mechanism of calcification and its relation to photosynthesis and respiration in the scleractinian Abstract Although the need for predicting coral responses to future environmental changes at the reef scale is increasing, it remains a difficult task to achieve. This is because: (1) multiple environmental factors are affecting corals, (2) biological responses to such factors are usually nonlinear, and (3) these environmental factors are changing over time. Using numerical models can be highly effective in evaluating the effects of multiple environmental factors if the dynamic responses of corals to each environmental parameter are properly incorporated into the model and the underlying mechanisms are well-understood and reproduced. To help attain this goal, we developed a “coral polyp model” which simulates the internal physical, chemical, and physiological processes within an individual coral polyp. Furthermore, to evaluate the responses of corals under a spatiotemporally vary-ing environment at the reef-scale, we coupled a hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model to the coral polyp model. The coupled model was able to accurately reproduce the main characteristics of both the reef environment and the coral metabolic responses, and can be set up to predict the coral responses under various future climate change scenarios. To obtain more accurate predictions of the impact of multiple environmental factors on coral reef ecosystems, ongoing work includes incorporating the responses to temperature, red soil, and nutrients into the coupled model.
{"title":"Towards modeling the coral reef ecosystem response to multiple environmental factors: development of a coupled coral polyp and hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model","authors":"Takashi Nakamura","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.22.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.22.45","url":null,"abstract":"mechanism of calcification and its relation to photosynthesis and respiration in the scleractinian Abstract Although the need for predicting coral responses to future environmental changes at the reef scale is increasing, it remains a difficult task to achieve. This is because: (1) multiple environmental factors are affecting corals, (2) biological responses to such factors are usually nonlinear, and (3) these environmental factors are changing over time. Using numerical models can be highly effective in evaluating the effects of multiple environmental factors if the dynamic responses of corals to each environmental parameter are properly incorporated into the model and the underlying mechanisms are well-understood and reproduced. To help attain this goal, we developed a “coral polyp model” which simulates the internal physical, chemical, and physiological processes within an individual coral polyp. Furthermore, to evaluate the responses of corals under a spatiotemporally vary-ing environment at the reef-scale, we coupled a hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model to the coral polyp model. The coupled model was able to accurately reproduce the main characteristics of both the reef environment and the coral metabolic responses, and can be set up to predict the coral responses under various future climate change scenarios. To obtain more accurate predictions of the impact of multiple environmental factors on coral reef ecosystems, ongoing work includes incorporating the responses to temperature, red soil, and nutrients into the coupled model.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130471157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"日本のサンゴ礁域における観光業と漁業者の利害調整過程に関するケーススタディと生態系サービスへの支払い（PES）の活用可能性の考察","authors":"淳子 豊島, 和夫 灘岡","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.18.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.18.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128558930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"『大森（2010）「中尾ら（2009)日本のサンゴ被度データベースの作成と分析．日本サンゴ礁学会誌11: 109-129」に対するコメント』への回答","authors":"藤井 賢彦, 山野 博哉","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.12.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.12.53","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124371916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"日本のさんご礁水域に海洋保護区（MPA）を設定するために：フィリピン，ビサヤ地域の海洋保護区を視察して考える","authors":"信 大森, 洋基 谷口, 一彦 小池, M. L. Lawrence, 三郎 保坂","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.12.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.12.81","url":null,"abstract":"海洋保護区（Marine Protected Area; MPA）には世界中でさまざまな定義があって，まだ統一的な概念には至っていないが，2002年の「持続可能な開発に関する世界首脳会議」のなかでは各国が2012年までにMPAを設定することが決議され，さらに翌年の第5回世界公園会議では「各国が2012年までに海洋の各生息地の最低20～30%の厳格な保護区を含む，効果的に管理された代表的な保護区ネットワークを構築する」ことなどが勧告された。これらは「2012年目標」とよばれて，各国政府がそれを遵守することが求められている。わが国のMPAについても公的または広く使われている定義はない。私たちはMPAの設定目的を「潮間帯と潮下帯の生物群集全体あるいは生物多様性を長く効果的な手段で保護することによって漁業資源の持続的な利用を図るため」とし，MPAは「漁業資源の持続的な利用を可能にするために，生育環境の人為的改変を認めず，法律やそのほかの効果的な手段によって生物の採取捕獲が禁止あるいは制限されている区域」すなわちNo-take Zoneのようなものであるべきだと考えている。そのようなMPAを直ちにわが国の沿岸海域全体に導入することは困難だろうが，漁業対象種がその資源を自己維持できる面積を推定し，それをもとに仮の保護区を設定して，一定期間後，その効果を検証するような研究が望まれる。さんご礁に的を絞れば，漁業と生物多様性が両立するMPAの設定は可能かもしれない。区域内では漁業活動はもちろん，遊漁もダイビングも研究のための生物採集も制限の対象にする。法的に制度化されたMPAの設定ではアジアでもっとも古い歴史を持つフィリピンで，さんご礁生態系がよく保護されているMPAはどのように管理運営され，地元の人びとはどのようにMPAに関わっているのだろうか。私達は2010年3月フィリピンのビサヤ地方を訪ねて，さんご礁に小さなMPA（＝禁漁区）をたくさん作ることによって漁業資源と生物多様性の両方を護るという戦略を進めてきたフィリピン型MPAの創始者A.C. Alcala博士から意見を聞き，アポ島をはじめとする周辺の島々のMPAを視察して，地元民から聞き取り調査を行った。漁業資源とすべての生物群集を護るためには，MPAの面積は対象魚種が区域内で自己維持できる広さであることが望ましい。またMPAは行政主導のトップダウン方式ではなく，地元の人びとの全面的な合意と参加がなければ長続きしないと思われる。区域内を禁漁としても，MPA内で増えた漁業資源が区域外に出て周辺漁場の漁獲量の上昇に寄与するという波及効果（spillover）が実証されれば，漁民は制約にしたがう理由を理解するだろう。また，ダイバーなどの観光客から入場料を徴収すれば，費用をMPAの管理運営や漁民への生活補償に充てることができるだろう。成功の鍵は地域住民に対する継続的な教育啓発活動，住民に信頼されるリーダーの存在と，それに会計および活動内容の透明性である。沖縄の慶良間海域は漁業従事者が少なく，漁業規模が小さい上，ダイビングなどの観光業を支えるさんご礁の価値に対する住民の意識が高い。さんご礁の生物群集は定着性が強いものが多く，住民の生計手段に観光収入が期待できるので，そこでは望ましいMPAのモデルを試行できるように思われる。慶良間海域のさんご礁を念頭に置き，MPAの設定に向けて方法や運用について考察した。","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122841027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"和歌山産タカクキクメイシMontastraea valenciennesi（Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848）の隠蔽種の存在","authors":"裕伸 深見, 恵一 野村","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.11.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.11.25","url":null,"abstract":"和歌山産のタカクキクメイシMontastraea valenciennesiには形態的2型が認められる。1つは，莢壁間の接合が弱く，群体を縦に割るとサンゴ個体ごとに筒状にバラバラと綺麗にはがれる型（莢壁分離型），他の1つは，莢壁間の接合が比較的強く，群体を縦に割ると個体間で分離せずに個体が割れる型（莢壁癒着型）である。この形態差は種内変異であるのか，種レベルの相違であるのかを判定するために，交配実験を行った。その結果，形態で分けられた2型は，接合子の和合性は極めて低く（受精率0.5％以下），型間には種レベルの相違があることが明らかになった。しかしながら，これらの2型に真のM. valenciennesiが含まれているのか，あるいはどちらもM. valenciennesiに酷似した別種（隠蔽種）であるのかという分類学的位置の決定までは行えなかった。","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132379397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"「木も見て,森も語る」全体論的サンゴ礁保全のための普及啓発の理念","authors":"義勝 中野, 達郎 中井","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.10.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.10.105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128473867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temperature tolerances of the early development (up to 4-arm pluteus) of Echinometra mathaei were investigated at 16-34°C. The critical lower and higher temperatures for embryonic development were 16 and 34°C, respectively. At these two temperatures, 100% of the embryos showed abnormality within 48h after incubation. The lower and higher temperature for development of healthy embryos and larvae were 19°C and 31°C, respectively. The developmental times from the 2-cell to early larval stages showed significant differences among 19 to 31°C. At 19 and 31°C, the embryos reached in healthy 2-arm pluteus stage in 72 and 26h after incubation, respectively. The larval growth performance and relative growth ratios of the different organs of 4-arm larvae showed that they were able to tolerate a wide range of temperature without any abnormality. The present findings will be useful for elucidating the possible mechanisms of larval dispersal, as well as the distribution of this sea urchin in various marine locations worldwide.
{"title":"Effects of temperature on early development of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei from the intertidal reef of Okinawa Island, Japan","authors":"M. Rahman, S. Rahman, T. Uehara","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.9.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.9.35","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature tolerances of the early development (up to 4-arm pluteus) of Echinometra mathaei were investigated at 16-34°C. The critical lower and higher temperatures for embryonic development were 16 and 34°C, respectively. At these two temperatures, 100% of the embryos showed abnormality within 48h after incubation. The lower and higher temperature for development of healthy embryos and larvae were 19°C and 31°C, respectively. The developmental times from the 2-cell to early larval stages showed significant differences among 19 to 31°C. At 19 and 31°C, the embryos reached in healthy 2-arm pluteus stage in 72 and 26h after incubation, respectively. The larval growth performance and relative growth ratios of the different organs of 4-arm larvae showed that they were able to tolerate a wide range of temperature without any abnormality. The present findings will be useful for elucidating the possible mechanisms of larval dispersal, as well as the distribution of this sea urchin in various marine locations worldwide.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131254970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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