶隔震系统的优化设计。采用蝗虫优化算法对隔离系统进行优化设计。对隔震系统的力学参数、建筑物内质量的不规则性和近断层地震进行了隔震结构地震反应的敏感性分析。结果证明了该算法在结构隔震系统优化设计问题中的有效性。对基础隔震结构抗震性能的敏感性分析表明,屈服基础剪切指数对结构抗震性能的影响最为显著。此外,质量不规则性对孤立结构的影响可以忽略不计。
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引用次数: 0
Reuse of existing steel pile foundations – Greenock Creek Bridge, Walkerton, Ontario, Canada 现有钢桩基础的再利用-加拿大安大略省沃尔克顿的格里诺克河大桥
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.22.00025
T. Sangiuliano, David Staseff, PK Chatterji, K. Shi, Rodolfo de Castro
Following a preliminary assessment of bridge replacement/rehabilitation options for the existing Greenock Creek Bridge located near Walkerton in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, the removal of the existing superstructure and the reuse of the existing foundations was selected as the preferred option. The preferred alternative was based on condition survey of the deck and superstructure and traffic mobility, economic, sustainability and environmental advantages. The decision is demonstrative of the Ministry of Transportation’s (MTO) commitment to assess new technologies and applications that support Ministry initiatives and operational needs and specifically to encourage the reuse of existing foundations. The existing structure, built in 1971, is a single span structure that carries Hwy 9 over Greenock Creek. The existing abutments are founded on H-Pile foundations that according to the original construction contract drawings are approximately 8 metres in length and installed at 1:4 and 1:8 batters. The subsurface conditions at the site consist of clayey silt to silt underlain by silty sand with gravel. The groundwater table is at or near the ground surface. The relative density of the subsoils is loose to dense in the surficial 3 to 5 metres and becoming very dense below these depths. This paper describes the process of evaluation of the capacity, integrity and durability of the existing steel HP310x79 H-piles. A comprehensive programme was planned, organized, and implemented that included exploratory boreholes to verify the subsurface conditions, retrieval of soil samples to determine the corrosivity of the soil and groundwater around the piles in order to assess the degree of corrosivity and geophysical testing including parallel seismic and borehole magnetometer testing to estimate the embedment lengths of the existing steel piles. The results of this investigation were used to assess if the existing steel pile foundations can carry the new superstructure loads for another 75 years.
在对位于加拿大安大略省西南部Walkerton附近的现有Greenock Creek大桥的桥梁更换/修复方案进行初步评估后,拆除现有上层建筑和再利用现有基础被选为首选方案。首选方案是基于甲板和上层建筑的状况调查,以及交通机动性、经济性、可持续性和环境优势。该决定表明了交通部(MTO)的承诺,即评估支持交通部倡议和运营需求的新技术和应用,特别是鼓励现有基础的再利用。现有的结构建于1971年,是一个单跨结构,承载着9号高速公路通过格林诺克溪。现有的桥台建立在H-Pile基础上,根据原始建筑合同图纸,长度约为8米,并以1:4和1:8的方式安装。场地的地下条件由粘土粉砂到粉砂和砾石下垫的粉砂组成。地下水位位于或接近地表。底土的相对密度在地表3 ~ 5米处从松散到致密,在这些深度以下变得非常致密。本文介绍了现有HP310x79 h型钢桩的承载力、完整性和耐久性评价过程。规划、组织和实施了一项综合方案,其中包括勘探钻孔以验证地下条件,检索土壤样本以确定桩周围土壤和地下水的腐蚀性,以评估腐蚀程度,以及包括平行地震和钻孔磁力计测试在内的地球物理测试,以估计现有钢桩的嵌入长度。本次调查的结果被用来评估现有的钢桩基础是否能够承受新的上层建筑荷载再持续75年。
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引用次数: 0
Development of reference specimens for nondestructive evaluation of concrete bridge decks 混凝土桥面无损评价参考试样的研制
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00030
Hoda Azari, Sadegh Shams, Christian Köpp, Juri Timofeev, E. Niederleithinger
Decades of nondestructive evaluation for the quality assurance of concrete bridges revealed the necessity of developing procedures to build reference specimens for different defects. External objects have been widely used in specimen construction to represent defects. However, embedded materials vary the actual defect characteristics, interrupting the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) responses. This study proposes new approaches to fabricating reference specimens for reinforced concrete that feature substantial defects, including cracks, delamination, honeycombing, and rebar corrosion, without external objects. As a result, realistic responses can be acquired to identify promising NDE methods for characterizing actual deteriorations. The procedures were produced with the intent of being reproducible in any laboratory. Destructive and nondestructive testing methods were performed to verify the effectiveness of the processes in creating defects. This study provides research laboratories with techniques for fabricating reference specimens to characterize defects and assess the performance of NDE technologies
几十年来对混凝土桥梁质量保证的无损评估表明,有必要制定针对不同缺陷建立参考试件的程序。外部物体已被广泛地用于试样构造来表示缺陷。然而,嵌入材料改变了实际缺陷特征,中断了无损评价(NDE)响应。本研究提出了在没有外部物体的情况下,为具有重大缺陷(包括裂缝、分层、蜂窝状和钢筋腐蚀)的钢筋混凝土制作参考样品的新方法。因此,可以获得真实的反应,以确定有希望的NDE方法来表征实际的恶化。该程序的目的是在任何实验室可重复。采用破坏性和非破坏性测试方法验证了制造缺陷过程的有效性。本研究为研究实验室提供了制造参考样品的技术,以表征缺陷并评估无损检测技术的性能
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引用次数: 0
Diagonal corner cracks of slabs at end units of apartment buildings 公寓楼末端单元楼板对角裂缝
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.22.00004
Y. Kog
Frequent reports about the occurrence of diagonal corner cracks of slabs at end units of public housing buildings were received before 1985. A forensic study was undertaken in 1985 to identify the causes of such cracks and the necessary measures to eliminate such cracks in all future public housing developments. The methodology of the study adopted was to carry out a detailed investigation of the cracks reported in five public housing buildings in different new towns all over Singapore. Schematic sketches and/or crack widths of such cracks at each dwelling units are reported for each of the case studies. The causes of such cracks were a combination of design and construction issues. After the implementation of remedial measures, the occurrence of diagonal corner cracks of slabs at end units of the newly constructed public housing buildings became significantly less common.
一九八五年以前,当局经常接获公营房屋楼宇尾楼楼板出现斜角裂缝的报告。政府在一九八五年进行了一项法证研究,以查明这些裂缝的原因,以及在未来所有公共房屋发展项目中采取必要措施消除这些裂缝。该研究采用的方法是对新加坡不同新市镇的五栋公共住房的裂缝进行详细调查。每个案例研究报告了每个住宅单元的示意图和/或裂缝宽度。这些裂缝的原因是设计和施工问题的结合。在实施补救措施后,新建公屋楼宇末端单位楼板出现对角裂缝的情况已明显减少。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering
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