Current Issues in Personality Psychology最新文献

Background: Research shows that older women are negatively affected by accumulated life stress and inequalities over the life course, and this disproportionately impacts wellbeing, cognition and health. Women of different age groups across Europe have been found to have more diverse and less regular employment histories than men, and older women have been found to face significant challenges in navigating their work-life balance. In the UK, women's pension age has been harmonised, and they are more likely than men to extend their working life.

Participants and procedure: Semi-structured interviews were used to explore self-perceptions of women in the workplace and how they socially construct their identity in an opportunity sample (N = 19) of women aged 60 and over with a focus on those in lower paid and part time roles. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results: Themes identified across the dataset relating to self-perceptions concerned the workplace identity as a woman over 60 years old: positive and negative drivers to age-positive identity in work were experienced by women in the workplace including being seen as 'invisible', excluded by colleagues, or, not viewing themselves as 'old'; and, positive self-beliefs related to the need to promote positive social norms concerning ageing as a woman, not seeing age as a barrier and challenging unhelpful stereotypes in the workplace.

Conclusions: There is limited evidence regarding how older women perceive themselves and are perceived in contemporary workplaces, so this knowledge is crucial for understanding experiences of older women to enhance practice and policy.

Background: This paper describes a conceptual replication of a study of the personality characteristics that Zigler's theory of personality attributes to people with intellectual disability. Our study is the first attempt in over twenty years to assess specific personality traits considered in this theory using experimental tasks.

Participants and procedure: We studied 25 students of special vocational schools diagnosed with mild intellectual disability, 25 controls from mainstream vocational schools, and 25 primary school students with a similar level of general cognitive ability as that of the students with intellectual disability. We hypothesized that the levels of specific personality traits of people with intellectual disability would differ from those of controls from the general population; we also hypothesized that the direction of differences in regard to these specific personality traits would be the same as assumed in Zigler's theory. We assessed specific personality traits with seven experimental tasks which we based on descriptions of tasks used by Zigler and his colleagues.

Results: We did not observe any statistically significant differences between the scores of participants with intellectual disability and those of the control groups.

Conclusions: We explain the results in relation to changes in contextual factors and diagnostic practices over the years. The results indicate the need to conduct replicational studies in the field of clinical psychology.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore and analyze the existing research on the relationship between religiosity and two forms of ambivalent sexism: benevolent and hostile. A narrative synthesis approach and meta-analysis based on Fisher's z-transformed correlation coefficients were used to summarize the findings. The findings are reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The findings suggest that religiosity is associated positively with both forms of ambivalent sexism. There was a stronger positive correlation between religiosity and benevolent sexism (z = .29, 95% CI [.26; .33]) than between religiosity and hostile sexism (z = .19, 95% CI [.13; .25]). However, the relationship varied significantly across studies, suggesting moderating roles of religious affiliation and gender. The findings highlight the need for more nuanced and intersectional approaches. Empirical models which will allow a better understanding of this relationship are proposed.

Background: Post-SSRI syndrome is a condition following the discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) where, despite ceasing to take the pharmacological agents, the effects persist - and they may develop upon drug initiation. While most research has focused on identifying and classifying the main somatic symptoms, the psychological consequences of post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD) syndrome are insufficiently explored.

Participants and procedure: The report presents descriptions of two cases of PSSD, as well as two contrasting cases in which the effects of taking SSRI drugs seem to have had a positive impact on the mental and sexual sphere.

Results: The results of the study indicate a wide range of sexual side effects of taking SSRI drugs. The four cases discussed are evidence, on the one hand, of the frequent occurrence of side effects in the form of sexual disorders that may persist without a guarantee of return to previous sexual performance. On the other hand, the presented cases show, in some situations, a positive increase in human sexual functioning.

Conclusions: The study provides new information on the discussed issue and at the same time highlights the still insufficient scientific knowledge on this topic. In light of the present results, further systematic research is needed to explore the pathogenesis of the syndrome and develop effective interventions and treatments. Subsequent research should take into account, in particular, clinical trials.

Background: The main objectives of this study were to examine whether childhood memories of happiness and peace are associated with distress tolerance and to determine whether distress tolerance mediates the relationship between childhood memories of happiness and peace. We hypothesized that childhood memories of happiness and peace are directly and indirectly associated with distress tolerance through emotional intelligence.

Participants and procedure: Participants consisted of 538 individuals aged between 19 and 27 years and in emerging adulthood. Among these participants, 426 were female and 112 were male. The data collection tools used in this study included the Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale, the Distress Tolerance Scale, and the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale. A multiple mediation model was analysed using the bootstrapping technique.

Results: Early memories of warmth and safety, other-focused emotion evaluation, self-focused emotion control, and distress tolerance were positively correlated. Early warm and safe memories were positively correlated with self-focused, other-focused, and self-regulated emotions. However, self-focused emotion appraisal did not substantially affect distress tolerance. Bootstrapping technique indicated that early memories of warmth and safeness increased other-focused emotion appraisal and self-focused emotion regulation and increased distress tolerance. Early memories of warmth and safeness did not indirectly affect distress tolerance through self-focused emotion appraisal and other-focused emotion regulation.

Conclusions: We found positive associations between distress tolerance, early warmth and safety memories, and other- and self-focused emotion regulation. Early memories of warmth and safeness directly raised distress tolerance, without mediation by self-focused emotion evaluation or other-focused emotion control.

Background: Does demonstrating attachment to one's nation necessarily imply that the individual is interested in the history of that nation and has a considerable knowledge about its origins? In the present paper, we examine how two forms of national identity (i.e., national narcissism vs. secure national identification) relate to individuals' self-declared interest in their nation's history. Additionally, we investigate whether this relationship can account for their tendency to overstate their knowledge.

Participants and procedure: In two studies (N _total = 2137) conducted on a representative samples of adult Poles, we assessed two types of national identity: self-declared interest in the nation's history and objectively measured knowledge about the nation and its history through an overclaiming task.

Results: We found that those who narcissistically identified with their nation overclaimed their historical knowledge. Specifically, they claimed familiarity with non-existing historical events and were unable to claim familiarity with existing ones. We also found that the relationship between national narcissism and declared interest in one's nation's history was effectively reduced to zero after partialing out the shared variance to overclaiming historical knowledge.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that national narcissism might be a superficial self-presentation style, which is primarily focused on oneself, not on the nation. Those who narcissistically identify themselves with their nation only proclaim their interest, but have lower objective knowledge.

Background: Machiavellianism and social dominance orientation are two constructs associated with socially undesirable behavior and predictors of prejudice; however, their relationship has mainly been investigated through measures that only assess the antagonism dimension of Machiavellianism. Thus, this study aimed to disentangle their relationship using an instrument assessing agency and planfulness.

Participants and procedure: Participants were 767 Brazilians aged 18 to 71 (M = 30.10, SD = 10.60), most identified as women (67.7%) and assessed using the Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory, the Short Dark Triad, and the Social Dominance Orientation Scale. A path model was used, where the Machiavellianism and the Dark Triad dimensions predicted social dominance orientation.

Results: The results suggest that antagonism was indeed the primary and only dimension of Machiavellianism to predict dominance and antiegalitarianism, while agency and planfulness were non-significant.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that socially dominant traits have their roots in antagonism, showing no interaction with planning and impulse control.

Background: On February 6, 2023, a devastating earthquake disaster occurred in Türkiye, affecting millions. Mental health concerns were high due to people's exposure to loss and possible earthquakes. In these times, variables that predict individuals' mental health should be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty, curiosity, generalized anxiety disorder, and subjective happiness using structural equation modeling.

Participants and procedure: The research was conducted on Turkish individuals in 29 different cities in Türkiye. For the purpose of the research, data were collected from 345 participants (79.7% females, 20.3% males, age range = 18-61, Mage = 26.73 years). One hundred eighty nine of the participants were single (54.7%), 77 were married (22.4%), and the remaining 79 were in a relationship or engaged (22.9%). Additionally, it was found that 52 of the participants were parents (15.1%). In terms of socio-economic status, the majority fell into the middle-class category (n = 263, 76.2%).

Results: It was found that intolerance to uncertainty predicted subjective happiness, and generalized anxiety disorder mediated this relationship. In addition, curiosity predicted subjective happiness, and generalized anxiety disorder mediated this relationship.

Conclusions: All the findings obtained in the research revealed the mental health problems experienced by individuals after the earthquake. This research on earthquakes and mental health makes important contributions to the field of psychology.

Background: The importance of self-concept clarity to oneself has been shown in prior studies among Western communities. However, few studies have investigated self-concept clarity and its outcomes cross-culturally in the Asian context. Therefore, we assessed self-concept clarity in relation to purpose in life, life satisfaction, and personal meaning among Chinese and Indonesian samples.

Participants and procedure: The survey participants were 248 Indonesian undergraduates and 311 Chinese, aged 18-25 years, recruited through convenience sampling. An online survey was distributed to universities in Hong Kong and in Indonesia in which all participants gave written informed consent. Reliability and confirmatory factor analyses of each scale were performed in each sample. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the invariance of the analysis of the data.

Results: The findings of the study demonstrate a consistent and significant positive impact of self-concept clarity on purpose in life, which subsequently predicts life satisfaction and personal meaning in both groups. Interestingly, only in the Chinese sample did self-concept clarity exhibit a direct positive correlation with personal meaning. Meanwhile, in the Indonesian sample, there was no significant effect of self-concept clarity on meaningfulness. In other words, the Indonesian sample emphasizes the need to shape goals after achieving self-concept clarity to make a meaningful life.

Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of fostering self-concept clarity among students in both countries to shape their goals and aims for better well-being.

Background: The main goal of this cross-sectional study was to assess the relationship between Big Five personality traits and meteoropathy and the role of the behavioural activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) as mediators in this relationship.

Participants and procedure: The sample consisted of 1,336 women and men gathered via the online recruitment platform from the general population. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 76 years (M = 29.52, SD = 11.67). The Polish version of the Ten Item Personality Inventory was used to assess Big Five personality traits. The BIS and BAS were diagnosed using the Polish version of the original BIS/BAS scales. Meteoropathy was assessed using the Polish adaptation of the METEO-Q questionnaire.

Results: Meteoropathy correlated negatively with emotional stability and positively with the BIS level and BAS Reward Responsiveness. BIS negatively correlated with emotional stability. The correlations between meteoropathy and other personality variables were nonsignificant. The analysis indicated a significant indirect relationship between emotional stability and meteoropathy through BIS. We demonstrated the importance of neuroticism (low emotional stability) and the BIS dimension for the development of meteoropathy symptoms.

Conclusions: Neuroticism and the BIS dimension were important for the development of meteoropathy symptoms. The results may be helpful in assessing the risk of developing meteoropathy in a healthy population.