Current Issues in Personality Psychology最新文献

Background: The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (PSPCSA) is an instrument widely used among researchers to assess young children's self-perceptions. In two studies, we aimed to develop and validate a shortened version of the PSPCSA in Polish.

Participants and procedure: In Study 1, 133 preschoolers aged 4 to 6 years participated. The goal was to shorten the scale by selecting the best-performing items and to verify the factor structure of both the full-length and shortened Polish versions of the PSPCSA. Study 2 involved 344 children aged 4 to 7 years, aiming to validate the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the shortened version within the Polish cultural context.

Results: The shortened PSPCSA demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model (Competence and Acceptance) for the shortened scale, with satisfactory fit indices. Additional, theoretically and psychometrically reasonable modifications further improved the model fit. Our results confirmed the validity of the scale and supported both configural and metric measurement invariance across age groups.

Conclusions: The Polish short version of the PSPCSA offers a reliable tool for assessing preschoolers' self-perceptions of competence and acceptance. Its validation ensures robust psychometric properties, supporting its utility in research studies to understand early self-esteem development. The shortened version reduces the fatigue associated with the longer scale, making it more suitable for young children.

Background: The aim of the study was threefold: first, to test the associations between perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive), procrastination (general and decisional), and depression; second, to examine the mediating role of self-discipline between perfectionism and procrastination; and third, to examine gender differences.

Participants and procedure: The participants in the study were 347 individuals aged 16 to 48 (M = 22.77, SD = 6.14). The following measures were used: the General Procrastination Scale, the Decisional Procrastination Scale, the Brief Self-Control Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the Polish Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism Questionnaire.

Results: As a result, maladaptive perfectionism positively contributed to depression, whereas adaptive perfectionism contributed to it negatively. In both the female and male groups, self-discipline was a mediator between maladaptive perfectionism and general and decisional procrastination. Only in the female group was self-discipline a mediator between adaptive perfectionism and general and decisional procrastination. Decisional procrastination mediated the link between perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) and depression only in the male group. Likewise, the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depression was mediated by self-discipline and decisional procrastination in the male group.

Conclusions: As a result, maladaptive perfectionism positively contributed to depression, whereas adaptive perfectionism contributed to it negatively. In both the female and male groups, self-discipline was a mediator between maladaptive perfectionism and general and decisional procrastination. Only in the female group was self-discipline a mediator between adaptive perfectionism and general and decisional procrastination. Decisional procrastination mediated the link between perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) and depression only in the male group. Likewise, the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depression was mediated by self-discipline and decisional procrastination in the male group.

Background: Sense of coherence (SOC) strongly predicts health-related indicators such as depressive tendencies and aggression. However, further investigation of its measurement, related factors, and theoretical positioning is essential. We examined whether SOC is a valid indicator of depressive tendencies, dispositional aggression, and other unique aspects, even when controlling for Dark Triad (DT) and Big Five (BF) traits.

Participants and procedure: In this quantitative online cross-sectional study conducted in June 2019, data from 1,626 participants (759 men, 867 women; mean age = 29.90, SD = 13.77) were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The survey comprised the Japanese versions of the 29-item SOC scale, Short DT, BF scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire.

Results: Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and SOC were correlated with hostility (ps < .01); Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and SOC were correlated with anger (ps < .01); Machiavellianism and psychopathy were correlated with verbal aggression (ps < .01); and Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and SOC were correlated with physical aggression (ps < .01). Overall, SOC was correlated with depressive tendencies, hostility, and physical aggression even after accounting for the BF and DT.

Conclusions: This study reinforces SOC's value as a unique construct that contributes to understanding personality traits and health-related behaviors. Unlike neuroticism and DT traits, SOC promotes adaptive and prosocial behaviors. It fosters effective stress management, self-development, and resilience. In other words, the multidimensional nature of SOC is thought to encompass both self-centered and prosocial elements, reflecting its role in facilitating coping and personal growth.

Background: The traits constituting the Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) are expected to share a common dark core (i.e., antisocial attitudes towards others). However, there is an ongoing debate about whether the dark core is an independent construct or whether it falls within broader categories of personality (i.e., low honesty-humility). Previous research has been sceptical regarding the Dark Triad's incremental value as it is seen as redundant and adding little to traditional personality models. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the overlap and distinctiveness of the latent Dark Triad from honesty/humility.

Participants and procedure: The sample consisted of 677 participants aged 18 to 55 years old - 551 women (M _age = 22.57, SD _age = 4.31), 111 men (M _age = 23.66, SD _age = 5.32), and 15 non-binary people (M _age = 24.67, SD _age = 3.42). Participants were recruited using social media and completed questionnaires anonymously through the LimeSurvey online platform.

Results: We replicated existing findings regarding the nearly perfect latent relationship between the dark core and honesty-humility using a broader array of measures of the Dark Triad traits. We also provided some evidence that the dark core and honesty-humility, despite being highly related, differ in terms of construct validity.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that claims positing complete convergence between these two constructs might be premature. However, future research examining different types of validity is needed.

Background: In the present study, we focused on examining the relationship between parenting styles, self-concept, and grit. We conceptualized self-concept as a three-dimensional variable with cognitive, emotional, and conative dimensions. Parenting style was defined using emotional relationships and autonomy granting. The optimal parenting style in our view entails a combination of parental responsiveness (fostering a positive relationship) with an appropriate degree of autonomy granting (defined as providing relative freedom). We hypothesized that adolescent grit and parenting style are related to a positively defined self-concept.

Participants and procedure: The present study included 1,483 participants (55.5% female) aged 10-20 years (M = 15.00, SD = 2.60). All participants attended primary and secondary education (ISCED 2 and 3) across five regions in Slovakia. The research methods consisted of administering the Self-Concept Questionnaire-18 (DOS-18), the Parenting Style Inventory PSI-II, and the Grit Scale.

Results: We observed different predictors of self-concept for boys and girls. Shared predictors of self-concept for both sexes included mother's responsiveness, passion, and perseverance as components of grit. The differences were in the non-significance of father's responsiveness and the significance of autonomy granting by the father in relation to self-concept of boys.

Conclusions: The results of the present research suggest that different parenting approaches may be beneficial for boys and girls. In particular, the role of the father and his ability to support the relative autonomy of the son appears to be important, as evidenced by the fact that boys' self-concept is typically more positive than that of girls.

Background: Previous research has found that attachment style is associated with self-concept clarity, and mindfulness mediates this association at an individual level. However, there is currently a lack of research on the relationship between attachment style, mindfulness, and self-concept clarity from an interpersonal perspective. Therefore, the current study aimed to extend the relationship between attachment style and self-concept clarity to a dyadic context.

Participants and procedure: To this end, we recruited online a final sample of 773 pairs of Chinese heterosexual couples (M _age = 35.43, SD _age = 3.77 for wives; M _age = 37.46, SD _age = 4.39 for husbands) to measure their attachment style, mindfulness, and self-concept clarity and conducted actor-partner interdependence mediation modeling.

Results: The results indicate actor effects whereby an individual's mindfulness significantly mediated the relationship between their attachment style (both avoidance and anxiety) and self-concept clarity for both women and men. Furthermore, as regards the partner effect, the mindfulness of men significantly mediated the relationship between the attachment anxiety of women and the self-concept clarity of men.

Conclusions: Altogether, we provide evidence that the impact of attachment style on self-concept clarity within a dyadic context and the level of husbands' mindfulness could partly explain the relationship between wives' attachment anxiety and husbands' self-concept clarity. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Background: Work innovation is essential to both employee and organizational success in today's highly competitive work environment. Although scholars have found personality (e.g., openness to experience) to relate to innovative work behavior, only some research has examined how context might influence personality's effects, and very few studies have examined work environments (e.g., workplace politics) that could be detrimental to innovative behavior.

Participants and procedure: Taking a trait activation approach, across two time points, we examined how openness affects the perceptions of organizational politics (POP)-innovative work behavior relationship using a sample of employees and supervisors working in a variety of finance sectors.

Results: The results revealed that innovative work behaviors, as rated by managers both concurrently and six months later, decrease for employees low on openness under conditions of elevated POP, but are not reduced for those high on openness under high POP. Thus, the (only) employees whose innovative behavior was negatively affected were those who were otherwise least prone to engage in work innovation (i.e., those low on openness), indicating the harmful effect of workplace politics on this valuable work behavior.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that scholars should develop a more nuanced understanding of openness's long-established relationship with innovation at work, paying particular attention to the context of their openness studies.

Background: Objectification involves perceiving and instrumentally treating other people as mere tools useful for satisfying the perceiver's goals. While several situational factors facilitating objectification have been identified, only a few studies have examined personal predictors of objectification. To find out more about personality correlates of the objectifying approach towards other people, we examined its relationship with basic and dark personality traits.

Participants and procedure: The sample comprised 372 participants (222 women), ranging in age from 18 to 55 years (M = 34.14, SD = 8.48). To measure study variables, we used a modified version of the Objectification Scale (objectification), the IPIP-BFM-20 (Big Five personality dimensions), DTDD-P (dark personality traits of Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy), HSNS (vulnerable narcissism), PES (psychological entitlement), IES (interpersonal exploitativeness), PRNS (positive reciprocity norms), and NRNS (negative reciprocity norms).

Results: We found that, when controlling for other personality variables and demographics, agreeableness, intellect, and a tendency to use positive norms of reciprocity negatively predicted objectification, and exploitativeness and entitlement were positively associated with the general tendency to objectify others.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a propensity for objectification is predicted by an unwillingness to maintain positive relationships with others, lower intellectual openness, higher entitlement and exploitativeness, and low tendency to positively respond to others' favors. The associations with these personality traits may allow for better understanding of - typical for objectification - high focus on fulfilling one's own interests and readiness to exploit others while disregarding their interests and ignoring human attributes such as subjectivity and uniqueness.

Background: The aim of the study was to find out whether certain types of empathy are over- or underrepresented in medical and educational professions. We used the following four types of empathy profiles: "Situation-dependent altruists" (A) have high affective and cognitive empathy aspects with high personal distress. "High-functioning empaths" (B) differ from pattern A by the low distress. People who have neither clear affective nor cognitive empathy traits, but are characterized by high distress, are "low neurotic empaths" (C). Types whose mean scores on all three aspects were below the mean are referred to as "low empaths" (D).

Participants and procedure: The sample consisted of 439 subjects. The group of medical professionals included doctors, nursing staff, and other medical staff. The group of educators included teachers, social pedagogues, educators, social workers and special needs teachers. We used the German version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) to measure empathy.

Results: The two occupational groups differed from each other non-significantly in their respective distribution. In the nursing staff sample, profile B is clearly overrepresented and profile C is clearly underrepresented. Nursing staff therefore have a high level of emotional concern and perspective taking together with lower distress. Nurses and pedagogical staff occur in our sample most frequently in the empathic pattern A and B.

Conclusions: The typologization of empathy skills proved to be a good method of describing affective and cognitive aspects of empathy within a personality. In addition, the results emphasize the importance of empathy training, which is well established in medical education but virtually non-existent in pedagogical education.

Background: Hostile attributions of intent are linked to externalizing and internalizing problems in children and adolescents. Maladaptive parenting practices are believed to contribute to developing a hostile attributional style. However, there is limited empirical research on this topic. Similarly, research on narcissism often considers the impact of parent-child experiences, but there is a research gap concerning parenting behaviors and facets of narcissism development.

Participants and procedure: To address these gaps, we conducted a study with 268 teenagers (134 females) aged between 12 and 17 years. Our main goal was to investigate whether maladaptive parenting practices and two facets of vulnerable narcissism are associated with hostile attributions in adolescents. Additionally, based on previous literature, we tested whether narcissistic vulnerability and antagonism mediate the relationship between parental rearing behaviors and hostile attributions in teenagers.

Results: Our results revealed positive associations among all variables of interest. Importantly, we found that narcissistic vulnerability, but not antagonism, played a significant mediating role between maladaptive parenting practices and adolescents' hostile attributional style.

Conclusions: By shedding light on the mechanisms behind developing a hostile attributional style, our study contributes to a better understanding of this issue and offers practical implications. Specifically, recognizing the importance of narcissistic vulnerability can benefit professionals working with adolescents who tend to make hostile attributions.