The Fehmarn Belt is a strait between Denmark and Germany, currently served by a ferry. This note analyses the theory of competition between the ferry and a planned tunnel, the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link. The model is an asymmetric duopoly and addresses two questions: 1. Will the tunnel induce the ferry to exit the market, once it operates? 2. Will the tunnel's toll revenue suffice to cover its cost? To complement the theoretical analysis, the note provides results of a numerical application.
{"title":"The Fehmarn Belt Duopoly - Can the Ferry Compete with a Tunnel?","authors":"Rafael Aigner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2714785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2714785","url":null,"abstract":"The Fehmarn Belt is a strait between Denmark and Germany, currently served by a ferry. This note analyses the theory of competition between the ferry and a planned tunnel, the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link. The model is an asymmetric duopoly and addresses two questions: 1. Will the tunnel induce the ferry to exit the market, once it operates? 2. Will the tunnel's toll revenue suffice to cover its cost? To complement the theoretical analysis, the note provides results of a numerical application.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130386291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015 of World Economic Forum (WEF) reveals that the discrimination according to gender is, inter alia, a typical example of social exclusion that have a considerable negative impact on the competitiveness of a nation. The report also suggests that the international community has made noteworthy progress in defining inclusive growth. However, agreeing on a comprehensive and more actionable framework remains an ongoing challenge. According to WEF, promoting gender parity is one of key areas of this initial framework which will be used as a point of departure for a series of policy dialogues among policymakers, business leaders, and other opinion shapes.
{"title":"Enhancing the Power of Women in Logistics and Transport","authors":"Prof(Dr) Lalith Edirisinghe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2966750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2966750","url":null,"abstract":"The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015 of World Economic Forum (WEF) reveals that the discrimination according to gender is, inter alia, a typical example of social exclusion that have a considerable negative impact on the competitiveness of a nation. The report also suggests that the international community has made noteworthy progress in defining inclusive growth. However, agreeing on a comprehensive and more actionable framework remains an ongoing challenge. According to WEF, promoting gender parity is one of key areas of this initial framework which will be used as a point of departure for a series of policy dialogues among policymakers, business leaders, and other opinion shapes.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128307207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education-based travel constitutes a substantial portion of the total volume of passenger traffic. Nonetheless, so far neither transport nor education policy has recognised it as a matter of interest. A study on the commuting behaviour of secondary-level students in Austria provides detailed information on the structure of commuting relations and characteristic differences between certain types of schools. Furthermore, the influence of specific socio-economic factors – share of people with foreign citizenship, unemployment rate, share of people with tertiary education – on the propensity to commute into another school region has been estimated by spatial interaction modelling. The results suggest that processes of segregation and specialisation are at work which, eventually, may lead to growing distances between residential and school locations.
{"title":"Socio-Economic Determinants of Education-Based Travel in Austria: Evidence from a Spatial Interaction Modelling Perspective","authors":"A. Kaufmann, Thomas Scherngell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2571226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2571226","url":null,"abstract":"Education-based travel constitutes a substantial portion of the total volume of passenger traffic. Nonetheless, so far neither transport nor education policy has recognised it as a matter of interest. A study on the commuting behaviour of secondary-level students in Austria provides detailed information on the structure of commuting relations and characteristic differences between certain types of schools. Furthermore, the influence of specific socio-economic factors – share of people with foreign citizenship, unemployment rate, share of people with tertiary education – on the propensity to commute into another school region has been estimated by spatial interaction modelling. The results suggest that processes of segregation and specialisation are at work which, eventually, may lead to growing distances between residential and school locations.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125329386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses some of the early policy concerns about "connected cars" and driverless vehicles and promotes "bottom-up" solutions to ensure that innovation continues to flourish in this space. The authors argue that the generally unabated advancement of intelligent-vehicle technology will produce significant economic and social benefits. Various technical and policy barriers to more widespread adoption remain, however, and misguided regulation could delay or curtail the adoption of this important technology. This paper outlines ways of overcoming those hurdles. The authors also argue that policymakers should keep in mind that individuals have gradually adapted to similar disruptions in the past and, therefore, patience and humility are needed when considering policy for intelligent-vehicle systems.
{"title":"Removing Roadblocks to Intelligent Vehicles and Driverless Cars","authors":"Adam Thierer, Ryan Hagemann","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2496929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2496929","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses some of the early policy concerns about \"connected cars\" and driverless vehicles and promotes \"bottom-up\" solutions to ensure that innovation continues to flourish in this space. The authors argue that the generally unabated advancement of intelligent-vehicle technology will produce significant economic and social benefits. Various technical and policy barriers to more widespread adoption remain, however, and misguided regulation could delay or curtail the adoption of this important technology. This paper outlines ways of overcoming those hurdles. The authors also argue that policymakers should keep in mind that individuals have gradually adapted to similar disruptions in the past and, therefore, patience and humility are needed when considering policy for intelligent-vehicle systems.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114043052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates empirically the consumer demand of environmentally relevant goods for Germany, as well as their relationship to the demand for leisure. Higher prices for energy goods like gas, electricity or fuel oil due to higher indirect taxation amongst others may have serious welfare and distributional effects for households. Also, there is very little evidence of the labor market implications of environmental taxation, as there is e.g. no quantification of labor supply effects, respectively leisure demand effects for Germany. Using a demand system to estimate the price, cross-price and income effects of the goods mobility, electricity, heating and leisure from microdata, there will also be accounted for the extensive demand for leisure, which is the not negligible labor market participation. Additionally, the extensive and intensive leisure demand is combined to total leisure demand elasticities, which can then be used for welfare and behavior analyses.
{"title":"Estimating a Consumer Demand System of Energy, Mobility and Leisure: A Microdata Approach for Germany","authors":"Martin Beznoska","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2433025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2433025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates empirically the consumer demand of environmentally relevant goods for Germany, as well as their relationship to the demand for leisure. Higher prices for energy goods like gas, electricity or fuel oil due to higher indirect taxation amongst others may have serious welfare and distributional effects for households. Also, there is very little evidence of the labor market implications of environmental taxation, as there is e.g. no quantification of labor supply effects, respectively leisure demand effects for Germany. Using a demand system to estimate the price, cross-price and income effects of the goods mobility, electricity, heating and leisure from microdata, there will also be accounted for the extensive demand for leisure, which is the not negligible labor market participation. Additionally, the extensive and intensive leisure demand is combined to total leisure demand elasticities, which can then be used for welfare and behavior analyses.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122970919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new controversial point of view on traffic congestion is presented. In this article we consider the trade-off between regular part of near optimal vehicle traffic and the effect of random instability triggering congestion. Authors present this work as Discussion Paper and hence are open for questions and comments. Despite the fact that the outcome of our study looks highly controversial it also provides realistic practical ways for Traffic Management Operator of handling congestion problem. The discussion on this topic would benefit from the research project(s) investigating the relationship between regular and random components of traffic.
{"title":"Random Component of Traffic Triggers Congestion","authors":"A. Reztsov, Roy Wilson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2401883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2401883","url":null,"abstract":"A new controversial point of view on traffic congestion is presented. In this article we consider the trade-off between regular part of near optimal vehicle traffic and the effect of random instability triggering congestion. Authors present this work as Discussion Paper and hence are open for questions and comments. Despite the fact that the outcome of our study looks highly controversial it also provides realistic practical ways for Traffic Management Operator of handling congestion problem. The discussion on this topic would benefit from the research project(s) investigating the relationship between regular and random components of traffic.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124428357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indore is a typical tier-2 town in the central province of India, fast becoming a regional commercial hub in an economically booming state. The city has a population of over 2 million with no significant public transport. Among the multiple options available, the city started implementing a dedicated corridor based Bus Rapid Transport System (BRTS). The project was jointly mooted by the central, state, and city authorities. However, the system encountered a range of problems, including conflicts and pulls between multiple implementing agencies, delays in delivery of hardware and constructions, land acquisition and compensation, vested interests, public interest litigations, and court orders. The paper analyses the BRTS, introduced in Indore in the midst of 2013, from multiple party perspectives with an underlying search for public policy and public management insights. The broad results indicate feasibility and desirability of the project; however, real problems emerge in public and public perception management.
{"title":"Driving a Bus in India: A Study of Indore Bus Rapid Transport System","authors":"Siddhartha K. Rastogi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2417574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2417574","url":null,"abstract":"Indore is a typical tier-2 town in the central province of India, fast becoming a regional commercial hub in an economically booming state. The city has a population of over 2 million with no significant public transport. Among the multiple options available, the city started implementing a dedicated corridor based Bus Rapid Transport System (BRTS). The project was jointly mooted by the central, state, and city authorities. However, the system encountered a range of problems, including conflicts and pulls between multiple implementing agencies, delays in delivery of hardware and constructions, land acquisition and compensation, vested interests, public interest litigations, and court orders. The paper analyses the BRTS, introduced in Indore in the midst of 2013, from multiple party perspectives with an underlying search for public policy and public management insights. The broad results indicate feasibility and desirability of the project; however, real problems emerge in public and public perception management.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121105352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The city of San Francisco is undertaking a large-scale controlled parking pricing experiment. San Francisco has adopted a performance goal of 60% to 80% occupancy for its metered parking. The goal represents an heuristic performance measure intended to reduce double parking and cruising for parking, and improve the driver experience; it follows a wave of academic and policy literature that calls for adjusting on-street parking prices to achieve similar occupancy targets. In this paper, we evaluate the relationship between occupancy rules and metrics of direct policy interest, such as the probability of finding a parking space, the amount of cruising, and show how cruising and arrival rates can be simulated or estimated from hourly occupancy data. Further, we evaluate the impacts of the first two years of the San Francisco program, and conclude that rate changes have helped achieve the City’s occupancy goal and reduced cruising by 50%.
{"title":"Is the Curb 80% Full or 20% Empty? Assessing the Impacts of San Francisco's Parking Pricing Experiment","authors":"A. Millard‐Ball, R. Weinberger, R. Hampshire","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2338230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2338230","url":null,"abstract":"The city of San Francisco is undertaking a large-scale controlled parking pricing experiment. San Francisco has adopted a performance goal of 60% to 80% occupancy for its metered parking. The goal represents an heuristic performance measure intended to reduce double parking and cruising for parking, and improve the driver experience; it follows a wave of academic and policy literature that calls for adjusting on-street parking prices to achieve similar occupancy targets. In this paper, we evaluate the relationship between occupancy rules and metrics of direct policy interest, such as the probability of finding a parking space, the amount of cruising, and show how cruising and arrival rates can be simulated or estimated from hourly occupancy data. Further, we evaluate the impacts of the first two years of the San Francisco program, and conclude that rate changes have helped achieve the City’s occupancy goal and reduced cruising by 50%.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126147895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Speed limit is imposed for some purposes: oil saving and safety, for example. This paper proves that none is justified. Speed limit reduces road capacity, or equivalently stated more roads are needed for the same traffic flow. This paper shows how traffic economists have misunderstood the traffic flow curve, and that some even have mistook it as a supply curve.
{"title":"The Dis-Economics of Speed Limit","authors":"Hak Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2352230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2352230","url":null,"abstract":"Speed limit is imposed for some purposes: oil saving and safety, for example. This paper proves that none is justified. Speed limit reduces road capacity, or equivalently stated more roads are needed for the same traffic flow. This paper shows how traffic economists have misunderstood the traffic flow curve, and that some even have mistook it as a supply curve.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134503965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Peer, J. Knockaert, P. Koster, Yin‐Yen Tseng, E. Verhoef
A common way to determine values of travel time and schedule delay is to estimate departure time choice models, using stated preference (SP) or revealed preference (RP) data. The latter are used less frequently, mainly because of the di fficulties to collect the data required for the model estimation. One main requirement is knowledge of the (expected) travel times for both chosen and unchosen departure time alternatives. As the availability of such data is limited, most RP-based scheduling models only take into account travel times on trip segments rather than door-to-door travel times, or use very rough measures of door-to-door travel times. We show that ignoring the temporal and spatial variation of travel times, and, in particular, the correlation of travel times across links may lead to biased estimates of the value of time (VOT). To approximate door-to-door travel times for which no complete measurement is possible, we develop a method that relates travel times on links with continuous speed measurements to travel times on links where relatively infrequent GPS-based speed measurements are available. We use geographically weighted regression to estimate the location-specific relation between the speeds on these two types of links, which is then used for travel time prediction at different locations, days, and times of the day. This method is not only useful for the approximation of door-to-door travel times in departure time choice models, but is generally relevant for predicting travel times in situations where continuous speed measurements can be enriched with GPS data.
{"title":"Door-to-Door Travel Times in RP Departure Time Choice Models: An Approximation Method Based on GPS Data","authors":"S. Peer, J. Knockaert, P. Koster, Yin‐Yen Tseng, E. Verhoef","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1976147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1976147","url":null,"abstract":"A common way to determine values of travel time and schedule delay is to estimate departure time choice models, using stated preference (SP) or revealed preference (RP) data. The latter are used less frequently, mainly because of the di fficulties to collect the data required for the model estimation. One main requirement is knowledge of the (expected) travel times for both chosen and unchosen departure time alternatives. As the availability of such data is limited, most RP-based scheduling models only take into account travel times on trip segments rather than door-to-door travel times, or use very rough measures of door-to-door travel times. We show that ignoring the temporal and spatial variation of travel times, and, in particular, the correlation of travel times across links may lead to biased estimates of the value of time (VOT). To approximate door-to-door travel times for which no complete measurement is possible, we develop a method that relates travel times on links with continuous speed measurements to travel times on links where relatively infrequent GPS-based speed measurements are available. We use geographically weighted regression to estimate the location-specific relation between the speeds on these two types of links, which is then used for travel time prediction at different locations, days, and times of the day. This method is not only useful for the approximation of door-to-door travel times in departure time choice models, but is generally relevant for predicting travel times in situations where continuous speed measurements can be enriched with GPS data.","PeriodicalId":432405,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Science eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125841450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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