Changes in the surface cover and distribution of the encrusting anemone Zoanthus spp. in the infra-littoral zone at Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan were investigated in 1982, and during the period between 1995 and 2002. A belt transect (1×50m) was marked off, and using a 1×1m quadrat with 10cm×10cm subdivisions and scuba gear, the cover, colony size, and distribution data were collected. Data were analyzed in relation to seawater temperature and Sakurajima volcanic ash-fall data. It is most likely that abnormally high observed seawater temperatures (almost 30°C) in the summer of 1998 had a detrimental effect on the subject Zoanthus. In addition, it is conceivable that irregular scattered volcanic ash fall may also have a detrimental effect.
{"title":"Long-term changes of Zoanthus spp. in the infra-littoral zone at Taisho Lava Field, Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan","authors":"S. Ono, J. Reimer, J. Tsukahara","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2003.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2003.21","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the surface cover and distribution of the encrusting anemone Zoanthus spp. in the infra-littoral zone at Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan were investigated in 1982, and during the period between 1995 and 2002. A belt transect (1×50m) was marked off, and using a 1×1m quadrat with 10cm×10cm subdivisions and scuba gear, the cover, colony size, and distribution data were collected. Data were analyzed in relation to seawater temperature and Sakurajima volcanic ash-fall data. It is most likely that abnormally high observed seawater temperatures (almost 30°C) in the summer of 1998 had a detrimental effect on the subject Zoanthus. In addition, it is conceivable that irregular scattered volcanic ash fall may also have a detrimental effect.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133306478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coral reef seawater samples from Bora Bay off Miyako Island in Okinawa, Japan were incubated with an initial volume of 20 liters. The degradation of organic carbon in this seawater was monitored for more than three months in dark, unstirred polycarbonate vessels by measuring the concentration of organic carbon in the seawater. The concentration of organic carbon gradually decreased to the background level of the refractory organic matter. The ratio of labile organic carbon to total organic carbon was about 30% in the water within the reef, and 10% in the water outside. The concentration of inorganic nutrients gradually increased with the degradation of the organic matter. In terms of the cell density and cell biomass of bacteria, the doubling rate was initially about twice a day and then declined during the incubation. Rate of degradation of labile organic carbon was about 20mmol C/m2/day in the reef. It was much smaller than the respiration rate reported for the whole coral reef community. This indicates that benthos like corals plays a major role in carbon dynamics in the coral reef. The result that the refractory organic concentration in the reef is lower than that in the outer sea indicates that the coral reef has the role of carbon sink in that organic carbon might be absorbed to the sedimentation particle.
{"title":"Refractory and labile organic carbon in coral reef seawater","authors":"Y. Ikeda, K. Fukami, B. Casareto, Yoshimi Suzuki","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2003.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2003.11","url":null,"abstract":"Coral reef seawater samples from Bora Bay off Miyako Island in Okinawa, Japan were incubated with an initial volume of 20 liters. The degradation of organic carbon in this seawater was monitored for more than three months in dark, unstirred polycarbonate vessels by measuring the concentration of organic carbon in the seawater. The concentration of organic carbon gradually decreased to the background level of the refractory organic matter. The ratio of labile organic carbon to total organic carbon was about 30% in the water within the reef, and 10% in the water outside. The concentration of inorganic nutrients gradually increased with the degradation of the organic matter. In terms of the cell density and cell biomass of bacteria, the doubling rate was initially about twice a day and then declined during the incubation. Rate of degradation of labile organic carbon was about 20mmol C/m2/day in the reef. It was much smaller than the respiration rate reported for the whole coral reef community. This indicates that benthos like corals plays a major role in carbon dynamics in the coral reef. The result that the refractory organic concentration in the reef is lower than that in the outer sea indicates that the coral reef has the role of carbon sink in that organic carbon might be absorbed to the sedimentation particle.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114628810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spectral reflectance as a potential tool for detecting stressed corals","authors":"H. Yamano, M. Tamura, Yoshimitsu Kunii, M. Hidaka","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2003.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2003.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123678255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veron (1990) described 24 new species from Japan and other countries in the "PhilippinesJapan island chain" including Goniopora cellulosa Veron 1990, Hydnophora bonsai Veron 1990, and Goniastrea deformis Veron 1990. These three species has thus far been reported only from Japan (Veron 1998 Veron and Fenner 2000 Fenner 2001 Fenner 2002) except for G. deformis in the Red Sea (Veron 2000) and a visual record of it from the Philippines (Veron and Fenner 2000), and H. bonsai in Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia (Veron 2002). In this paper, we describe specimens of these three species collected from western Luzon and along the Kuroshio current on the eastern coast of the Philippines (Fig. 1) thereby extending their ranges farther south and west. This also increases the number of species reported from the Philippines to 464 from the 462 species reported by Veron and Fenner (2000). The Philippines now has 18 species of Goniopora, six species of Hydnophora and nine species of Goniastrea as compared to other nearby countries (e.g. Togean and Banggai Islands, Indonesia with four species of Goniopora, five species of Hydnophora, and four Goniastrea species; Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia with 17 species of Goniopora, six species of Hydnophora and seven Goniastrea species Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea with 11 species of Goniopora, five species of Hydnophora and seven Goniastrea species). Ninety-three percent of the Japanese coral fauna (as inferred from Veron 1992) is shared with the Philippines (based on Veron and Fenner 2000) further emphasizing the likely role of the Kuroshio current in Japanese coral diversity. Specimens described here are deposited at the Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines. All specimens were collected by WY Licuanan.
{"title":"Range extensions of Japanese Scleractinia to the Philippines","authors":"W. Licuanan, E. B. Capili","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2003.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2003.63","url":null,"abstract":"Veron (1990) described 24 new species from Japan and other countries in the \"PhilippinesJapan island chain\" including Goniopora cellulosa Veron 1990, Hydnophora bonsai Veron 1990, and Goniastrea deformis Veron 1990. These three species has thus far been reported only from Japan (Veron 1998 Veron and Fenner 2000 Fenner 2001 Fenner 2002) except for G. deformis in the Red Sea (Veron 2000) and a visual record of it from the Philippines (Veron and Fenner 2000), and H. bonsai in Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia (Veron 2002). In this paper, we describe specimens of these three species collected from western Luzon and along the Kuroshio current on the eastern coast of the Philippines (Fig. 1) thereby extending their ranges farther south and west. This also increases the number of species reported from the Philippines to 464 from the 462 species reported by Veron and Fenner (2000). The Philippines now has 18 species of Goniopora, six species of Hydnophora and nine species of Goniastrea as compared to other nearby countries (e.g. Togean and Banggai Islands, Indonesia with four species of Goniopora, five species of Hydnophora, and four Goniastrea species; Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia with 17 species of Goniopora, six species of Hydnophora and seven Goniastrea species Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea with 11 species of Goniopora, five species of Hydnophora and seven Goniastrea species). Ninety-three percent of the Japanese coral fauna (as inferred from Veron 1992) is shared with the Philippines (based on Veron and Fenner 2000) further emphasizing the likely role of the Kuroshio current in Japanese coral diversity. Specimens described here are deposited at the Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines. All specimens were collected by WY Licuanan.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125529532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coral reef fisheries resources in the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia and Okinawa have decreased recently. Coral reef and mangrove eco-system supporting the resources is also in the threat. The fisheries resources, in essence, need proper management because the resources are renewable and considered common property. Typical conditions for tropic fisheries management are many species, many remote islands, few researchers, many subsistence fisheries, and a strong sense of community. Under these conditions the management regimes that have evolved in Western developed countries have seldom worked properly. Instead, considering efficient compliance and enforcement, the resources should be managed through partnership between the government and the communities (co-management). The resources may be managed more efficiently by a retrospective approach than a pre-emptive approach. Among management tools (e. g. seasonal closure, size limit, gear restriction, catch quota, license, etc.), Marine Protected Area (MPA) seems most effective. In Samoa and Okinawa, co-management of nearshore resources has been implemented with fisheries extension programs in analogous ways. Both cases have seemed successful to date. In the past, the Philippines was infamous for destructive fisheries, but now many successful cases of co-management have appeared with the help of NGOs and international research organizations.
{"title":"Coral reef fisheries co-management in tropic and subtropic regions","authors":"S. Kakuma","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2003.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2003.69","url":null,"abstract":"Coral reef fisheries resources in the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia and Okinawa have decreased recently. Coral reef and mangrove eco-system supporting the resources is also in the threat. The fisheries resources, in essence, need proper management because the resources are renewable and considered common property. Typical conditions for tropic fisheries management are many species, many remote islands, few researchers, many subsistence fisheries, and a strong sense of community. Under these conditions the management regimes that have evolved in Western developed countries have seldom worked properly. Instead, considering efficient compliance and enforcement, the resources should be managed through partnership between the government and the communities (co-management). The resources may be managed more efficiently by a retrospective approach than a pre-emptive approach. Among management tools (e. g. seasonal closure, size limit, gear restriction, catch quota, license, etc.), Marine Protected Area (MPA) seems most effective. In Samoa and Okinawa, co-management of nearshore resources has been implemented with fisheries extension programs in analogous ways. Both cases have seemed successful to date. In the past, the Philippines was infamous for destructive fisheries, but now many successful cases of co-management have appeared with the help of NGOs and international research organizations.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128379191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to reveal coral reef and mangrove landscapes for pastoralists of the arid tropics, based on a case analysis of place names on Sudanese Red Sea coast. I have interviewed five informants of the Beja around 'Agetai village on Sudanese Red Sea coast. They gave me forty-five place names, and explained or interpreted those names.They named “intestines of dogs” for the long and narrow part of the particular island and the attached coral reef flat where local people can cross by riding on camels carefully. On the other hand, they named “horns of gazelles” for the high trees of mangroves along the shoreline of the island which were left over by cutting down its branches and foliage for camel forage. They compare coral reef and mangrove landscapes to body parts of dogs and gazelles that they either take care of or hunt. Therefore, Is can characterize that they replace the physical and biological environments at macro-level in the sea (coral reef and mangrove landscapes) for biological environments at micro-level on the land (particular body parts of domesticated animals and wild animals). However, they do not have any general names (classified categories) for topographical features of coral reef.
{"title":"Coral reef and mangrove landscapes for pastoralists of the arid tropics: case analysis of place names on Sudanese Red Sea coast","authors":"H. Nawata","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2003.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2003.41","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to reveal coral reef and mangrove landscapes for pastoralists of the arid tropics, based on a case analysis of place names on Sudanese Red Sea coast. I have interviewed five informants of the Beja around 'Agetai village on Sudanese Red Sea coast. They gave me forty-five place names, and explained or interpreted those names.They named “intestines of dogs” for the long and narrow part of the particular island and the attached coral reef flat where local people can cross by riding on camels carefully. On the other hand, they named “horns of gazelles” for the high trees of mangroves along the shoreline of the island which were left over by cutting down its branches and foliage for camel forage. They compare coral reef and mangrove landscapes to body parts of dogs and gazelles that they either take care of or hunt. Therefore, Is can characterize that they replace the physical and biological environments at macro-level in the sea (coral reef and mangrove landscapes) for biological environments at micro-level on the land (particular body parts of domesticated animals and wild animals). However, they do not have any general names (classified categories) for topographical features of coral reef.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115365178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To study morphological changes in zooxanthellae in bleached corals, we observed zooxanthellae in colonies of Acropora nasuta that suffered various degrees of bleaching. Colonies were collected from a shallow reef at Bise, Okinawa, from July to September in 2001. Zooxanthellae within the tissue of A. nasuta were classified into 3 types based on their coloration and shape: healthy-looking zooxanthellae (Hz.), pale zooxanthellae (Pz.) and transparent zooxanthellae (Tz.). The Pz. were pale yellow with more or less disorganized cellular content, while Tz. were swelled and vacuolated with no pigmentation. Tz. were the dominant zooxanthellae in colonies that suffered severe bleaching, while non-bleached colonies and those recovered from bleaching had mostly Hz. Some Tz, were ruptured with vacuoles spreading out of the cell. The density of zooxanthellae in severely bleached colonies was about 105 cells cm-2. The present observation suggests that, during natural bleaching due to chronic stress, zooxanthellae remained in host tissue lose pigmentation and become swelled and vacuolated suggesting necrotic death of the zooxanthellae.
{"title":"Degradation of zooxanthellae in the coral Acropora nasuta during bleaching","authors":"T. Mise, M. Hidaka","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2003.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2003.33","url":null,"abstract":"To study morphological changes in zooxanthellae in bleached corals, we observed zooxanthellae in colonies of Acropora nasuta that suffered various degrees of bleaching. Colonies were collected from a shallow reef at Bise, Okinawa, from July to September in 2001. Zooxanthellae within the tissue of A. nasuta were classified into 3 types based on their coloration and shape: healthy-looking zooxanthellae (Hz.), pale zooxanthellae (Pz.) and transparent zooxanthellae (Tz.). The Pz. were pale yellow with more or less disorganized cellular content, while Tz. were swelled and vacuolated with no pigmentation. Tz. were the dominant zooxanthellae in colonies that suffered severe bleaching, while non-bleached colonies and those recovered from bleaching had mostly Hz. Some Tz, were ruptured with vacuoles spreading out of the cell. The density of zooxanthellae in severely bleached colonies was about 105 cells cm-2. The present observation suggests that, during natural bleaching due to chronic stress, zooxanthellae remained in host tissue lose pigmentation and become swelled and vacuolated suggesting necrotic death of the zooxanthellae.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131985870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses of the coral host and their algal symbionts to elevated temperatures. Isolated polyps of the coral Galaxea fascicularis were exposed to three temperatures (24, 28 and 30°C) for 7 days and were then allowed to recover for 15 days at 24°C. Both zooxanthellae density and the maximum photosynthetic quantum yield of in hospite zooxanthellae, measured by pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometry, decreased after 7-day exposure to 28 and 30°C. In corals exposed to 28°C, both parameters returned to the initial level after 15-day recovery, but those exposed to 30°C died during the recovery period. A high release of healthy-looking zooxanthellae was evident in the coral exposed to 30°C, while those exposed to 24 or 28°C mainly released degraded zooxanthellae particles. The mitotic index of both retained and expelled zooxanthellae was highest at 30°C. The coral host appeared to lose the capacity of controlling algal cell division and of preferential expulsion of degraded algal cells after 7-day exposure to 30°C. The growth rate of corals was lowest at 30°C. The reduced growth rate, the low release of degraded zooxanthellae particles and high release of healthy-looking zooxanthellae, and increased mitotic index of zooxanthellae, in corals exposed to 30°C for 7 days, suggest that high temperature caused a physiological dysfunctioning at the level of host and that this change may be at least partly responsible for bleaching and the disruption of symbiosis.
{"title":"PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF THE CORAL GALAXEA FASCICULARIS AND ITS ALGAL SYMBIONT TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURES","authors":"R. Bhagooli, M. Hidaka","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2002.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2002.33","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses of the coral host and their algal symbionts to elevated temperatures. Isolated polyps of the coral Galaxea fascicularis were exposed to three temperatures (24, 28 and 30°C) for 7 days and were then allowed to recover for 15 days at 24°C. Both zooxanthellae density and the maximum photosynthetic quantum yield of in hospite zooxanthellae, measured by pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometry, decreased after 7-day exposure to 28 and 30°C. In corals exposed to 28°C, both parameters returned to the initial level after 15-day recovery, but those exposed to 30°C died during the recovery period. A high release of healthy-looking zooxanthellae was evident in the coral exposed to 30°C, while those exposed to 24 or 28°C mainly released degraded zooxanthellae particles. The mitotic index of both retained and expelled zooxanthellae was highest at 30°C. The coral host appeared to lose the capacity of controlling algal cell division and of preferential expulsion of degraded algal cells after 7-day exposure to 30°C. The growth rate of corals was lowest at 30°C. The reduced growth rate, the low release of degraded zooxanthellae particles and high release of healthy-looking zooxanthellae, and increased mitotic index of zooxanthellae, in corals exposed to 30°C for 7 days, suggest that high temperature caused a physiological dysfunctioning at the level of host and that this change may be at least partly responsible for bleaching and the disruption of symbiosis.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115204591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Destruction and recovery of hermatypic coral communities during and after the 1998 bleaching event were compared quantitatively among three representative field sites (inner reef flat, outer reef flat, and reef slope) at Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan. As a result of bleaching, corals drastically decreased in number and coverage at all study sites and final coral coverage, at the heavily destroyed outer reef flat, was only 8.2 % of that prior to bleaching. Differential susceptibilities and survival were noted among coral species and among study sites. Bleaching damage most severely affected the outer reef flat, followed by the reef slope, whereas it less severely affected the inner reef flat, where sea water temperatures were highest. The degree of bleaching response among sites was not simply thermal-dependent but species-related. Several species of Acropora (A. digitifera, A. nobilis, A. formosa, A. pulchra, A. microphthalma, A. hyacinthus, A. echinata, A. subglabra, and so on) suffered the most damage from bleaching, and consequently the rich coral communities disappeared from the outer reef flat and the reef slope. At the inner reef flat, some species of Montipora (M digitata, M cactus, M stellata, M aequituberculata) recovered considerably after bleaching, despite conspicuous bleaching during the early bleaching phase. The present results indicate the possibility that some species inhabiting under thermally severe conditions have potentially acclimatized enough to endure such stress, and consequently they could live for a long period of more than six months in a bleached condition. Although the species richness (number of species) decreased at all sites, the species diversity indices often increased as a few dominant species of Acropora were reduced, and as a consequence, species evenness increased.
定量比较了1998年白化事件期间日本西南部石垣岛浦asoko湾三个有代表性的野外地点(内礁滩、外礁滩和礁坡)两性珊瑚群落的破坏和恢复情况。由于珊瑚白化，所有研究地点的珊瑚数量和覆盖范围急剧减少，而在遭到严重破坏的外礁滩，珊瑚的最终覆盖范围仅为白化前的8.2%。珊瑚种类和研究地点之间的敏感性和存活率存在差异。白化对外礁滩的影响最严重，其次是礁坡，而对水温最高的内礁滩的影响较轻。不同地点的白化反应程度不仅与温度有关，而且与物种有关。受白化影响最严重的是数种鹿角目(A. digitalfera、A. nobilis、A. formosa、A. pulchra、A. microphthalma、A. hyacinthus、A. echinata、A. subglabra等)，导致丰富的珊瑚群落从外礁滩和礁坡消失。在内礁滩，尽管在漂白初期有明显的白化现象，但一些种类的海苔(M digitata, M cactus, M stellata, M aequituberculata)在漂白后恢复得相当好。目前的结果表明，一些生活在高温恶劣条件下的物种可能已经适应了这种压力，因此它们可以在白化条件下生活6个月以上。虽然各样点的物种丰富度(种数)均呈下降趋势，但由于少数优势种的减少，物种多样性指数呈上升趋势，物种均匀度增加。
{"title":"Destruction and recovery of hermatypic coral communities after the mass bleaching event at Ishigaki Island","authors":"Y. Fujioka","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2002.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2002.53","url":null,"abstract":"Destruction and recovery of hermatypic coral communities during and after the 1998 bleaching event were compared quantitatively among three representative field sites (inner reef flat, outer reef flat, and reef slope) at Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan. As a result of bleaching, corals drastically decreased in number and coverage at all study sites and final coral coverage, at the heavily destroyed outer reef flat, was only 8.2 % of that prior to bleaching. Differential susceptibilities and survival were noted among coral species and among study sites. Bleaching damage most severely affected the outer reef flat, followed by the reef slope, whereas it less severely affected the inner reef flat, where sea water temperatures were highest. The degree of bleaching response among sites was not simply thermal-dependent but species-related. Several species of Acropora (A. digitifera, A. nobilis, A. formosa, A. pulchra, A. microphthalma, A. hyacinthus, A. echinata, A. subglabra, and so on) suffered the most damage from bleaching, and consequently the rich coral communities disappeared from the outer reef flat and the reef slope. At the inner reef flat, some species of Montipora (M digitata, M cactus, M stellata, M aequituberculata) recovered considerably after bleaching, despite conspicuous bleaching during the early bleaching phase. The present results indicate the possibility that some species inhabiting under thermally severe conditions have potentially acclimatized enough to endure such stress, and consequently they could live for a long period of more than six months in a bleached condition. Although the species richness (number of species) decreased at all sites, the species diversity indices often increased as a few dominant species of Acropora were reduced, and as a consequence, species evenness increased.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"310 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132033254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Species composition of soft corals from the Yaeyama and Miyako island groups, of Sakishima Is., located at the southern part of the Ryukyu Archipelago were studied during 1992 and 1993. SCUBA collections were carried out at 18 sites around the islands down to 30m. The collection, comprising approximately 200 specimens, yielded 45 species. The survey established two new species: Sinularia higai and S. tanakai, and in addition revealed 14 new zoogeographical records. Among the latter are Protodendron and Rhytisma species, which are the first records of these genera in the Ryukyu Archipelago. The obtained results along with a previous survey on Sesoko Is. show the genus Sinularia have the highest species diversity on the reefs, comprising 33-45% of total species number. Synthesizing the existing data for the south Ryukyu Archipelago yielded a total of 56 soft coral species (11 genera) of the families Clavulariidae, Tubiporidae, Alcyoniidae and Briareidae.Since the survey was conducted prior to the recent mass coral bleaching event (1998) in the region, it is of prime importance to monitor changes in soft coral species diversity and abundance there. Such data will indicate possible shifts in benthic community structure on the reefs and the rate of recovery.
{"title":"Soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of the southern Ryukyu Archipelago: The families Tubiporidae, Clavulariidae, Alcyoniidae and Briareidae","authors":"Y. Benayahu","doi":"10.3755/JCRS.2002.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/JCRS.2002.11","url":null,"abstract":"Species composition of soft corals from the Yaeyama and Miyako island groups, of Sakishima Is., located at the southern part of the Ryukyu Archipelago were studied during 1992 and 1993. SCUBA collections were carried out at 18 sites around the islands down to 30m. The collection, comprising approximately 200 specimens, yielded 45 species. The survey established two new species: Sinularia higai and S. tanakai, and in addition revealed 14 new zoogeographical records. Among the latter are Protodendron and Rhytisma species, which are the first records of these genera in the Ryukyu Archipelago. The obtained results along with a previous survey on Sesoko Is. show the genus Sinularia have the highest species diversity on the reefs, comprising 33-45% of total species number. Synthesizing the existing data for the south Ryukyu Archipelago yielded a total of 56 soft coral species (11 genera) of the families Clavulariidae, Tubiporidae, Alcyoniidae and Briareidae.Since the survey was conducted prior to the recent mass coral bleaching event (1998) in the region, it is of prime importance to monitor changes in soft coral species diversity and abundance there. Such data will indicate possible shifts in benthic community structure on the reefs and the rate of recovery.","PeriodicalId":432348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Coral Reef Society","volume":"83 1 Pt 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123281019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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