Current Issues in Personality Psychology最新文献

Background: The aim of the study was to find out whether certain types of empathy are over- or underrepresented in medical and educational professions. We used the following four types of empathy profiles: "Situation-dependent altruists" (A) have high affective and cognitive empathy aspects with high personal distress. "High-functioning empaths" (B) differ from pattern A by the low distress. People who have neither clear affective nor cognitive empathy traits, but are characterized by high distress, are "low neurotic empaths" (C). Types whose mean scores on all three aspects were below the mean are referred to as "low empaths" (D).

Participants and procedure: The sample consisted of 439 subjects. The group of medical professionals included doctors, nursing staff, and other medical staff. The group of educators included teachers, social pedagogues, educators, social workers and special needs teachers. We used the German version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) to measure empathy.

Results: The two occupational groups differed from each other non-significantly in their respective distribution. In the nursing staff sample, profile B is clearly overrepresented and profile C is clearly underrepresented. Nursing staff therefore have a high level of emotional concern and perspective taking together with lower distress. Nurses and pedagogical staff occur in our sample most frequently in the empathic pattern A and B.

Conclusions: The typologization of empathy skills proved to be a good method of describing affective and cognitive aspects of empathy within a personality. In addition, the results emphasize the importance of empathy training, which is well established in medical education but virtually non-existent in pedagogical education.

Background: Hostile attributions of intent are linked to externalizing and internalizing problems in children and adolescents. Maladaptive parenting practices are believed to contribute to developing a hostile attributional style. However, there is limited empirical research on this topic. Similarly, research on narcissism often considers the impact of parent-child experiences, but there is a research gap concerning parenting behaviors and facets of narcissism development.

Participants and procedure: To address these gaps, we conducted a study with 268 teenagers (134 females) aged between 12 and 17 years. Our main goal was to investigate whether maladaptive parenting practices and two facets of vulnerable narcissism are associated with hostile attributions in adolescents. Additionally, based on previous literature, we tested whether narcissistic vulnerability and antagonism mediate the relationship between parental rearing behaviors and hostile attributions in teenagers.

Results: Our results revealed positive associations among all variables of interest. Importantly, we found that narcissistic vulnerability, but not antagonism, played a significant mediating role between maladaptive parenting practices and adolescents' hostile attributional style.

Conclusions: By shedding light on the mechanisms behind developing a hostile attributional style, our study contributes to a better understanding of this issue and offers practical implications. Specifically, recognizing the importance of narcissistic vulnerability can benefit professionals working with adolescents who tend to make hostile attributions.

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Self and Interpersonal Functioning Scale (SIFS-PL). The scale is designed to assess Criterion A of the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) - the four core elements of personality pathology (Identity, Self-direction, Empathy, and Intimacy) from the Level of Personality Functioning (LPF) for personality disorders (PDs).

Participants and procedure: Adult participants from 6 community and clinical samples (total N = 394; 83.2% female; age: M = 30.9, SD = 9.6) completed the SIFS-PL. A clinical subsample of 50 patients diagnosed with personality disorders additionally completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID5).

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported a bifactor four-factor model. All items had significant loadings on both the four specific elements and an overarching general personality pathology factor. The internal consistency ranged from acceptable to good for subscales and excellent for the global scale. In terms of criterion validity, results from the clinical subgroup were consistent with previous research on the SIFS. The SIFS-PL scales effectively discriminated between community sample participants and those suffering from depression, as well as an ambulatory clinical group with personality disorders.

Conclusions: Our findings underscore the robust psychometric properties of the Polish version of the SIFS, rendering it a promising tool for both screening and extensive research on personality disorders within contemporary dimensional models such as the AMPD and ICD-11. Its application in clinical settings can also be advocated. However, general scores and subscale scores might serve distinct purposes, warranting further investigation into their predictive validity.

Background: Self-regulation is the ability to make and execute plans, manage emotions, and control behavior in order to achieve goals. Self-regulatory skills are crucial for proper psychosocial functioning. A higher level of self-regulation skills helps build more supportive relationships and is related to higher psychological well-being. Poor self-regulation is associated with a higher probability of falling into addictions and appears to be the main reason behind a wide range of behavioral problems.

Participants and procedure: The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish short version of the Self-Regulation Scale (sSRS) based on the 26-item Self-Regulation Scale. The following validity indicators were used: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Positive Orientation Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. The study was conducted using a 12-item sSRS with a total of 1,525 participants from three independent studies.

Results: The obtained higher-order factor model confirmed the three-factor structure of self-regulation, containing three main aspects: emotional (propensity for impulsivity and intense, negative emotional states), cognitive (ability to make and execute plans), and behavioral (fidgetiness and being in movement, as well as difficulties in focusing and directing attention). Two higher-order factors were added to the behavioral dimension: hyperactivity and behavioral attention.

Conclusions: The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA) as well as the obtained values of reliability and validity coefficients indicate satisfactory psychometric properties of the sSRS and its usefulness in further empirical research.

Background: There is considerable interest among personality psychologists in authenticity. To provide researchers with a tool to study dispositional authenticity among speakers of Polish, we created a Polish language version of Wood et al.'s multidimensional measure of authenticity. Wood et al.'s measure has 12 items and measures three constructs: four items for selfalienation; authentic living; and accepting external influence.

Participants and procedure: Participants were 825 Polish adults (M _age = 42.7, SD = 15.4; 50% women) who were recruited by a professional survey company. Participants completed the newly developed measure of authenticity, and for validation purposes, they completed measures of Ryff's model of well-being, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and stress, the same measures used by Wood et al.

Results: A confirmatory factor analysis found that the Polish version of the scale had the same three factors as the original measure developed by Wood et al., and the loadings of the items on the factors were consistent with those presented by Wood et al. The three scales of the new measure were reliable. Moreover, relationships between the authenticity scales and the validation measures were similar to those reported by Wood et al.

Conclusions: The present results suggest that our proposed Polish language version of Wood et al.'s multidimensional authenticity scale measures a similar set of constructs to those measured by the original English language scale. Therefore, we believe our new measure should be useful for researchers interested in studying dispositional authenticity among Polish language speakers.

Background: Playing video games is a popular leisure activity, but if prolonged it can increase the risk of sleep and mood disturbances. Individuals with an evening chronotype show a greater tendency to be engrossed in video games.

Participants and procedure: This study tested whether sleep disturbances would mediate the association between chronotype and depressive symptoms in adult video game players. Participants were 1208 adults (86.7% men, mean age 27.4 ± 8.07 years) who regularly play video games. Chronotype was assessed with the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbance was evaluated with the Athens Insomnia Scale.

Results: We found that adults who play video games and show an evening chronotype preference spent more time playing than those with a more intermediate or morning preference. An evening chronotype was linked to a higher level of depressive symptoms, and our bootstrap mediation analysis revealed that sleep disturbances partly mediated this association (β = -.15, SE = .02, 95% CI [-.19; -.11]).

Conclusions: Our study suggests that an evening chronotype should be considered when exploring psychological risk factors contributing to the development of problematic gaming. In adults who play video games and display a tendency towards eveningness, higher rates of depressive symptoms may be partly explained by inadequate sleep.

Background: Habitual use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression as emotion regulation strategies has been shown to relate differently to dispositional positive and negative affect and satisfaction with life. In this study, we aimed to establish the role of affectively different forms of mind-wandering - i.e., spontaneously initiated thinking about matters unrelated to the individual's current task and the immediate environment - in the associations between the employment of each of these strategies and life satisfaction. Our main theoretical idea was that affective consequences of employing cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression influence positive and negative mind-wandering, which contribute to satisfaction with life.

Participants and procedure: A convenient sample of 217 respondents (154 women) aged 19-88 (M = 44.97, SD = 17.16) filled out questionnaires assessing variables of interest: the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Trait, the Task-Unrelated Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Results: In the estimated PLS-SEM structural model, there were significant indirect paths leading from emotion regulation strategies to satisfaction with life through 1) positive or negative affect and positive or negative mind-wandering as sequential mediators, 2) positive affect (over and above its associations with positive and negative mind-wandering), 3) positive and negative mind-wandering (due to their negative associations with suppression).

Conclusions: Positive and negative mind-wandering may mediate the relationships between the frequency with which individuals employ cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to regulate emotions and their global life satisfaction.

Background: We examined the associations between grandiose narcissism (GN), vulnerable narcissism (VN), cognitive inhibition, and task-related state responses.

Participants and procedure: Participants (N = 154; age: M = 23.60, SD = 3.71) completed measures of narcissism, performed a cognitive inhibition task (the antisaccade task), and reported stress states (distress, worry and engagement) before and after the task.

Results: The results revealed that VN was negatively linked to cognitive inhibition. Furthermore, VN predicted higher levels of distress and lower levels of engagement during the task, whereas GN predicted higher engagement and lower distress.

Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a negative impact of VN on cognitive performance and stress responses during task performance. Understanding these dynamics enhances our knowledge of how narcissism may influence cognitive functioning.

Background: Research shows that older women are negatively affected by accumulated life stress and inequalities over the life course, and this disproportionately impacts wellbeing, cognition and health. Women of different age groups across Europe have been found to have more diverse and less regular employment histories than men, and older women have been found to face significant challenges in navigating their work-life balance. In the UK, women's pension age has been harmonised, and they are more likely than men to extend their working life.

Participants and procedure: Semi-structured interviews were used to explore self-perceptions of women in the workplace and how they socially construct their identity in an opportunity sample (N = 19) of women aged 60 and over with a focus on those in lower paid and part time roles. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results: Themes identified across the dataset relating to self-perceptions concerned the workplace identity as a woman over 60 years old: positive and negative drivers to age-positive identity in work were experienced by women in the workplace including being seen as 'invisible', excluded by colleagues, or, not viewing themselves as 'old'; and, positive self-beliefs related to the need to promote positive social norms concerning ageing as a woman, not seeing age as a barrier and challenging unhelpful stereotypes in the workplace.

Conclusions: There is limited evidence regarding how older women perceive themselves and are perceived in contemporary workplaces, so this knowledge is crucial for understanding experiences of older women to enhance practice and policy.

Background: This paper describes a conceptual replication of a study of the personality characteristics that Zigler's theory of personality attributes to people with intellectual disability. Our study is the first attempt in over twenty years to assess specific personality traits considered in this theory using experimental tasks.

Participants and procedure: We studied 25 students of special vocational schools diagnosed with mild intellectual disability, 25 controls from mainstream vocational schools, and 25 primary school students with a similar level of general cognitive ability as that of the students with intellectual disability. We hypothesized that the levels of specific personality traits of people with intellectual disability would differ from those of controls from the general population; we also hypothesized that the direction of differences in regard to these specific personality traits would be the same as assumed in Zigler's theory. We assessed specific personality traits with seven experimental tasks which we based on descriptions of tasks used by Zigler and his colleagues.

Results: We did not observe any statistically significant differences between the scores of participants with intellectual disability and those of the control groups.

Conclusions: We explain the results in relation to changes in contextual factors and diagnostic practices over the years. The results indicate the need to conduct replicational studies in the field of clinical psychology.