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Understanding Liquefaction Flow of Gentle Slopes Containing Non-Plastic Fines 了解含非塑性细粒缓坡的液化流动
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00019
T. Kokusho, H. Hazarika, T. Ishizawa, S. Ishibashi, Katsuya Ogo
In two recent earthquakes in Hokkaido, Japan, liquefied sand unusually flowed underground in very gentle man-made fill slopes, creating large ground surface depressions. In both cases, a significant amount of non-plastic fines was present in the loose fine sands. When tested in undrained triaxial tests, these sands were found far more contractive and easier to flow than sand of the same density without fines. This strongly suggested that the high fines content was the major cause of the strange flow failures because it made the sand flowable on the contractive side of the steady state line. Another series of cyclic torsional simple shear tests on contractive sands with fines under initial shear stress indicated that the flow failure can initiate even in a gentle slope. This is when the effective stress path comes across a straight yield line drawn from the origin on τ−σ c ’ diagram uniquely defined irrespective of stress paths. A scenario to replicate the unusual flow failures was developed based on the observations.
在日本北海道最近发生的两次地震中,液化的沙子异常地在非常平缓的人造填充物斜坡上流入地下,造成了大面积的地表凹陷。在这两种情况下,松散的细砂中都存在大量的非塑性细粒。在不排水的三轴试验中,这些砂比相同密度的无细粒砂更容易收缩和流动。这强烈表明,高细粒含量是导致奇怪的流动破坏的主要原因,因为它使砂在稳态线的收缩侧可流动。另一系列初始剪应力作用下含细粒收缩砂的循环扭转单剪试验表明,即使在缓坡中也可能发生流动破坏。这是当有效应力路径遇到一条从τ−σ c '图上的原点绘制的直线屈服线时,而不考虑应力路径。根据观察结果,开发了一个模拟异常流动故障的场景。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the possible structural damage scenarios of Niavaran Cultural / Historic Complex 调查Niavaran文化/历史建筑群可能的结构破坏情况
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00023
M. Mohammadhasani, A. Beitollahi, Mohammed Jameel, Mahdi Bameri
Niavaran Complex features a mix of architectural styles with the elements from modernism and traditional Iranian architecture and is situated in the northern part of Tehran. The Sahebqaraniyeh Heritage Palace from the time of Naser al-Din Shah of the Qajar dynasty is located in this complex (1846-1896). Based on the initial investigation done by Iran’s Cultural Heritage Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), significant damages and cracking were observed in structural elements of the palace (walls and roofs). To this end, since early 2014, the monument is closed to the public and in-depth assessment has been carried out. The study includes seismicity of the Niavaran fault, soil liquefaction, landslides, land subsidence, and historical aspects, such as the removal of stabilizing walls about half a century ago and the reduction in underground water level. The detailed field investigation and experimental testing were performed by the Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) of Iran. One of the main investigations has been the influence of deep excavations downstream in the south part of the palace. The outcome of structural, geotechnical, geophysical, and other related investigations indicated that the Niavaran Cultural/Historic Complex has been damaged significantly in the last decades and is in urgent need of retrofitting/strengthening.
Niavaran Complex以现代主义和传统伊朗建筑元素的建筑风格为特色,位于德黑兰北部。卡扎尔王朝(Qajar dynasty)纳赛尔·丁·沙阿(Naser al-Din Shah)时期的Sahebqaraniyeh遗产宫(Sahebqaraniyeh Heritage Palace)位于这个建筑群中(1846-1896)。根据伊朗文化遗产手工艺和旅游组织(ICHHTO)的初步调查,宫殿的结构部分(墙壁和屋顶)出现了严重的损坏和裂缝。为此,自2014年初起,该纪念碑对公众关闭,并进行了深入评估。该研究包括Niavaran断层的地震活动性、土壤液化、滑坡、地面沉降以及历史方面,例如大约半个世纪前稳定墙的拆除和地下水位的降低。伊朗建筑和住房研究中心(BHRC)进行了详细的实地调查和实验测试。其中一项主要调查是对宫殿南部下游深度挖掘的影响。结构、岩土、地球物理和其他相关调查的结果表明,Niavaran文化/历史建筑群在过去的几十年里受到了严重的破坏,迫切需要改造/加强。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of land subsidence hazard using interferometry of satellite radar images 利用卫星雷达图像干涉测量法估算地面沉降危害
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00013
M. Mohammadhasani, Behnaz Sheykh Shariati Kermani, Mohammed Jameel, S. Hakim
Increased exploitation of underground resources compared is one of the main reasons for subsidence. Subsidence causes infrastructure damage and ultimately leads to increased risk to society and the economy. In some areas of Iran recently, buildings, runways, bridges, tunnels, streets, railways and roads have been severely damaged. In this study, the amount of land subsidence was analysed in the western region of Kerman city using interferometry of radar images of Sentinel-1 satellite data from 2014 to 2020 in Sentinel’s Application Platform software. Results show that the subsidence rate in the area changed between 3.3 cm to 13.2 cm, confirms a significant increase. Field studies indicate that increased utilisation of groundwater resources, compaction due to ground drainage and imposition of heavy loads can all cause subsidence, which in turn rate leads to huge damage to infrastructure.
地下资源开采的增加是造成地面沉降的主要原因之一。沉陷造成基础设施的破坏,最终导致社会和经济风险的增加。最近在伊朗一些地区,建筑物、跑道、桥梁、隧道、街道、铁路和公路遭到严重破坏。利用Sentinel应用平台软件对2014 - 2020年Sentinel-1卫星数据的雷达图像进行干涉测量,分析了克尔曼市西部地区的地面沉降量。结果表明,该区域的沉降速率在3.3 ~ 13.2 cm之间变化,证实了沉降速率的显著增加。实地研究表明,地下水资源利用率的增加、地面排水造成的压实以及重载的施加都可能导致沉陷,进而对基础设施造成巨大破坏。
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引用次数: 0
Correlating groundwater level and shear strength: Kotkai Pakistan landslide as case study 地下水位与抗剪强度的关系:以巴基斯坦Kotkai滑坡为例
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00035
Muhammad Israr Khan, Shuhong Wang
Earth-fill dam failure and landsliding during heavy rainfall and flooding is a common problem observed all over the world. This paper examines and discusses the causes of landsliding due to rainfall and flooding. Climatic rainfall data are interconnected with rainfall precipitation and its effect on the increase in pore water pressure inside soil slopes. Various soil slopes with different geometries and material properties are analysed, and the variation in pore water pressure and the slope factors of safety (FSs) are calculated. Correlations between the groundwater level (GWL) and slope FS are developed in both seismic and non-seismic situations. Correlations between shear strength (τ), shear stress (σ) and FS are also developed. The Kotkai landslide in Pakistan is considered a case study for cross-checking the correctness of the developed correlations. These correlations can be applied to design a safe soil slope in intense flood and rainfall areas.
在暴雨和洪水期间,土坝溃坝和滑坡是世界各地普遍存在的问题。本文考察和讨论了降雨和洪水引起滑坡的原因。气候降雨数据与降雨及其对土坡孔隙水压力增加的影响相互关联。分析了不同几何形状和材料性质的土质边坡,计算了孔隙水压力和边坡安全系数的变化规律。在地震和非地震情况下,研究了地下水位(GWL)与边坡FS之间的相关性。剪切强度(τ)、剪切应力(σ)与FS之间也存在相关性。巴基斯坦的Kotkai滑坡被认为是一个案例研究,用于交叉检查已开发相关性的正确性。这些相关性可以应用于强洪水和强降雨地区的安全土坡设计。
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引用次数: 1
Computation of the repairability index of short buildings with rocking connections 带有摇摆连接的矮构筑物可修性指标的计算
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00007
Mohammad Bavandi, A. S. Moghadam, M. Mansoori, A. Aziminejad
Recently developed steel self-centring moment-resisting frames have been analytically and experimentally validated as having the potential to eliminate structural damage under a design basis earthquake and restore their original vertical position following a major earthquake. In this study, the repairability index of post-tensioned self-centring frame for near-field earthquake has been developed. According to the six models of the studied building, a building that can be repaired, the maximum rotation in its connection after the earthquake does not exceed the rotation of the immediate occupancy performance. Based on this, the output data of incremental dynamic analysis analyses were drawn according to the connection of relative rotation and spectral acceleration. According to the predicted performance levels for each acceleration level, the value of the connection opening is divided by the opening of the design-basis earthquake level. The resulting curve shows the repairability index according to spectral acceleration, which if less than one, the repairability target is achieved. To evaluate the damage, the angle failure probability of post-tensioned self-centring frame for near-field earthquake has been developed. This index equation is determined according to the fragility curve and the intensity of damage in each building.
最近开发的钢自定心抗矩框架已被分析和实验验证,具有在设计基础地震下消除结构破坏和在大地震后恢复其原始垂直位置的潜力。本文提出了后张自定心框架在近场地震中的可修性指标。根据所研究的建筑的六个模型,一个可以修复的建筑,在地震后其连接的最大旋转不超过直接使用性能的旋转。在此基础上,根据相对旋转与光谱加速度的关系,绘制了增量动态分析分析的输出数据。根据每个加速度级别的预测性能级别,将连接开口值除以设计基础地震级别的开口值。所得曲线表示根据谱加速度的可修性指标,当谱加速度小于1时,即达到可修性目标。为了评估后张自定心框架在近场地震作用下的破坏程度,建立了后张自定心框架的角度破坏概率。该指标方程是根据各建筑物的易损性曲线和破坏强度确定的。
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引用次数: 2
Analysis of workers’ fall accidents due to formwork operations 模板作业工人坠楼事故分析
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00006
V. Chellappa, U. Salve
In the construction industry, fall accidents are a critical form of accident. This research examines fall accidents in formwork operations that occurred between 1995 and 2015. This study examines the different dimensions of fall incidents, such as the level of severity of formwork activities, fall height and causes of falls using the 205 construction industry accidents reported in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) database, a regulatory agency in the USA. The findings revealed that most fall incidents occur at the height of less than 9.1 m (30 ft), mostly due to unprotected or unguarded edges or floor covering. Furthermore, erection and stripping activities were found to have severe risks to carpenters and moreso to the general workers who tend to have more chances of meeting such accidents; additionally, human error can also be observed. These results are intended to alert safety authorities of the need to examine the existing state of fall incidents and formulate strategies to minimise them in the future. Since OSHA does not provide in-depth information for each incident, it was impossible to ascertain the exact situation and formwork type in use at the event.
在建筑行业,坠落事故是一种重要的事故形式。本研究调查了1995年至2015年间发生的模板作业坠落事故。本研究利用美国职业安全与健康管理局(OSHA)数据库中报告的205起建筑行业事故,考察了坠落事件的不同维度,如模板活动的严重程度、坠落高度和坠落原因。调查结果显示,大多数坠落事故发生在9.1米(30英尺)以下的高度,主要是由于未保护或未防护的边缘或地板覆盖物。此外,安装和剥离活动被发现对木匠和一般工人有严重的风险,他们更有可能遇到这类事故;此外,还可以观察到人为错误。这些结果旨在提醒安全当局有必要检查现有的跌倒事故状况,并制定策略,以尽量减少未来的跌倒事故。由于OSHA没有为每个事件提供深入的信息,因此不可能确定事件中使用的确切情况和模板类型。
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引用次数: 2
Rectification of Ground Water Leakage During Metro Tunnel Operation 地铁隧道运行中地下水渗漏的治理
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.21.00017
Wen-Jen Chang, C. H. Chan, H. M. Shang
It has been more than 20 years since the Metro Danshui Line of Taipei City was put into commercial operation and, the tunnels and underground metro stations experience structural aging along with p...
台北市地铁淡水线投入商业运营已逾20年,隧道与地下车站随著城市的变迁而经历结构老化。
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引用次数: 0
Failure analysis of a landslide along the Mangla reservoir rim near Khaliqabad, Pakistan 巴基斯坦Khaliqabad附近Mangla水库边缘滑坡破坏分析
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.20.00011
Fatima Mehmood, K. Farooq
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引用次数: 3
Briefing: Temporary Works Forum: how history and narrative shaped a major safety initiative 简报:临时工程论坛:历史和叙述如何塑造了一个主要的安全倡议
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-06-17 DOI: 10.1680/JFOEN.20.00001
Bill Hewlett
The Temporary Works Forum was founded to give a place for professionals to come together and share their experience and learning about temporary works. 2019 marked its 10th anniversary. In this art...
临时工程论坛的成立是为了让专业人士聚集在一起,分享他们对临时工程的经验和学习。2019年是联合国成立10周年。在这门艺术中……
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引用次数: 1
Failure analysis of earthen, masonry and concrete buildings during the 2017 Tripura earthquake 2017年特里普拉邦地震中土、砖石和混凝土建筑的破坏分析
IF 0.8 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-06-17 DOI: 10.1680/jfoen.19.00017
D. Tripura, Sangketa Sangma
This paper reports on an evaluation of failures of non-engineered earthen buildings, timber-framed buildings with bamboo matting, unreinforced load-bearing masonry buildings and framed reinforced-c...
本文报道了非工程土建建筑、竹垫木结构建筑、无加筋承重砌体建筑和框架加筋混凝土建筑的失效评估。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Forensic Engineering
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