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In the Driver’s Seat: The Role of Transformational Leadership in Safe and Productive Truck Cargo Transport 坐在驾驶座上:变革型领导在安全和高效的卡车货物运输中的作用
Pub Date : 2021-03-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3822285
Alexandros Pasparakis, Jelle de Vries, M. B. M. de Koster, D. Roy
This study investigates the effect of safety-specific transformational leadership (SSTL) on the performance outcomes of safe driving and driving productivity in both long and short-haul truck cargo transport. We conduct our study in the context of a hazardous material (HAZMAT) Indian transport company using a sample of 1,196 trips across 104 unique routes, and driven by 71 truck drivers over a 30-month span. We establish that SSTL is beneficial for truck driving productivity as it positively influences driving productivity in long-haul trips. There is no conclusive evidence of a negative effect on the productivity in short-haul trips. Furthermore, our results show that more experienced drivers are also more likely to indulge in risky driving behavior. Our findings have immediate practical applications for transport companies that wish to promote operational safety, while safeguarding and even improving operational productivity.
本研究探讨了安全转型领导(SSTL)对长短途卡车货物运输中安全驾驶绩效结果和驾驶效率的影响。我们以一家危险物质(HAZMAT)印度运输公司为背景进行研究,使用了71名卡车司机在30个月内驾驶的104条不同路线上的1,196次旅行样本。我们确定了SSTL有利于卡车驾驶效率,因为它对长途旅行的驾驶效率有积极的影响。没有确凿的证据表明短途旅行对生产力有负面影响。此外,我们的研究结果表明,经验丰富的司机也更有可能沉迷于危险的驾驶行为。我们的研究结果对希望促进运营安全,同时保障甚至提高运营生产力的运输公司具有直接的实际应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Smart Navigation via Strategic Communications in a Mixed Autonomous Paradigm 混合自治模式下基于战略通信的智能导航
Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3752727
Yonghui Chen, Ailing Xu, Qiaochu He, Ying‐Ju Chen
This paper investigates the optimal information design for a system to minimize congestion cost in the presence of both autonomous vehicles (AVs) and human-driven vehicles (HVs). We incorporate asymmetric information between AVs and HVs in a routing game where there are two routes available and one of them has a state-dependent congestion cost. AVs are informed of the state and make choices as a fleet while HVs rely on information provided by the system and make self-interested choices. The system designs information in a Bayesian persuasion manner aiming to mitigate HVs' selfish routing such that traffic congestion cost is minimized. We show that the penetration of AVs can mitigate HVs' overcrowding problem and the first-best can be achieved when the fleet size of AVs reaches a high level. We find that it is optimal for the system to randomize in providing traffic information rather than to provide perfect information to HVs. When the information distortion is mild, HVs overcrowd the more desirable route as in the complete information benchmark. When the information distortion is strong enough, their behaviors are flipped and overcrowd the less desirable route. Interestingly, our research sheds light on the interaction of AV platooning and information provision. Finally, credibility constraint limits the social planner's persuasion power in navigating HVs away from overcrowding the more desirable route. When the fraction of AVs is high enough, the first-best can be achieved through the synergy of AV platooning and information provision.
本文研究了在自动驾驶车辆(AVs)和人类驾驶车辆(HVs)同时存在的情况下,系统的最优信息设计以最小化拥堵成本。我们将自动驾驶汽车和hv之间的不对称信息纳入路由博弈中,其中有两条可用的路线,其中一条具有依赖于状态的拥堵成本。自动驾驶汽车作为一个车队了解状态并做出选择,而hv依赖系统提供的信息并做出自利的选择。该系统以贝叶斯说服的方式设计信息,以减轻hv的自私路由,使交通拥堵成本最小化。研究表明,自动驾驶汽车的普及可以缓解HVs的拥挤问题,当自动驾驶汽车的车队规模达到较高水平时,可以实现最佳。我们发现,系统在向hv提供交通信息时,随机化是最优的,而不是提供完美的信息。当信息失真较轻时,hv会像完全信息基准时那样过度拥挤更理想的路线。当信息扭曲足够强烈时,他们的行为就会发生翻转,并过度拥挤在不理想的路线上。有趣的是,我们的研究揭示了自动驾驶队列和信息提供的相互作用。最后,可信度约束限制了社会规划者在引导HVs远离拥挤的更理想的路线时的说服力。当自动驾驶汽车的比例足够高时,通过自动驾驶汽车队列和信息提供的协同作用可以实现第一优。
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引用次数: 0
Perception vs. Reality: The Aviation Noise Complaint Effect on Home Prices 感知与现实:航空噪音投诉对房价的影响
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3838356
Felix L. Friedt, Jeffrey P. Cohen
Intercity air transportation has grown rapidly in recent decades and creates significant noise pollution that affects health. Previous research quantifies the losses that are capitalized into home values. Much research relies heavily on spatially restrictive noise contour plots to identify the house price discounts and determine economic damages. We break new ground by investigating whether residential noise complaints can offer insights on aircraft noise pollution and housing price impacts experienced by residents near Minneapolis-Saint-Paul International Airport outside of contour boundaries. Our findings indicate noise complaints are a reliable measure of residential noise annoyance and have a significant adverse effect on home prices extending nearly twice as far (10 km) as contours. Reevaluating economic damages based on our results indicates contour-based calculations severely underestimate aircraft-noise-pollution-induced losses incurred by homeowners and suggests $154 million of $167 million in post-abatement damages are borne by residents located outside the regulated Minneapolis contour area.
近几十年来,城际航空运输发展迅速,造成了严重的噪音污染,影响健康。先前的研究量化了资本化为房屋价值的损失。许多研究严重依赖于空间限制性噪声等高线图来确定房价折扣和确定经济损失。我们通过调查住宅噪音投诉是否可以为明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗国际机场附近轮廓边界外的居民所经历的飞机噪音污染和房价影响提供见解,开辟了新的领域。我们的研究结果表明,噪音投诉是住宅噪音烦恼的可靠衡量标准,并对房价产生重大不利影响,其延伸距离(10公里)几乎是等高线的两倍。根据我们的结果重新评估经济损失表明,基于等高线的计算严重低估了飞机噪音污染引起的房主损失,并表明1.67亿美元的减排后损失中有1.54亿美元由位于受监管的明尼阿波利斯等高线区域以外的居民承担。
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引用次数: 7
Airport Dominance, Route Network Design and Flight Delays 机场优势、航线网络设计与航班延误
Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3711571
Joan Calzada, Xavier Fageda
In this paper, we use detailed information of weather conditions, Eurocontrol regulations and strikes to examine the main drivers of flight delays in six Spanish airports in the period 2017–2018. We show that external shocks are an important driver of delays for low-cost and dominant airlines at large airports. Dominant airlines have better on-time performance when they operate hub-and-spoke networks, although this can be partially explained by their more frequent use of schedule padding. Finally, we find no direct evidence that competition at route level affects delays, although padding is more frequent when route competition is weak.
在本文中,我们使用天气条件、欧洲管制条例和罢工的详细信息来研究2017-2018年期间西班牙六个机场航班延误的主要驱动因素。我们表明,外部冲击是大型机场低成本和占主导地位的航空公司延误的重要驱动因素。当主导航空公司运营中心辐射式网络时,它们的准点率会更高,尽管这可以部分解释为它们更频繁地使用航班填充。最后,我们没有发现直接证据表明路由层面的竞争影响延迟,尽管当路由竞争较弱时填充更频繁。
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引用次数: 3
Brazilian Railways Relations of Production Density, Scale, Scope and Efficiency 巴西铁路生产密度、规模、范围和效率的关系
Pub Date : 2020-08-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3681559
Francisco Gildemir Ferreira da Silva
This article proposes a non-parametric approach to measure scale and scope and a descriptive study to address the relation of the railways’ production density, scale scope and efficiency using a system of equations, graphic analysis, simple regressions and a proposal for the automatic selection of variables for non-parametric analysis purposes that reduces subjectivity. There is a perceptible, statistically significant relation of production density with scale and positive efficiency, suggesting a relation between increase in net freight per kilometre transported and efficiency gains via scale level, but the relation with economies of scope indicate the possibility of diseconomy occurring, albeit not statistically significant. Furthermore, there is heterogeneity among the production scales. The results show the need for further investigation because scale is influenced by production density insofar as the companies with the greatest production density are those with the greatest efficiency but there is no linearity in the economies of scope indicator.
本文提出了一种非参数方法来衡量规模和范围,并提出了一种描述性研究,以解决铁路生产密度、规模范围和效率之间的关系,使用方程组、图形分析、简单回归,并提出了一种用于减少主观性的非参数分析目的的变量自动选择的建议。生产密度与规模和正效率之间存在明显的、统计上显著的关系,这表明每公里运输净货运的增加与通过规模水平获得的效率提高之间存在关系,但与范围经济的关系表明不经济发生的可能性,尽管在统计上不显著。此外,生产规模之间存在异质性。结果表明,规模受生产密度的影响,生产密度最大的企业是效率最高的企业,但范围经济指标不存在线性关系,因此需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Flexibility Strategy Under Supply and Demand Risk 供需风险下的柔性策略
Pub Date : 2020-07-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3656803
Yimin Wang, S. Webster
Problem Definition: With heightened global uncertainty, supply chain managers are under increasing pressure to craft strategies that accommodate both supply and demand risks. While flexibility is a well-understood strategy to accommodate risk, there is no clear guidance on the optimal flexibility configuration of a supply network that comprises both unreliable primary suppliers and reliable backup suppliers. Academic/Practical Relevance: Existing literature examines the value of flexibility with primary and backup suppliers independently. For a risk-neutral firm, research shows that (a) adding flexibility to an unreliable primary supplier (in absence of backup supply) is always beneficial, and (b) adding flexibility to a reliable backup supplier (in absence of primary supplier flexibility) is always valuable. It is unclear, however, how flexibility should be incorporated into a supply network with both unreliable primary suppliers and reliable backup suppliers. This research studies whether flexibility should be embedded in a primary supplier, a backup supplier, or both. Methodology: We develop a normative model to analyze when flexibility benefits and when it hurts. Results: Compared with a base case of no flexibility, we prove that embedding flexibility in either primary or backup suppliers is always beneficial. However, embedding flexibility in both primary and backup suppliers can be counterproductive because the supply chain performance can decline with saturated flexibility, even if flexibility is costless. A key reason is that the risk-aggregation effect of embedding flexibility in an unreliable supplier becomes more salient when flexibility is already embedded in a backup supplier. Managerial Implications: This research refines the existing understanding of flexibility by illustrating that adding flexibility is not always beneficial. When there is a choice, a firm should prioritize embedding flexibility in a reliable backup supplier.
问题定义:随着全球不确定性的增加,供应链管理人员面临着越来越大的压力,他们需要制定适应供需风险的战略。虽然灵活性是一种众所周知的适应风险的策略,但对于由不可靠的主要供应商和可靠的备用供应商组成的供应网络的最佳灵活性配置,没有明确的指导。学术/实践相关性:现有文献独立考察了主要和备用供应商的灵活性价值。对于风险中性企业,研究表明:(a)在不可靠的主要供应商(缺乏备用供应商)上增加灵活性总是有益的,(b)在可靠的备用供应商(缺乏主要供应商灵活性)上增加灵活性总是有价值的。然而,目前尚不清楚如何将灵活性纳入一个既有不可靠的主要供应商又有可靠的备用供应商的供应网络。本研究探讨是否应在主要供应商、备用供应商或两者中嵌入灵活性。方法:我们开发了一个规范模型来分析灵活性何时有益,何时有害。结果:与没有灵活性的基本情况相比,我们证明了在主供应商或备用供应商中嵌入灵活性总是有益的。然而,在主要和备用供应商中嵌入灵活性可能会适得其反,因为即使灵活性是无成本的,供应链的性能也会随着灵活性的饱和而下降。一个关键的原因是,在一个不可靠的供应商中嵌入灵活性的风险聚集效应会在一个备用供应商中嵌入灵活性时变得更加突出。管理意义:本研究通过说明增加灵活性并不总是有益的,从而改进了对灵活性的现有理解。当有选择时,公司应该优先考虑在可靠的备用供应商中嵌入灵活性。
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引用次数: 0
Auction-Based Permit Allocation and Sharing System (A-Pass) for Travel Demand Management 以拍卖方式分配及分享通行证的交通需求管理系统
Pub Date : 2020-01-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3529527
Ruijie Li, Marco Nie, Xiaobo Liu
We propose a novel quantity-based demand management system aiming to promote ride-sharing. The system sells the permit to access a facility (conceptualized as a bottleneck) by auction but encourages commuters to share the permits with each other. The permit is classified according to access time and the commuters may be assigned one of the three roles: solo driver, ride-sharing driver, or rider. At the core of this auction-based permit allocation and sharing system (A-PASS) is a trilateral matching problem (TMP) that matches permits, drivers and riders. We formulate TMP as an integer program, and prove it can be reduced to an equivalent linear program. A pricing policy based on the classical Vickrey-Clark-Gloves (VCG) mechanism is proposed to determine the payment for each commuter. We prove, under the VCG policy, different commuters will pay exactly the same price as long as their role and access time are the same. We also show A-PASS can eliminate any deficit that may arise from the VCG policy by controlling the number of shared rides. Results of numerical experiment suggest A-PASS strongly promote rider-sharing. As ride-sharing increases, all stake holders are better off: the ride-sharing platform receives greater profits, the commuters enjoy higher utility, and the society benefits from more efficient utilization of infrastructure.
我们提出了一种新的基于数量的需求管理系统,旨在促进乘车共享。该系统通过拍卖出售使用设施的许可证(概念上是瓶颈),但鼓励通勤者彼此分享许可证。许可证根据进出时间进行分类,通勤者可以被分配三种角色中的一种:单独司机、拼车司机或乘客。这种基于拍卖的许可证分配和共享系统(a - pass)的核心是一个三方匹配问题(TMP),该问题将许可证、司机和乘客匹配起来。我们将TMP表示为一个整数规划,并证明了它可以简化为一个等价的线性规划。提出了一种基于经典维克瑞-克拉克-手套(VCG)机制的定价策略来确定每个通勤者的支付。我们证明,在VCG政策下,只要不同的通勤者的角色和到达时间相同,他们所支付的价格是完全相同的。我们还表明,A-PASS可以通过控制共享车辆的数量来消除VCG政策可能产生的任何赤字。数值实验结果表明,A-PASS对拼车有较强的促进作用。随着拼车的增加,所有利益相关者都变得更好:拼车平台获得更大的利润,通勤者享有更高的效用,社会受益于更有效地利用基础设施。
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引用次数: 6
Exploring Best Practice for Municipal E-Scooter Policy in the United States 探索美国市政电动滑板车政策的最佳实践
Pub Date : 2020-01-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3512725
W. Riggs, Matthew Kawashima
The transportation and mobility landscape has changed at exponential rates in recent years. This is particularly evident in the spread and use of e-scooters in the United States. It is widely agreed that municipalities need to regulate the deployment of this new form of mobility to capture some of the benefits that these devices provide but also mitigate any impacts and risks associated with their use. This paper evaluates municipalities in the United States that currently have e-scooters deployed and seeks to identify any trends in their policy for regulating e-scooters. As many communities still do not have policy in place, this study seeks to serve as a benchmark for communities seeking to develop policy surrounding e-scooter use and deployment. While there are a variety of issues surrounding e-scooters that need to be analyzed, this study specifically looks at the implementation of pilot programs; e-scooter vendor limits or caps; and the inclusion of equity policy.
近年来,交通和出行的格局发生了指数级的变化。这一点在美国电动滑板车的普及和使用中尤为明显。人们普遍认为,市政当局需要规范这种新型移动出行方式的部署,以获取这些设备提供的一些好处,同时也要减轻其使用带来的影响和风险。本文评估了目前部署电动滑板车的美国市政当局,并试图确定其监管电动滑板车的政策中的任何趋势。由于许多社区仍未制定相关政策,本研究旨在为寻求制定电动滑板车使用和部署政策的社区提供基准。虽然围绕电动滑板车有各种各样的问题需要分析,但这项研究特别关注试点项目的实施;电动踏板车供应商限制或上限;并纳入公平政策。
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引用次数: 29
Choice-Based Airline Schedule Design and Fleet Assignment: A Decomposition Approach 基于选择的航空公司时刻表设计和机队分配:一种分解方法
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3513164
Chiwei Yan, C. Barnhart, Vikrant Vaze
We study an integrated airline schedule design and fleet assignment model for constructing schedules by simultaneously selecting from a pool of optional flights and assigning fleet types to these scheduled flights. This is a crucial tactical decision that greatly influences airline profits. As passenger demand is often substitutable among available fare products (defined as a combination of an itinerary and a fare class) between the same origin–destination pair, we present an optimization approach that includes a passenger choice model for fare product selections. To tackle the formidable computational challenge of solving this large-scale network design problem, we propose a decomposition approach based on partitioning the flight network into smaller subnetworks by exploiting weak dependencies in network structure. The decomposition relies on a series of approximation analyses and a novel fare split problem to allocate optimally the fares of products that are shared by flights in different subnetworks. We present several reformulations that represent fleet assignment and schedule decisions and formally characterize their relative strengths. This gives rise to a new reformulation that is able to trade off strength and size flexibly. We conduct detailed computational experiments using two realistically sized airline instances to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Under a simulated passenger booking environment with both perfect and imperfect forecasts, we show that the fleeting and scheduling decisions informed by our approach deliver significant and robust profit improvement over all benchmark implementations and previous models in the literature.
本文研究了一种集成的航空公司时刻表设计和机队分配模型,该模型通过同时从可选航班池中进行选择并为这些定期航班分配机队类型来构建航班时刻表。这是一个关键的战术决策,对航空公司的利润有很大的影响。由于乘客需求在同一出发地对之间的可用票价产品(定义为行程和票价等级的组合)之间通常是可替代的,因此我们提出了一种优化方法,该方法包括票价产品选择的乘客选择模型。为了解决解决这种大规模网络设计问题的巨大计算挑战,我们提出了一种基于利用网络结构中的弱依赖性将飞行网络划分为更小的子网的分解方法。该分解依赖于一系列近似分析和一种新的票价分配问题,以最优分配不同子网中航班共享产品的票价。我们提出了几个代表车队分配和时间表决策的重新表述,并正式描述了它们的相对优势。这就产生了一种新的重新配方,能够灵活地权衡强度和大小。我们使用两个实际大小的航空公司实例进行了详细的计算实验,以证明我们的方法的有效性。在具有完美和不完美预测的模拟乘客预订环境下,我们表明,与所有基准实施和文献中的先前模型相比,我们的方法所提供的短暂和调度决策提供了显着且稳健的利润改善。
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引用次数: 10
Joint Scheduling of Vessel Traffic and Pilots in Seaport Waters 海港水域船舶交通和引航员联合调度
Pub Date : 2019-12-03 DOI: 10.1287/TRSC.2020.0990
Shuai Jia, Lingxiao Wu, Q. Meng
In the busiest seaports, vessel traffic and vessel pilotage management play a crucial role in congestion mitigation. The management of vessel traffic and pilotage involves scheduling the vessels fo...
在最繁忙的海港,船舶交通和船舶引航管理在缓解拥堵方面发挥着至关重要的作用。船舶交通和引航管理包括安排船舶到…
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引用次数: 24
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Transportation Science eJournal
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