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An Early Multi-Criteria Risk Assessment Model 早期多准则风险评估模型
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch031
Priyanka Chandani, Chetna Gupta
Accurate time and budget is an essential estimate for planning software projects correctly. Quite often, the software projects fall into unrealistic estimates and the core reason generally owes to problems with the requirement analysis. For investigating such problems, risk has to identified and assessed at the requirement engineering phase only so that defects do not seep down to other software development phases. This article proposes a multi-criteria risk assessment model to compute risk at a requirement level by computing cumulative risk score based on a weighted score assigned to each criterion. The result of comparison with other approaches and experimentation shows that using this model it is possible to predict the risk at the early phase of software development life cycle with high accuracy.
准确的时间和预算是正确规划软件项目的必要估计。很多时候,软件项目会陷入不切实际的估计,其核心原因通常是需求分析的问题。为了调查这样的问题,风险必须在需求工程阶段进行识别和评估,这样缺陷就不会渗透到其他软件开发阶段。本文提出了一个多准则风险评估模型,通过计算基于每个准则的加权分数的累积风险评分来计算需求层面的风险。与其他方法的比较和实验结果表明,使用该模型可以较准确地预测软件开发生命周期早期阶段的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Coverage Criteria for State-Based Testing 基于状态的测试的覆盖标准
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch061
Sonali Pradhan, M. Ray, S. Patnaik
State-based testing (SBT) is known as deriving test cases from state machines and examining the dynamic behaviour of the system. It helps to identify various types of state-based faults within a system under test (SUT). For SBT, test cases are generated from state chart diagrams based on various coverage criteria such as All Transition, Round Trip Path, All Transition Pair, All Transition Pair with length 2, All Transition Pair with length 3, All Transition Pair of length 4 and Full Predicate. This article discuses a number of coverage criteria at the design level to find out various types of state-based faults in SBT. First, the intermediate graph is generated from a state chart diagram using an XML parser. The graph is traversed based on the given coverage criteria to generate a sequence of test cases. Then, mutation testing and sneak-path testing are applied on the generated test cases to check the effectiveness of the generated test suite. These two are common methods for checking the effectiveness of test cases. Mutation testing helps in the number of seeded errors covered whereas sneak-path testing basically helps to examine the unspecified behavior of the system. In round trip path (RTP), it is not possible to cover all paths. All transition is not an adequate level of fault detection with more execution time compared to all transition pair (ATP) with length 4 (LN4). In the discussion, ATP with LN4 is the best among all coverage criteria. SBT can able to detect various state-based faults-incorrect transition, missing transition, missing or incorrect event, missing or incorrect action, extra missing or corrupt state, which are difficult to detect in code-based testing. Most of these state-based faults can be avoided, if the testing is conducted at the early phase of design.
基于状态的测试(SBT)被称为从状态机派生测试用例并检查系统的动态行为。它有助于在被测系统(SUT)中识别各种类型的基于状态的故障。对于SBT,测试用例是从基于各种覆盖标准的状态图表中生成的,例如所有转换、往返路径、所有转换对、长度为2的所有转换对、长度为3的所有转换对、长度为4的所有转换对和完整谓词。本文讨论了一些设计层面的覆盖准则,以找出SBT中各种类型的基于状态的故障。首先,使用XML解析器从状态图生成中间图。基于给定的覆盖标准遍历图,以生成一系列测试用例。然后,对生成的测试用例进行突变测试和潜行路径测试,以检验生成的测试套件的有效性。这两种是检查测试用例有效性的常用方法。突变测试有助于确定所覆盖的种子错误的数量,而潜行路径测试基本上有助于检查系统的未指定行为。在往返路径(RTP)中,不可能覆盖所有路径。与长度为4 (LN4)的所有转换对(ATP)相比,所有转换都不是一个足够的故障检测级别,执行时间更长。在讨论中,ATP与LN4是所有覆盖标准中最好的。SBT能够检测到各种基于状态的故障——错误的转换、缺失的转换、缺失或不正确的事件、缺失或不正确的动作、额外的缺失或损坏的状态,这些是基于代码的测试难以检测到的。如果在设计的早期阶段进行测试,大多数基于状态的错误都是可以避免的。
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引用次数: 0
The Dynamics of Product Development in Software Startups 软件创业公司的产品开发动态
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch101
Narendranath Shanbhag, E. Pardede
Software startups are increasingly under high pressure to deliver successful products to survive and thrive in the modern highly competitive technology market. Larger organizations with deep pockets can replicate the same business ideas used by startups with relative ease. So how does the average startup stand a chance at succeeding at this seemingly David vs. Goliath contest? This article looks at the available literature and identifies such factors that can affect the success of software development startups. Using causal loop constructs from the field of system dynamics, the interactions among the various identified factors are visualised to reveal the dynamics of the system. The result is as a three-dimensional view of success factors in form of time, capital and (product) differentiation. The modelled system is then simulated, and the resultant trend is reviewed and interpreted. This research acts as ground work for analysing the workings of software development startups and sets the stage for a more holistic study of the area, upon which further research can be carried out.
为了在竞争激烈的现代技术市场中生存和发展,软件初创公司面临着越来越大的压力,需要交付成功的产品。财力雄厚的大型组织可以相对轻松地复制创业公司使用的相同商业理念。那么,一般的创业公司如何才能在这场看似大卫与歌利亚的竞争中获得成功呢?本文着眼于现有的文献,并确定了能够影响软件开发初创公司成功的因素。利用系统动力学领域的因果循环结构,将各种已识别因素之间的相互作用可视化,以揭示系统的动力学。其结果是以时间、资本和(产品)差异化为形式的成功因素的三维视图。然后对建模系统进行模拟,并对结果趋势进行回顾和解释。这项研究作为分析软件开发初创公司运作的基础工作,并为该领域更全面的研究奠定了基础,在此基础上可以开展进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
MMT 夠積
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch054
Pekka Mäkiaho, Katriina Vartiainen, T. Poranen
This paper presents the Metrics Monitoring Tool (MMT) that was developed in university graduate and undergraduate courses on software project work in 2014-2016. The tool aims to support project members, project managers and upper management in reporting and monitoring software and project metrics for their easier and more effective utilization. The paper covers the development process of the tool, evaluation assessment, its current composition and features. The paradigm applied in this study is Design Science Research and the methods for evaluation include prototype, expert evaluation, case study and technical experiment. Data was collected from the tool users by two questionnaires. As a result, MMT was evaluated to ease the metrics handling, while several aspects related to the richness of functionalities and usability still require further development.
本文介绍了2014-2016年在大学研究生和本科软件项目工作课程中开发的度量监控工具(MMT)。该工具旨在支持项目成员、项目经理和高层管理人员报告和监控软件和项目度量,以便更容易和更有效地利用它们。本文介绍了该工具的开发过程、评价评价、目前的构成和特点。本研究以设计科学研究为研究范式,评价方法包括原型法、专家评价法、案例研究法和技术实验法。通过两份调查问卷从工具使用者那里收集数据。因此,对MMT进行了评估,以简化度量处理,而与功能的丰富性和可用性相关的几个方面仍需要进一步开发。
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引用次数: 0
Structuration and Learning in a Software Firm 软件公司的结构与学习
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch074
Rafael A. Gonzalez, Marisela Vargas, Florentino Malaver, Efraín Ortiz
This case study presents the evolution of a software firm from startup into early internationalization. Building on a structuration theory, the case is framed within a conceptual model that illustrates the way skills and routines co-evolve both at the level of the founding entrepreneur (agency) and of the firm (structure). As such, this article contributes to an emergent structurational view of technology-based entrepreneurship. Such views places emphasis on learning both at the individual and collective level, in terms of software engineering, commercial, managerial and strategic capabilities. In addition, it supports a dynamic perspective of entrepreneurship in the software industry by covering not only the startup phase but also early growth and consolidation of the firm.
本案例研究展示了一家软件公司从初创到早期国际化的演变过程。本案例以结构理论为基础,以概念模型为框架,说明了技能和惯例在创始企业家(代理)和公司(结构)层面的共同发展方式。因此,本文对基于技术的企业家精神的新兴结构观点做出了贡献。这种观点强调个人和集体层面的学习,就软件工程、商业、管理和战略能力而言。此外,它不仅涵盖了创业阶段,还涵盖了公司的早期成长和整合,从而支持了软件行业创业精神的动态视角。
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引用次数: 0
Agility in Software Development and Project Value 软件开发中的敏捷性和项目价值
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch017
Venugopal Balijepally, Gerald DeHondt, V. Sugumaran, S. Nerur
Agile Development Methods, considered as an alternative to the traditional plan-based methods, have received much attention since their inception. These practices have evolved and developed over time, culminating in 2001 with the Agile Manifesto. Since that time, preferred methodologies, implementations, and best practices have continued to evolve with a focus on doing what works best for the individual company or project. However, the concept of agility in software development has remained quite nebulous, lacking in clarity particularly about its underlying dimensions. In this research the authors conceive agility in terms of four distinct dimensions. Drawing from the theoretical perspective of holographic organization, they develop a model explaining how each of these underlying dimensions of agility contributes to project value in software teams. The authors test the model using survey data collected from industry practitioners and discuss findings.
敏捷开发方法被认为是传统的基于计划的开发方法的一种替代方案,从一开始就受到了广泛的关注。这些实践随着时间的推移而发展和发展,最终在2001年发布了敏捷宣言。从那时起,首选的方法、实现和最佳实践继续发展,重点是做对单个公司或项目最有效的事情。然而,软件开发中敏捷性的概念仍然相当模糊,特别是缺乏其潜在维度的清晰度。在这项研究中,作者从四个不同的维度来构想敏捷性。从全息组织的理论角度出发,他们开发了一个模型,解释了敏捷性的每个潜在维度如何对软件团队中的项目价值做出贡献。作者使用从行业从业者收集的调查数据对模型进行了测试,并讨论了结果。
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引用次数: 0
The Mythical Lines of Code Metric 神话般的代码行度量
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch049
Charles B. Tichenor
Using the lines of code (LOC) metric in software project management can be a financial moral hazard to an organization. This is especially true for upper management who handles an organizational budget and strategic plan. Software project managers have their own budgets. However, if they fail to meet the budget, the organization's cash flow, rather than the project manager's personal cash flow, will suffer. This chapter will discuss the practice of software project management, the field of software metrics, game theory, and the game theory issue of moral hazard. It will demonstrate why using LOC as a metric can present a moral hazard to senior management and an organization.
在软件项目管理中使用代码行(LOC)度量可能会给组织带来财务道德风险。这对于处理组织预算和战略计划的高层管理人员来说尤其如此。软件项目经理有他们自己的预算。然而,如果他们不能满足预算,组织的现金流,而不是项目经理个人的现金流,将受到影响。本章将讨论软件项目管理的实践、软件度量、博弈论以及道德风险的博弈论问题。它将演示为什么使用LOC作为度量会给高级管理层和组织带来道德风险。
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引用次数: 0
Risk Management Metrics 风险管理指标
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-6029-6.CH002
Rimsy Dua, Samiksha Sharma, Rohit Kumar
This chapter describes how risk management deals with the detection, the evaluation and the precedence of the risks in the process of project management. There is always an uncertainty factor related to the decisions of an investment while managing a project. Risk management is a proactive approach to deal with such future events that can lead to slow performance of the software project management. For successful risk management; there are different metrics that have been used in the past and are being getting used in the present for inspecting the progress of a project at specific points in a timeline that help in reducing the amount of risk. For the adoption of effective metrics for risk management, data is required. All of the metrics can be applied to the different domains of project, process and product. The chapter also covers strategies to advance, distinguish, estimate, and forecast the risk management process. A review of the key point indicators (KPIs) are also integrated along with the project metrics to signify the future and the present renderings.
本章描述了风险管理在项目管理过程中如何对风险进行检测、评估和排序。在管理项目时,总是存在与投资决策相关的不确定性因素。风险管理是一种前瞻性的方法,用于处理可能导致软件项目管理缓慢执行的未来事件。成功的风险管理;有不同的度量标准在过去和现在被用来检查在时间轴上的特定点上的项目进度,这有助于减少风险。为了采用有效的风险管理度量标准,需要数据。所有的度量标准都可以应用于项目、过程和产品的不同领域。本章还涵盖了推进、区分、估计和预测风险管理过程的策略。关键点指标(kpi)的回顾也与项目指标集成在一起,以表示未来和当前的渲染。
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引用次数: 0
Social Capital and Knowledge Networks of Software Developers 软件开发者的社会资本与知识网络
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch064
Venugopal Balijepally, S. Nerur
Software development is a problem-solving activity, where ideas are combined in complex ways to create a software product that embodies new knowledge. In this endeavor, software developers constantly look for actionable knowledge to help solve the problem at hand. While knowledge management efforts in the software development domain traditionally involved technical initiatives such as knowledge repositories, experience factories, and lessons-to-learn databases, there is a growing appreciation in the software community of the role of developers' personal knowledge networks in software development. However, research is scarce on the nature of these networks, the knowledge resources accessed from these networks, and the differences, if any, between developers of different experience levels. This research seeks to fill this void. Based on a case study in a software development organization, this research explores the nature of knowledge networks of developers from a social capital perspective. Specifically, it examines the structural and relational dimensions of developers' knowledge networks, identifies the specific actionable knowledge resources accessed from these networks, and explores how entry-level and more experienced developers differ along these dimensions. The findings from the qualitative analysis, backed by limited quantitative analysis of the case study data underpin the discussion, implications for practice and future research directions.
软件开发是一个解决问题的活动,在这个活动中,各种想法以复杂的方式组合在一起,以创建包含新知识的软件产品。在此过程中,软件开发人员不断寻找可操作的知识来帮助解决手头的问题。虽然软件开发领域中的知识管理工作传统上涉及诸如知识库、经验工厂和经验教训数据库之类的技术活动,但是软件社区对开发人员个人知识网络在软件开发中的作用的认识正在增长。然而,关于这些网络的性质、从这些网络中获取的知识资源以及不同经验水平的开发人员之间的差异(如果有的话)的研究却很少。这项研究试图填补这一空白。本研究以某软件开发组织为例,从社会资本的角度探讨了开发人员知识网络的本质。具体来说,它检查了开发人员知识网络的结构和关系维度,确定了从这些网络中访问的具体可操作的知识资源,并探讨了入门级和更有经验的开发人员在这些维度上的差异。定性分析的结果,在有限的案例研究数据定量分析的支持下,为讨论、实践和未来的研究方向提供了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Media Richness, Knowledge Sharing, and Computer Programming by Virtual Software Teams 虚拟软件团队的媒体丰富性、知识共享和计算机编程
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch082
Idongesit Williams, Albert Gyamfi
Software programming is a task with high analyzability. However, knowledge sharing is an intricate part of the software programming process. Today, new media platforms have been adopted to enable knowledge sharing between virtual teams. Taking into consideration the high task analyzability and the task characteristics involved in software development, the question is if the media richness of the current media platform is effective in enabling knowledge sharing among these virtual teams? An exploratory research was conducted on a software company in Denmark. The data was gathered was analyzed qualitatively using narrative analysis. This paper concludes, based on the case being investigated, that rich media does not fit the task characteristics of a software programmer. It further concludes that Media richness does affect knowledge sharing in these virtual teams. This is because the current lean media actually enables knowledge sharing as it fits the core characteristics of the software programming process.
软件编程是一项具有高度可分析性的任务。然而,知识共享是软件编程过程中一个复杂的部分。如今,新媒体平台已被用于虚拟团队之间的知识共享。考虑到高任务可分析性和软件开发中涉及的任务特征,问题是当前媒体平台的媒体丰富性是否有效地实现了这些虚拟团队之间的知识共享?本文对丹麦一家软件公司进行了探索性研究。收集的数据采用叙事分析法进行定性分析。本文根据所调查的案例得出结论,富媒体不适合软件程序员的任务特征。研究进一步得出结论:媒体丰富度确实会影响虚拟团队的知识共享。这是因为当前的精益媒体实际上能够实现知识共享,因为它符合软件编程过程的核心特征。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Research Anthology on Agile Software, Software Development, and Testing
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