Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2021.1894667
H. Walach
{"title":"Spirituality in psychotherapy: how do psychotherapists understand, navigate, experience and integrate spirituality in their professional encounters with clients","authors":"H. Walach","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2021.1894667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2021.1894667","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2021.1894667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46442248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2021.1898806
Christine W. Nganga, Makini Beck, Joyanne De Four-Babb
ABSTRACT In this paper, we utilize a blended conceptual framework based on spirituality, endarkened feminist epistemology, and feminist co-mentoring that draws upon dialogue from a Freirean perspective to inform our inquiry. In our analysis, we sought to respond to the question: How does spirituality inform the work we do as Black women faculty? We engaged in spirituality focused, co-mentoring dialogues and embraced a collaborative autoethnography research design that involved individual writing, dialogue, reflection, and sharing and meaning making. Through these processes we came to articulate our individual definitions of spirituality and made sense of how spirituality informs our way of being and knowing in the academy. We experienced spirituality as a means to heal self and others, and as a source of resistance and courage.
{"title":"Making sense of spirituality in our academic lives through co-mentoring","authors":"Christine W. Nganga, Makini Beck, Joyanne De Four-Babb","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2021.1898806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2021.1898806","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, we utilize a blended conceptual framework based on spirituality, endarkened feminist epistemology, and feminist co-mentoring that draws upon dialogue from a Freirean perspective to inform our inquiry. In our analysis, we sought to respond to the question: How does spirituality inform the work we do as Black women faculty? We engaged in spirituality focused, co-mentoring dialogues and embraced a collaborative autoethnography research design that involved individual writing, dialogue, reflection, and sharing and meaning making. Through these processes we came to articulate our individual definitions of spirituality and made sense of how spirituality informs our way of being and knowing in the academy. We experienced spirituality as a means to heal self and others, and as a source of resistance and courage.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2021.1898806","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43002728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2021.1890517
R. White
ABSTRACT This paper looks at teaching spirituality in the humanities classroom. It considers some of the theoretical issues involved with teaching spirituality, and it focuses attention on the details of a course the author has taught for several years: ‘Ultimate Questions: Spirituality.’ The goal of this paper is to inspire the discussion and the teaching of spiritual themes from an interdisciplinary humanities perspective.
{"title":"Teaching spirituality: A personal view","authors":"R. White","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2021.1890517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2021.1890517","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper looks at teaching spirituality in the humanities classroom. It considers some of the theoretical issues involved with teaching spirituality, and it focuses attention on the details of a course the author has taught for several years: ‘Ultimate Questions: Spirituality.’ The goal of this paper is to inspire the discussion and the teaching of spiritual themes from an interdisciplinary humanities perspective.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2021.1890517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43829294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2020.1858519
Jerry Hsu, K. Hall, C. Jaye
ABSTRACT People most commonly pray because of their belief in a God or higher power that can hear and respond to these prayers. Patients may ask their physicians to join with them in prayer for many reasons. These requests become particularly poignant when made in the situation of terminal care. How then should a physician respond? We discuss this question using casuistry together with an analysis of the current literature. We provide physicians with a variety of possible responses depending on the context and circumstances of the request.
{"title":"Patient-physician spiritual interactions and ethics in end-of-life care","authors":"Jerry Hsu, K. Hall, C. Jaye","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2020.1858519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1858519","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT People most commonly pray because of their belief in a God or higher power that can hear and respond to these prayers. Patients may ask their physicians to join with them in prayer for many reasons. These requests become particularly poignant when made in the situation of terminal care. How then should a physician respond? We discuss this question using casuistry together with an analysis of the current literature. We provide physicians with a variety of possible responses depending on the context and circumstances of the request.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2020.1858519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46039366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-20DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2021.1857624
M. Rogers, J. Wattis, Rachel Moser, R. Borthwick, Phil Waters, Rose Rickford
ABSTRACT Addressing spirituality is part of holistic care. Spirituality is hard to define and may be confused with religion. Thus, it may be neglected by practitioners in mental healthcare. This study explores the views of mental health practitioners about approaches to spirituality in their practice and the perceived utility of the concepts of ‘Spiritually Competent Practice’ and ‘Availability and Vulnerability’ for integrating spirituality into practice. It confirms the need for more education in this area and suggests ways to include spirituality in Mental Health Care. Survey responses were gathered from 104 clinical staff within a mental health trust (8% response rate) in 2018. Thirteen participants were also interviewed. Data were analysed thematically using template analysis with NVivo software. Participants identified that they wanted to integrate spirituality into practice and found the concepts of Spiritually Competent Practice and Availability and Vulnerability useful. Spiritually Competent Practice enabled practitioners to be clearer about addressing spirituality in practice; embracing Availability and Vulnerability enabled truly holistic care to be offered. These concepts provided ways of understanding the conditions and personal qualities helpful in providing spiritual care to mental health service users. Implications for practice are that Spiritually Competent Practice and Availability and Vulnerability may be helpful concepts in integrating spirituality into practice in mental healthcare.
{"title":"Views of mental health practitioners on spirituality in clinical practice, with special reference to the concepts of spiritually competent practice, availability and vulnerability: A qualitative evaluation","authors":"M. Rogers, J. Wattis, Rachel Moser, R. Borthwick, Phil Waters, Rose Rickford","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2021.1857624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2021.1857624","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Addressing spirituality is part of holistic care. Spirituality is hard to define and may be confused with religion. Thus, it may be neglected by practitioners in mental healthcare. This study explores the views of mental health practitioners about approaches to spirituality in their practice and the perceived utility of the concepts of ‘Spiritually Competent Practice’ and ‘Availability and Vulnerability’ for integrating spirituality into practice. It confirms the need for more education in this area and suggests ways to include spirituality in Mental Health Care. Survey responses were gathered from 104 clinical staff within a mental health trust (8% response rate) in 2018. Thirteen participants were also interviewed. Data were analysed thematically using template analysis with NVivo software. Participants identified that they wanted to integrate spirituality into practice and found the concepts of Spiritually Competent Practice and Availability and Vulnerability useful. Spiritually Competent Practice enabled practitioners to be clearer about addressing spirituality in practice; embracing Availability and Vulnerability enabled truly holistic care to be offered. These concepts provided ways of understanding the conditions and personal qualities helpful in providing spiritual care to mental health service users. Implications for practice are that Spiritually Competent Practice and Availability and Vulnerability may be helpful concepts in integrating spirituality into practice in mental healthcare.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2021.1857624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44150950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2020.1812886
Heather Tan, Bruce Rumbold, F. Gardner, D. Glenister, Annie Forrest, Luke Bowen
ABSTRACT There is strong movement worldwide towards the professionalisation of spiritual care in the healthcare system, accompanied by appropriate education pathways, defining of best-practice care models, and evidence-based practice. The aim of the study reported here was to explore the understanding and expectations of healthcare service staff, across the spectrum of staffing levels, in relation to the provision of spiritual care in their facility. It utilised semi-structured interviews with 32 staff members from three large metropolitan general hospitals in Victoria Australia. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Overall, it was considered that spiritual care is an integral part of whole person care; more resources and in-house education of other staff are needed; and referral systems could be improved to better serve patient, family and staff spiritual care needs. Responses of clinical staff able to make referrals were compared with those of non-clinical staff who cannot make referrals. Spiritual care was regarded as important by all staff, but those who could make referrals were more likely to make specific improvement suggestions. Outcomes of this study are similar to others which have investigated these issues.
{"title":"How is spiritual care/pastoral care understood and provided in general hospitals in Victoria, Australia? – Staff perspectives","authors":"Heather Tan, Bruce Rumbold, F. Gardner, D. Glenister, Annie Forrest, Luke Bowen","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2020.1812886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812886","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is strong movement worldwide towards the professionalisation of spiritual care in the healthcare system, accompanied by appropriate education pathways, defining of best-practice care models, and evidence-based practice. The aim of the study reported here was to explore the understanding and expectations of healthcare service staff, across the spectrum of staffing levels, in relation to the provision of spiritual care in their facility. It utilised semi-structured interviews with 32 staff members from three large metropolitan general hospitals in Victoria Australia. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Overall, it was considered that spiritual care is an integral part of whole person care; more resources and in-house education of other staff are needed; and referral systems could be improved to better serve patient, family and staff spiritual care needs. Responses of clinical staff able to make referrals were compared with those of non-clinical staff who cannot make referrals. Spiritual care was regarded as important by all staff, but those who could make referrals were more likely to make specific improvement suggestions. Outcomes of this study are similar to others which have investigated these issues.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47437574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2020.1812887
M. Kalfoss, Marianne Rodriguez Nygaard, Tormod Kleiven, M. Nilsen
ABSTRACT Burgeoning research has documented important positive associations between religiousness/spirituality and physical and mental health. However, spiritual and religious beliefs can also be a locus of doubt and weakened faith in the form of spiritual struggles. Spiritual struggles are described as involving signs of spiritual disorientation, which involve conflict or distress grounded in religious or spiritual issues. The specific aim of this article is to describe sources of weakened faith in community residing adults who responded to a Norwegian population survey which also contained open–ended questions regarding experiences of weakened faith. Sixty participants described such sources in their own words. Our findings confirm that factors precipitating feelings of weakened faith are multifaceted and cover a wide array of sources. They are related to negative interactions concerning church life and church practice and specific relational conflicts with others. They also involve processes of doubt which contribute to changes in understanding and are grounded in observing injustice in the world, and include major life events including death and illness. Many of the struggles seem to involve an unsettling state of disillusionment and broken trust that arises from experiencing a gap between one’s assumptions and what occurred in reality.
{"title":"Sources of weakened spiritual faith among Norwegian adults","authors":"M. Kalfoss, Marianne Rodriguez Nygaard, Tormod Kleiven, M. Nilsen","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2020.1812887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812887","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Burgeoning research has documented important positive associations between religiousness/spirituality and physical and mental health. However, spiritual and religious beliefs can also be a locus of doubt and weakened faith in the form of spiritual struggles. Spiritual struggles are described as involving signs of spiritual disorientation, which involve conflict or distress grounded in religious or spiritual issues. The specific aim of this article is to describe sources of weakened faith in community residing adults who responded to a Norwegian population survey which also contained open–ended questions regarding experiences of weakened faith. Sixty participants described such sources in their own words. Our findings confirm that factors precipitating feelings of weakened faith are multifaceted and cover a wide array of sources. They are related to negative interactions concerning church life and church practice and specific relational conflicts with others. They also involve processes of doubt which contribute to changes in understanding and are grounded in observing injustice in the world, and include major life events including death and illness. Many of the struggles seem to involve an unsettling state of disillusionment and broken trust that arises from experiencing a gap between one’s assumptions and what occurred in reality.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42519995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2020.1812885
F. Gardner
ABSTRACT This article argues for the inclusion of critical reflection in spiritual care training and practice, including Clinical Pastoral Education. Most spiritual care training emphasizes the importance of listening well and deeply, combined with awareness of the listener’s personal reactions. Critical reflection makes explicit the importance of understanding the influence of the social context on the listening experience, and articulating the underlying assumptions and values that may be influencing the spiritual carer and those to whom they are listening. This approach fosters seeing the connections to what is happening in an individual’s external world, in their family and community and in the broader social and historical context. Individuals may thereby become conscious that external change is needed as well as, or instead of, internal: the attitudes and values expressed in an organisation or culture may be the issue rather than only the internal state of the client. Using critical reflection to complement existing training in listening will foster greater capacity to seek change where it is needed, and to encourage more socially just organisations and communities.
{"title":"Adding critical reflection to spiritual care: Complementing current pastoral care training","authors":"F. Gardner","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2020.1812885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812885","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article argues for the inclusion of critical reflection in spiritual care training and practice, including Clinical Pastoral Education. Most spiritual care training emphasizes the importance of listening well and deeply, combined with awareness of the listener’s personal reactions. Critical reflection makes explicit the importance of understanding the influence of the social context on the listening experience, and articulating the underlying assumptions and values that may be influencing the spiritual carer and those to whom they are listening. This approach fosters seeing the connections to what is happening in an individual’s external world, in their family and community and in the broader social and historical context. Individuals may thereby become conscious that external change is needed as well as, or instead of, internal: the attitudes and values expressed in an organisation or culture may be the issue rather than only the internal state of the client. Using critical reflection to complement existing training in listening will foster greater capacity to seek change where it is needed, and to encourage more socially just organisations and communities.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49442411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2020.1812888
S. Wright
ABSTRACT Taking an autoethnograpic approach, this story begins with a personal account of the experience of growing up with a working-class North of England background in the late 1950s, and the emergence of sexual identity. Set in the context of changing national and international mores, the story unfolds to include the author's spiritual awakening and the impact of spiritual teachings about the nature of non-attachment, identity and freedom. As the paper explores, the freedom that comes from the first acknowledgement of sexual identity (in this case ‘being gay’) can be immense and life affirming, but may also be self limiting. There is a possibility of a more expanded consciousness through spiritual work that breaks the connection with the need to have any identity at all.
{"title":"Spirituality, sexuality and identity: A story of dis-possession","authors":"S. Wright","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2020.1812888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812888","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Taking an autoethnograpic approach, this story begins with a personal account of the experience of growing up with a working-class North of England background in the late 1950s, and the emergence of sexual identity. Set in the context of changing national and international mores, the story unfolds to include the author's spiritual awakening and the impact of spiritual teachings about the nature of non-attachment, identity and freedom. As the paper explores, the freedom that comes from the first acknowledgement of sexual identity (in this case ‘being gay’) can be immense and life affirming, but may also be self limiting. There is a possibility of a more expanded consciousness through spiritual work that breaks the connection with the need to have any identity at all.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2020.1812888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48576102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/20440243.2020.1817249
A. Possamai, T. Jinks, V. Counted
This study examines sociodemographic and wellbeing factors associated with forms of religiosity involving conventional religious belief (CRB) and daily spiritual experience (DSE), and unconventional paranormal beliefs in lifeforms (UPBL) and paranormal beliefs excluding extraordinary lifeforms (UPBEEL). Self-reported data collected from Australian Facebook users (N=760; Female: 57%) suggest that CRB was significantly higher in Christian participants and lower in those who identify as non-religious and spiritual. However, levels of unconventional religiosity involving UPBL and UPBEEL were significantly higher among Pagans and those who identify as spiritual but not religious, but lower among non-religious participants. Compared to Christian participants, being spiritual and pagan were negatively associated with the level of security. After controlling for relevant sociodemographic characteristics, conventional forms of religiosity involving DSE were positively related to life satisfaction, life security, and trust level. UPBL was also positively associated with wellbeing outcomes but UPBEEL was inversely related to all wellbeing outcomes. Further analysis reveals that religious status moderates the links between conventional and unconventional forms of religiosity, such that paranormal beliefs tended to be higher when CRB and DSE each had a unique interaction with religious status. These results show that forms of religiosity are related to wellbeing differently and suggest the influence of cognitive biases related to religious/spiritual teachings and experiences in enacting the quest for deeper spiritual, paranormal experiences. Study limitations are discussed.
{"title":"Conventional and unconventional forms of religiosity: identifying predictive factors and wellbeing outcomes","authors":"A. Possamai, T. Jinks, V. Counted","doi":"10.1080/20440243.2020.1817249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1817249","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines sociodemographic and wellbeing factors associated with forms of religiosity involving conventional religious belief (CRB) and daily spiritual experience (DSE), and unconventional paranormal beliefs in lifeforms (UPBL) and paranormal beliefs excluding extraordinary lifeforms (UPBEEL). Self-reported data collected from Australian Facebook users (N=760; Female: 57%) suggest that CRB was significantly higher in Christian participants and lower in those who identify as non-religious and spiritual. However, levels of unconventional religiosity involving UPBL and UPBEEL were significantly higher among Pagans and those who identify as spiritual but not religious, but lower among non-religious participants. Compared to Christian participants, being spiritual and pagan were negatively associated with the level of security. After controlling for relevant sociodemographic characteristics, conventional forms of religiosity involving DSE were positively related to life satisfaction, life security, and trust level. UPBL was also positively associated with wellbeing outcomes but UPBEEL was inversely related to all wellbeing outcomes. Further analysis reveals that religious status moderates the links between conventional and unconventional forms of religiosity, such that paranormal beliefs tended to be higher when CRB and DSE each had a unique interaction with religious status. These results show that forms of religiosity are related to wellbeing differently and suggest the influence of cognitive biases related to religious/spiritual teachings and experiences in enacting the quest for deeper spiritual, paranormal experiences. Study limitations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":42985,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Spirituality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20440243.2020.1817249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46037554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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