During the past seven years the Federal Aviation Administration has had a research program called the Terminal Area Surveillance System (TASS) to develop the next generation airport surveillance radar. At present the FAA has two radars for aircraft and weather surveillance at the major airports. One of these radars, the ASR-9, is for aircraft surveillance and rain intensity. The other, the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar, is for detecting wind shear. The concept of TASS is to develop a system which will replace both radars with a single radar. A radar with back-to-back phased array antennas is a promising concept to satisfy the need for safe air traffic control at a reasonable cost.
{"title":"Dual-use air traffic control radar","authors":"L. Buckler","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677972","url":null,"abstract":"During the past seven years the Federal Aviation Administration has had a research program called the Terminal Area Surveillance System (TASS) to develop the next generation airport surveillance radar. At present the FAA has two radars for aircraft and weather surveillance at the major airports. One of these radars, the ASR-9, is for aircraft surveillance and rain intensity. The other, the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar, is for detecting wind shear. The concept of TASS is to develop a system which will replace both radars with a single radar. A radar with back-to-back phased array antennas is a promising concept to satisfy the need for safe air traffic control at a reasonable cost.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123863363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a system description, along with data examples, for an ultrawideband instrumentation radar which has been used by the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory to measure low grazing angle sea clutter at X-band frequencies (3 cm wavelength). The radar system employs a video impulse excited traveling wave tube (TWT), dual wideband horns and multiple head, digital sampling oscilloscope circuitry. In its highest resolution mode, the system utilizes sub-nanosecond transmit pulses (0.15 ns, 3 dB pulsewidth) at a 9 GHz center frequency to achieve resolutions as fine as 2 cm in the range dimension. Multiple resolution waveforms, combined with dual polarization, provide insights into the varied and dynamic character of the radar sea clutter. Upwind data examples, measured at a 4 degree grazing angle in 20 knot winds, are examined.
{"title":"Ultrawideband sea clutter: system and measurements at X-band","authors":"J. Hansen, K. Scheff","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678034","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a system description, along with data examples, for an ultrawideband instrumentation radar which has been used by the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory to measure low grazing angle sea clutter at X-band frequencies (3 cm wavelength). The radar system employs a video impulse excited traveling wave tube (TWT), dual wideband horns and multiple head, digital sampling oscilloscope circuitry. In its highest resolution mode, the system utilizes sub-nanosecond transmit pulses (0.15 ns, 3 dB pulsewidth) at a 9 GHz center frequency to achieve resolutions as fine as 2 cm in the range dimension. Multiple resolution waveforms, combined with dual polarization, provide insights into the varied and dynamic character of the radar sea clutter. Upwind data examples, measured at a 4 degree grazing angle in 20 knot winds, are examined.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123928679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Cole, P.A. DeCesare, M. Martineau, R. Baker, S. M. Buswell
A new breed of terminal radar has been developed by Northrop Grumman that injects not only solid state technology but a host of other technological advancements to improve upon the performance capabilities of the present generation of terminal radars. The radar design was built upon the ASR-9 Moving Target Detection (MTD) technology due to it's superior Doppler resolution capabilities resulting in a solid state radar with the fourth generation of the MTD concept. This paper discusses the technologies developed for the new terminal radar and dwells on an important factor that is often overlooked-the human interface.
{"title":"ASR-12: a next generation solid state air traffic control radar","authors":"E. Cole, P.A. DeCesare, M. Martineau, R. Baker, S. M. Buswell","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677969","url":null,"abstract":"A new breed of terminal radar has been developed by Northrop Grumman that injects not only solid state technology but a host of other technological advancements to improve upon the performance capabilities of the present generation of terminal radars. The radar design was built upon the ASR-9 Moving Target Detection (MTD) technology due to it's superior Doppler resolution capabilities resulting in a solid state radar with the fourth generation of the MTD concept. This paper discusses the technologies developed for the new terminal radar and dwells on an important factor that is often overlooked-the human interface.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129205645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The classical problem of optimum detection of a complex signal of unknown amplitude in colored Gaussian noise is revisited. The focus, however, is on adaptive system designs with limited training data sets and low computational optimization complexity. In this context, the target vector is equipped with a carefully selected orthogonal auxiliary vector for disturbance suppression with one complex space-time degree of freedom. Direct generalization leads to adaptive generation of a sequence of conditionally optimized weighted auxiliary vectors that are orthogonal to each other and to the target vector of interest. This approach appears here for the first time. Adaptive disturbance suppression with any desired number of complex degrees of freedom below the data dimension is therefore possible. It is shown that processing with multiple auxiliary vectors falls under well known blocking-matrix processing principles. The proposed blocking matrix, however, is data dependent, adaptively generated, and no data eigen analysis is involved. While the issues treated refer to general adaptive detection procedures, the presentation is given in the context of joint space-time adaptive processing for array radars.
{"title":"Joint domain space-time adaptive processing with small training data sets","authors":"D. Pados, Tzeta Tsao, J. Michels, M. Wicks","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677984","url":null,"abstract":"The classical problem of optimum detection of a complex signal of unknown amplitude in colored Gaussian noise is revisited. The focus, however, is on adaptive system designs with limited training data sets and low computational optimization complexity. In this context, the target vector is equipped with a carefully selected orthogonal auxiliary vector for disturbance suppression with one complex space-time degree of freedom. Direct generalization leads to adaptive generation of a sequence of conditionally optimized weighted auxiliary vectors that are orthogonal to each other and to the target vector of interest. This approach appears here for the first time. Adaptive disturbance suppression with any desired number of complex degrees of freedom below the data dimension is therefore possible. It is shown that processing with multiple auxiliary vectors falls under well known blocking-matrix processing principles. The proposed blocking matrix, however, is data dependent, adaptively generated, and no data eigen analysis is involved. While the issues treated refer to general adaptive detection procedures, the presentation is given in the context of joint space-time adaptive processing for array radars.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128662574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The joint domain localized (JDL) adaptive processing algorithm mitigates interference in a localized processing region in the angle-Doppler domain. Spatial and temporal steering vectors transform the data collected in the space-time domain to the angle-Doppler domain. However, the JDL algorithm depends on the assumption that the spatial and temporal steering vectors form an orthogonal set. In practice, due to the mutual coupling between antenna elements, the spatial steering vectors do not form an orthogonal set. This paper presents a modification of the JDL algorithm to account for the non-orthogonality of these steering vectors. Examples from the multichannel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) database demonstrate the improvement in detection capability.
{"title":"Joint domain localized processing using measured spatial steering vectors","authors":"R. Adve, M. Wicks","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677995","url":null,"abstract":"The joint domain localized (JDL) adaptive processing algorithm mitigates interference in a localized processing region in the angle-Doppler domain. Spatial and temporal steering vectors transform the data collected in the space-time domain to the angle-Doppler domain. However, the JDL algorithm depends on the assumption that the spatial and temporal steering vectors form an orthogonal set. In practice, due to the mutual coupling between antenna elements, the spatial steering vectors do not form an orthogonal set. This paper presents a modification of the JDL algorithm to account for the non-orthogonality of these steering vectors. Examples from the multichannel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) database demonstrate the improvement in detection capability.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126388403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A key parameter affecting the ability of many radar to perform target identification is down-range resolution. A large radar instantaneous bandwidth permits the use of high range resolution (HRR) and rotational imaging. However, a narrow bandwidth phased array radar cannot support wideband signals because the array is steered by phase shift rather than time delay. This paper characterizes the array limitations as a function of bandwidth and presents a new methodology for synthesizing a wideband waveform with the use of very few (3 or 4) pulses. The technique is based on forming an inverse filter to reduce the high sidelobes and eliminate the grating lobes that would be generated when combining only a few pulses. It is demonstrated that the achieved HRR results using multiple processed linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals through adaptive inverse filters are about as good as those derived from a single wideband pulse of the same resultant bandwidth.
{"title":"Synthesizing a wideband waveform by using a phased array","authors":"Ching-tai Lin, B. Cantrell","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678028","url":null,"abstract":"A key parameter affecting the ability of many radar to perform target identification is down-range resolution. A large radar instantaneous bandwidth permits the use of high range resolution (HRR) and rotational imaging. However, a narrow bandwidth phased array radar cannot support wideband signals because the array is steered by phase shift rather than time delay. This paper characterizes the array limitations as a function of bandwidth and presents a new methodology for synthesizing a wideband waveform with the use of very few (3 or 4) pulses. The technique is based on forming an inverse filter to reduce the high sidelobes and eliminate the grating lobes that would be generated when combining only a few pulses. It is demonstrated that the achieved HRR results using multiple processed linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals through adaptive inverse filters are about as good as those derived from a single wideband pulse of the same resultant bandwidth.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131487572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we introduce the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) metric as a tool for selecting a rank reduction transformation that maximizes the output SINR of a direct form radar space-time adaptive processor. The SINR metric is used to identify the eigenvectors with the highest SINR metric which become the columns of the rank reduction transformation. The SINR metric method exhibits a graceful degradation in performance as the rank of the transformation approaches one.
{"title":"Selecting a reduced-rank transformation for STAP-a direct form perspective","authors":"S. Berger, B. Welsh","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677997","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we introduce the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) metric as a tool for selecting a rank reduction transformation that maximizes the output SINR of a direct form radar space-time adaptive processor. The SINR metric is used to identify the eigenvectors with the highest SINR metric which become the columns of the rank reduction transformation. The SINR metric method exhibits a graceful degradation in performance as the rank of the transformation approaches one.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"419 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116527170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Auxiliary array patterns in conjunction with the primary receive pattern are widely used for platform motion compensation in airborne and heliborne radar systems. An improved approach for radar auxiliary antenna design is presented. Two corresponding correction patterns of an arbitrary receive pattern are derived under a new criterion, in which the minimization of the total clutter residue averaged over all angles needs the least degree of freedom for the array, and therefore, with the possibly surplus degrees of freedom, the sidelobe level of the correction pattern can be further optimized. The results of simulation illustrate that the average clutter cancellation ratio approximates the optimal value and the additional clutter power from the correction patterns is minimized.
{"title":"Optimal antenna pattern design for platform motion compensation","authors":"Y. Ren, Y. Peng","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678025","url":null,"abstract":"Auxiliary array patterns in conjunction with the primary receive pattern are widely used for platform motion compensation in airborne and heliborne radar systems. An improved approach for radar auxiliary antenna design is presented. Two corresponding correction patterns of an arbitrary receive pattern are derived under a new criterion, in which the minimization of the total clutter residue averaged over all angles needs the least degree of freedom for the array, and therefore, with the possibly surplus degrees of freedom, the sidelobe level of the correction pattern can be further optimized. The results of simulation illustrate that the average clutter cancellation ratio approximates the optimal value and the additional clutter power from the correction patterns is minimized.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127055683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This blind adaptive interference rejection algorithm aims to null multiple smart jammers and background clutter impinging from unknown azimuths and elevations using a sensor array with unknown or uncalibrated array manifold. This algorithm, by exploiting the Doppler diversity and delay diversity amongst the desired signal and interference, separately estimates the spatial correlation matrix (R/sub I+N/) encompassing only the interference and noise and the spatial correlation matrix (R/sub S+I+N/) encompassing the desired signal plus interferences and noise. The eigenvector corresponding to the largest generalized eigenvalue of the matrix pencil pair (R/spl circ//sub S+I+N/,R/spl circ//sub I+N/) represents the optimum adaptive beamforming weight vector w/spl deg/ that will maximize the signal-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). This alternate ISR (intelligence/surveillance/reconnaissance) technology could lower the cost and may enhance the reliability of existing sensor-array adaptive beamforming technology in pulse radar systems, in military and commercial Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation devices, and in UAV electronic surveillance systems.
{"title":"Blind adaptive interference rejection based on Doppler/delay diversity between desired signal and interference/clutter","authors":"K.T. Wong","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678027","url":null,"abstract":"This blind adaptive interference rejection algorithm aims to null multiple smart jammers and background clutter impinging from unknown azimuths and elevations using a sensor array with unknown or uncalibrated array manifold. This algorithm, by exploiting the Doppler diversity and delay diversity amongst the desired signal and interference, separately estimates the spatial correlation matrix (R/sub I+N/) encompassing only the interference and noise and the spatial correlation matrix (R/sub S+I+N/) encompassing the desired signal plus interferences and noise. The eigenvector corresponding to the largest generalized eigenvalue of the matrix pencil pair (R/spl circ//sub S+I+N/,R/spl circ//sub I+N/) represents the optimum adaptive beamforming weight vector w/spl deg/ that will maximize the signal-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). This alternate ISR (intelligence/surveillance/reconnaissance) technology could lower the cost and may enhance the reliability of existing sensor-array adaptive beamforming technology in pulse radar systems, in military and commercial Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation devices, and in UAV electronic surveillance systems.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132946322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper shows that the previously proposed three-element interferometric technique does not increase the phase ambiguity range in a deterministic manner. Namely there is still a probability that catastrophic phase errors of multiples of 2/spl pi/ are present, depending on the signal-to-noise power ratio, the number of looks and the extension of the required ambiguity range. After showing that a full array with the same unambiguous range magnification is much more robust, a thinned array interferometer is proposed. This is shown to have good performance as phase unwrapping and error standard deviation and sensibly reduced costs.
{"title":"A ML thinned array SAR interferometric sensor for high accuracy absolute phase retrieval","authors":"F. Lombardini, P. Lombardo","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678012","url":null,"abstract":"The paper shows that the previously proposed three-element interferometric technique does not increase the phase ambiguity range in a deterministic manner. Namely there is still a probability that catastrophic phase errors of multiples of 2/spl pi/ are present, depending on the signal-to-noise power ratio, the number of looks and the extension of the required ambiguity range. After showing that a full array with the same unambiguous range magnification is much more robust, a thinned array interferometer is proposed. This is shown to have good performance as phase unwrapping and error standard deviation and sensibly reduced costs.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"256O 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133185526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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