Junhua Xiao, Dao-Tong Guo, Qingpeng Wang, X. Gao, Jian-Ping Sun
Deviation rectification of a high-rise building with a piled raft foundation was successfully carried out by vertically digging holes. Through site investigation and finite element analyses of pile foundation settlement, the building tilt was attributed to shortening of the pile length, large post-construction settlement and cancelling the setting of the post-cast strip of concrete between the main building and skirt of an underground garage. A comprehensive rectification scheme was conducted, including drilling settlement-resisting micropiles on the side with a greater subsidence, cutting off the raft between the main building and garage, vertically digging holes and disturbing soil on the side with less subsidence. When the rectified inclination reached the proposed value, the foundation was strengthened by the micopiles for settlement reduction and bearing capacity enhancement. During construction, close monitoring was carried out to dynamically guide the soil extraction operation and monitor building settlement. By analysing the monitoring data over time, the effectiveness of soil extraction for building rectification was verified, and the rectification mechanism of high-rise buildings supported on piled raft foundations was clarified. Finally, the rectification scheme was evaluated and discussed.
{"title":"Deviation rectification of a high-rise building with piled raft foundation: a case study","authors":"Junhua Xiao, Dao-Tong Guo, Qingpeng Wang, X. Gao, Jian-Ping Sun","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.21.00036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00036","url":null,"abstract":"Deviation rectification of a high-rise building with a piled raft foundation was successfully carried out by vertically digging holes. Through site investigation and finite element analyses of pile foundation settlement, the building tilt was attributed to shortening of the pile length, large post-construction settlement and cancelling the setting of the post-cast strip of concrete between the main building and skirt of an underground garage. A comprehensive rectification scheme was conducted, including drilling settlement-resisting micropiles on the side with a greater subsidence, cutting off the raft between the main building and garage, vertically digging holes and disturbing soil on the side with less subsidence. When the rectified inclination reached the proposed value, the foundation was strengthened by the micopiles for settlement reduction and bearing capacity enhancement. During construction, close monitoring was carried out to dynamically guide the soil extraction operation and monitor building settlement. By analysing the monitoring data over time, the effectiveness of soil extraction for building rectification was verified, and the rectification mechanism of high-rise buildings supported on piled raft foundations was clarified. Finally, the rectification scheme was evaluated and discussed.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84578970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xie Dongbai, Hong Hao, Duo Shuwang, Li Qiang, Su Jianmin
This study demonstrates the use of visual and oxide analyses to identify the cause of an actual electrical fire. Three severely oxidized electric oil-filled heaters and heating elements located at different locations were discovered in the debris of a megamall fire. According to visual analysis, the steel fins exhibited signs of overheating and the presence of large amounts of iron oxidation, denoting that the fins were the probable ignition source. Metallographic analysis showed that oxidation inside the oil-filled heaters at the fire site was also severe. Moreover, the temperature-dependent wear of the metal parts provided new evidence about the exposure temperature of the fire. The microstructure of the oxide scale of metallic materials was also temperature dependent, indicating that metallurgical characterization will greatly complement the conventional evidence collection via macroscopic visual examination.
{"title":"Visual and oxide analysis for oil-filled heater fire scene","authors":"Xie Dongbai, Hong Hao, Duo Shuwang, Li Qiang, Su Jianmin","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.21.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00027","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates the use of visual and oxide analyses to identify the cause of an actual electrical fire. Three severely oxidized electric oil-filled heaters and heating elements located at different locations were discovered in the debris of a megamall fire. According to visual analysis, the steel fins exhibited signs of overheating and the presence of large amounts of iron oxidation, denoting that the fins were the probable ignition source. Metallographic analysis showed that oxidation inside the oil-filled heaters at the fire site was also severe. Moreover, the temperature-dependent wear of the metal parts provided new evidence about the exposure temperature of the fire. The microstructure of the oxide scale of metallic materials was also temperature dependent, indicating that metallurgical characterization will greatly complement the conventional evidence collection via macroscopic visual examination.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91117634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Rohit, H. Hazarika, C. Qin, Tsubasa Maeda, T. Kokusho, Yuichi Yahiro, A. Prabhakaran
The water film effect is considered a key factor in triggering the large scale flowslides on gently sloping terrain in highly stratified, liquefiable sandy soils during the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake. The mechanism of water film formation under multiple less permeable soil layers (capping layers) with different plasticity characteristics is evaluated using 1D soil model tests under impact loading and their 1D response analysis. As observed, the water film can form under both plastic and non-plastic capping layers under the influence of impact load. The effect of number of capping layers, as well as their plasticity, on the water film formation and the dissipation of excess pore water pressure is evaluated, as well as the resulting vertical and lateral deformation of the soil layers, together with the stresses produced under a sinusoidal loading, inducing a water film effect is studied. From the results, it can be concluded that the configuration and the plasticity of the capping layer which controls its permeability characteristics, have a significant influence on the stability of the water film. Moreover, the water film effect plays a key role, if not the completely responsible for triggering the flowslides by forming a low-friction interface under the capping layer.
{"title":"Experimental and numerical simulation on water film formation during the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake","authors":"D. Rohit, H. Hazarika, C. Qin, Tsubasa Maeda, T. Kokusho, Yuichi Yahiro, A. Prabhakaran","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.21.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00024","url":null,"abstract":"The water film effect is considered a key factor in triggering the large scale flowslides on gently sloping terrain in highly stratified, liquefiable sandy soils during the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake. The mechanism of water film formation under multiple less permeable soil layers (capping layers) with different plasticity characteristics is evaluated using 1D soil model tests under impact loading and their 1D response analysis. As observed, the water film can form under both plastic and non-plastic capping layers under the influence of impact load. The effect of number of capping layers, as well as their plasticity, on the water film formation and the dissipation of excess pore water pressure is evaluated, as well as the resulting vertical and lateral deformation of the soil layers, together with the stresses produced under a sinusoidal loading, inducing a water film effect is studied. From the results, it can be concluded that the configuration and the plasticity of the capping layer which controls its permeability characteristics, have a significant influence on the stability of the water film. Moreover, the water film effect plays a key role, if not the completely responsible for triggering the flowslides by forming a low-friction interface under the capping layer.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73288018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fall from height (FFH) fatal accident rates is higher than other accidents in the construction sector because of work-related causes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal factors of fatal fall incidents in the Indian construction industry. This study adopted a three-level accident causation model developed by Loughborough University researchers, aiming to identify immediate circumstances, shaping factors, and originating influences in selected incidents. The accident cases were retrieved from police records and government documents. Accident data from 2019 to 2020 were studied, and specific emphasis was placed on fatal fall events. These events were subjected to content review to determine causal factors. In total, ten fatal fall cases were analyzed in which immediate circumstances were established for all the cases that involved the use of unsafe methods of work. In some cases, shaping factors were identified as possible contributors to the events, such as the work processes nature and team members’ communication. Originating influences could not be established in any of the cases. The study findings could give a more comprehensive qualitative insight into the causal factors of fatal fall accidents which could alert the stakeholders in developing safety programs and providing effective fall preventive measures.
{"title":"Fatal fall incidents in the Indian construction industry: a case study analysis","authors":"C. Vigneshkumar","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.22.00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.22.00003","url":null,"abstract":"Fall from height (FFH) fatal accident rates is higher than other accidents in the construction sector because of work-related causes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal factors of fatal fall incidents in the Indian construction industry. This study adopted a three-level accident causation model developed by Loughborough University researchers, aiming to identify immediate circumstances, shaping factors, and originating influences in selected incidents. The accident cases were retrieved from police records and government documents. Accident data from 2019 to 2020 were studied, and specific emphasis was placed on fatal fall events. These events were subjected to content review to determine causal factors. In total, ten fatal fall cases were analyzed in which immediate circumstances were established for all the cases that involved the use of unsafe methods of work. In some cases, shaping factors were identified as possible contributors to the events, such as the work processes nature and team members’ communication. Originating influences could not be established in any of the cases. The study findings could give a more comprehensive qualitative insight into the causal factors of fatal fall accidents which could alert the stakeholders in developing safety programs and providing effective fall preventive measures.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89475640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The focus of this research is on comparing slope factor of safety determined from computer modeling for basic slopes using frequently used limit equilibrium methods to the less typically used finite element methods. Several various slope geometry and material properties combinations are used in the comparison study. The main objective of this research is to develop useful correlations for slope stability analysis projects. Useful correlations are developed in seismic and non-seismic conditions between factor of safety with shear strength and shear stresses in soil slopes. It is found that the seismic and non-seismic factor of safety values are correlated at 99.6 % applicability percent. Shear strength and shear stress are correlated with non-seismic factor of safety at 99.5 % applicability. Similarly, shear strength and shear stress are correlated with seismic factor of safety at 100 % applicability value. Non-seismic slope factor of safety in case of limit equilibrium analysis is correlated with non-seismic factor of safety in case of finite element analysis at 83.8 % applicability. Jandola landslide is considered as case study to cross check the correctness of the developed correlations. These correlations can be used in slope stability analysis projects.
{"title":"Develop correlations between soil parameters in unsaturated condition – Jandola landslide as case study","authors":"Muhammad Israr Khan, Shuhong Wang","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.22.00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.22.00001","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this research is on comparing slope factor of safety determined from computer modeling for basic slopes using frequently used limit equilibrium methods to the less typically used finite element methods. Several various slope geometry and material properties combinations are used in the comparison study. The main objective of this research is to develop useful correlations for slope stability analysis projects. Useful correlations are developed in seismic and non-seismic conditions between factor of safety with shear strength and shear stresses in soil slopes. It is found that the seismic and non-seismic factor of safety values are correlated at 99.6 % applicability percent. Shear strength and shear stress are correlated with non-seismic factor of safety at 99.5 % applicability. Similarly, shear strength and shear stress are correlated with seismic factor of safety at 100 % applicability value. Non-seismic slope factor of safety in case of limit equilibrium analysis is correlated with non-seismic factor of safety in case of finite element analysis at 83.8 % applicability. Jandola landslide is considered as case study to cross check the correctness of the developed correlations. These correlations can be used in slope stability analysis projects.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74179175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 120 m pedestrian suspension bridge recently inaugurated in Pacitan, East Java, suddenly collapsed when it was empty. It is one of the hundreds of similar bridges constructed through a current government project. Although there were no casualties, finding the cause of the failure is essential to ensure the safety of other bridges that have been or are currently being built. Moreover, field investigations showed that the change in the cable orientation between the bridge tower and cable endpoint of the suspension bridge and the insufficient capacity of the bracing connection in the bridge tower triggered the failure. The analysis is usually conducted through a numerical simulation using a relatively complex non-linear finite element analysis. However, this research adopted second-order elastic analysis using the Direct Analysis Method (DAM) of the AISC Code, a common method for designing steel structures. This method was relatively more straightforward but applicable in proving that the carrying capacity of the bridge tower decreased drastically due to the bracing failure, which is possibly the explanation for the collapsed bridge at the minimum load condition.
{"title":"Failure analysis of suspension bridge tower using Direct Analysis Method (DAM)","authors":"Wiryanto Dewobroto","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.21.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00009","url":null,"abstract":"The 120 m pedestrian suspension bridge recently inaugurated in Pacitan, East Java, suddenly collapsed when it was empty. It is one of the hundreds of similar bridges constructed through a current government project. Although there were no casualties, finding the cause of the failure is essential to ensure the safety of other bridges that have been or are currently being built. Moreover, field investigations showed that the change in the cable orientation between the bridge tower and cable endpoint of the suspension bridge and the insufficient capacity of the bracing connection in the bridge tower triggered the failure. The analysis is usually conducted through a numerical simulation using a relatively complex non-linear finite element analysis. However, this research adopted second-order elastic analysis using the Direct Analysis Method (DAM) of the AISC Code, a common method for designing steel structures. This method was relatively more straightforward but applicable in proving that the carrying capacity of the bridge tower decreased drastically due to the bracing failure, which is possibly the explanation for the collapsed bridge at the minimum load condition.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80271481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single-Timber Piles (STP) were used as the pile foundation of the small-scale buildings in the soft ground of Saga Lowland, where differential settlement occurred. The timber piles’ tip was required to reach the supporting stratum at greater depth to overcome the problems. To reach the stratum, these timber piles are connected with several joints. However, there is no detailed study to describe the strength of these Jointed- Timber Piles (JTP) and their material specifications. This study describes the specification of the materials used and then explains the laboratory tests that evaluate the strength of the JTP. Further, it discusses the method to determine the bearing capacity of the JTP in terms of bearing capacity coefficients α and β. Later, the back-calculated values of α and β from the axial load’s relationship with depth obtained from the strain gauge field measurements verified the bearing capacity evaluation method. The test results from the laboratory demonstrate that the concrete-timber stake joints reduced the compressive strength by around 2%, and the upper timber stake-lower timber stake joints reduced the strength by 11%. However, the reduction factors of 10% to the concrete-timber joints, and 15% to the timber-timber joints are adopted for the safe construction.
{"title":"Specifications, strength and bearing capacity of jointed-timber piles in soft ground","authors":"S. Shrestha, Yuki Matsumoto","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.21.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Single-Timber Piles (STP) were used as the pile foundation of the small-scale buildings in the soft ground of Saga Lowland, where differential settlement occurred. The timber piles’ tip was required to reach the supporting stratum at greater depth to overcome the problems. To reach the stratum, these timber piles are connected with several joints. However, there is no detailed study to describe the strength of these Jointed- Timber Piles (JTP) and their material specifications. This study describes the specification of the materials used and then explains the laboratory tests that evaluate the strength of the JTP. Further, it discusses the method to determine the bearing capacity of the JTP in terms of bearing capacity coefficients α and β. Later, the back-calculated values of α and β from the axial load’s relationship with depth obtained from the strain gauge field measurements verified the bearing capacity evaluation method. The test results from the laboratory demonstrate that the concrete-timber stake joints reduced the compressive strength by around 2%, and the upper timber stake-lower timber stake joints reduced the strength by 11%. However, the reduction factors of 10% to the concrete-timber joints, and 15% to the timber-timber joints are adopted for the safe construction.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74134193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Bennetts, P. J. Vardanega, G. Webb, S. Denton, N. Loudon
The UK has a large stock of highway bridges that is ageing and deteriorating. This paper presents the results of a programme of work to understand the reliability of the visual inspection data that is used to inform the management of Highways England’s structures. This paper presents a data set comprising evidence collected from presence at the principal inspection or testing of 200 bridges randomly sampled from Highways England’s bridge network, coupled with asset management data for Highways England’s entire bridge stock. Recommendations are made for future improvements in visual inspection practice and use of such data in future asset management efforts.
{"title":"Analysis of visual inspection data for a sample of highway bridges in the UK","authors":"J. Bennetts, P. J. Vardanega, G. Webb, S. Denton, N. Loudon","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.21.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00005","url":null,"abstract":"The UK has a large stock of highway bridges that is ageing and deteriorating. This paper presents the results of a programme of work to understand the reliability of the visual inspection data that is used to inform the management of Highways England’s structures. This paper presents a data set comprising evidence collected from presence at the principal inspection or testing of 200 bridges randomly sampled from Highways England’s bridge network, coupled with asset management data for Highways England’s entire bridge stock. Recommendations are made for future improvements in visual inspection practice and use of such data in future asset management efforts.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79452282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kiyoharu Hirota, Tomohiro Nishimura, Takeshi Kuwano, T. Iwasaki
The article presents characteristics of surficial mass movements after cutting a slope through the Prime National Highway 1 (hereinafter abbreviated as PNH-1) in Bhutan. The surficial mass movement, in the form of slope failures, affects the ability of traffic to move along the PNH-1. The geology in the area of the PNH-1 consists of metamorphic rocks. There are several types of surficial mass movement in slopes, for instance, rock/soil slide, debris flow, and rock falls. Slope failure has occurred due to the geological discontinuities, the boundary of strata, joints, and so on. From the observation of more than 100 slope failures along the PNH-1, the authors classified the surficial mass movements into three types: ‘Denudation’, ‘Flow’, and ‘Slide’. Among these three types, ‘Denudation’ and ‘Flow’ destabilize the surface layer of the slope after a while after cutting, while ‘Slide’ tends to collapse on the slope within a short time after cutting. According to Varnes’ landslide classification, surficial mass movements such as ‘Denudation’ and ‘Flow’ are categorized as ‘Flows’, and ‘Slide’ are categorized as ‘Slides’.
{"title":"Surficial Mass Movements on Cut Slopes of the Prime National Highway 1 (PNH-1) in Bhutan","authors":"Kiyoharu Hirota, Tomohiro Nishimura, Takeshi Kuwano, T. Iwasaki","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.22.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.22.00007","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents characteristics of surficial mass movements after cutting a slope through the Prime National Highway 1 (hereinafter abbreviated as PNH-1) in Bhutan. The surficial mass movement, in the form of slope failures, affects the ability of traffic to move along the PNH-1. The geology in the area of the PNH-1 consists of metamorphic rocks. There are several types of surficial mass movement in slopes, for instance, rock/soil slide, debris flow, and rock falls. Slope failure has occurred due to the geological discontinuities, the boundary of strata, joints, and so on. From the observation of more than 100 slope failures along the PNH-1, the authors classified the surficial mass movements into three types: ‘Denudation’, ‘Flow’, and ‘Slide’. Among these three types, ‘Denudation’ and ‘Flow’ destabilize the surface layer of the slope after a while after cutting, while ‘Slide’ tends to collapse on the slope within a short time after cutting. According to Varnes’ landslide classification, surficial mass movements such as ‘Denudation’ and ‘Flow’ are categorized as ‘Flows’, and ‘Slide’ are categorized as ‘Slides’.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86137560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A quay wall directly next to a building, both dating around 1870, collapsed along the Grimburgwal in Amsterdam on September 1, 2020. The historic quay wall consisted of a masonry wall, built of a timber deck supported by several rows of timber piles of about 12 m long. As over 200 km of such quays exist in Amsterdam, and streets are usually very busy, the collapse triggered the question of the safety of the remaining quay walls in the city. A forensic investigation was carried out to determine the failure mechanisms and factors that contributed to the collapse. The investigation aimed to learn from this event and to prevent similar failures in the future. The main failure mechanisms and contributing factors were identified and confirmed using an integrated model of the quay, which is both simple and robust. The model was used to perform a sensitivity study taking all relevant uncertain factors into account. This work provided valuable insight into the main collapse mechanisms of the wall. Based on the results of this forensic study it is possible to assess other historic quays.
{"title":"Collapse of the Grimburgwal, a historic quay in Amsterdam","authors":"M. Korff, Mart-Jan Hemel, D. J. Peters","doi":"10.1680/jfoen.21.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00018","url":null,"abstract":"A quay wall directly next to a building, both dating around 1870, collapsed along the Grimburgwal in Amsterdam on September 1, 2020. The historic quay wall consisted of a masonry wall, built of a timber deck supported by several rows of timber piles of about 12 m long. As over 200 km of such quays exist in Amsterdam, and streets are usually very busy, the collapse triggered the question of the safety of the remaining quay walls in the city. A forensic investigation was carried out to determine the failure mechanisms and factors that contributed to the collapse. The investigation aimed to learn from this event and to prevent similar failures in the future. The main failure mechanisms and contributing factors were identified and confirmed using an integrated model of the quay, which is both simple and robust. The model was used to perform a sensitivity study taking all relevant uncertain factors into account. This work provided valuable insight into the main collapse mechanisms of the wall. Based on the results of this forensic study it is possible to assess other historic quays.","PeriodicalId":42902,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87472486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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