This paper discusses the feasibility of clutter reduction by a radar polarization technique for the signal-to-clutter ratio (S/C) improvement. The polarization dependency on surface roughness is numerically investigated and the measurement for a target model is also carried out at 94 GHz.
{"title":"Empirical study of polarization techniques for clutter reduction","authors":"H. Yamaguchi, A. Kajiwara, S. Hayashi","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678035","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the feasibility of clutter reduction by a radar polarization technique for the signal-to-clutter ratio (S/C) improvement. The polarization dependency on surface roughness is numerically investigated and the measurement for a target model is also carried out at 94 GHz.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125481573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the primary problems with the application of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques to radar is secondary data support for the interference plus noise covariance matrix estimate. Reed (1974) has shown the required secondary data support to achieve performance within 3 dB of optimal SINR is approximately twice the degrees of freedom (DOF). Reed proved this rule for sample matrix inversion (SMI) techniques. A concern arises when applying this rule to a newer class of reduced dimension STAP algorithms that do not fall under the SMI umbrella. This paper focuses on the cross spectral metric (CSM) algorithm (Goldstein and Reed, 1997). Through Monte Carlo simulations, Reed's rule for sample support is examined for this non-SMI technique. Optimum SINR performance for the CSM algorithm is obtained by choosing the number of DOF in the algorithm equal to the interference subspace dimension. With this choice, the required sample support for the covariance matrix estimate is approximately 2.5 times the interference subspace dimension. This relationship is not consistent.
{"title":"Secondary data support in space-time adaptive processing","authors":"T. Hale, B. Welsh","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677998","url":null,"abstract":"One of the primary problems with the application of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques to radar is secondary data support for the interference plus noise covariance matrix estimate. Reed (1974) has shown the required secondary data support to achieve performance within 3 dB of optimal SINR is approximately twice the degrees of freedom (DOF). Reed proved this rule for sample matrix inversion (SMI) techniques. A concern arises when applying this rule to a newer class of reduced dimension STAP algorithms that do not fall under the SMI umbrella. This paper focuses on the cross spectral metric (CSM) algorithm (Goldstein and Reed, 1997). Through Monte Carlo simulations, Reed's rule for sample support is examined for this non-SMI technique. Optimum SINR performance for the CSM algorithm is obtained by choosing the number of DOF in the algorithm equal to the interference subspace dimension. With this choice, the required sample support for the covariance matrix estimate is approximately 2.5 times the interference subspace dimension. This relationship is not consistent.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124301952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a new methodology for detecting moving objects based on the analysis of variance. This new detector is a generalization of feature based and optical-flow based techniques. Our algorithm is effective in enhancing the detection of range-spread/Doppler-spread targets and in suppressing background interference, with application to synthetic aperture radar and high resolution millimeter wave imaging sensors, in addition to optical and infrared cameras. The statistics necessary for implementation are estimated under both the null hypothesis and its alternative. The performance is demonstrated via analysis of measured data.
{"title":"A space-time adaptive detector for moving targets based on the analysis of variance","authors":"J. Cheung, G.J. Genello, M. Wicks","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678018","url":null,"abstract":"We present a new methodology for detecting moving objects based on the analysis of variance. This new detector is a generalization of feature based and optical-flow based techniques. Our algorithm is effective in enhancing the detection of range-spread/Doppler-spread targets and in suppressing background interference, with application to synthetic aperture radar and high resolution millimeter wave imaging sensors, in addition to optical and infrared cameras. The statistics necessary for implementation are estimated under both the null hypothesis and its alternative. The performance is demonstrated via analysis of measured data.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"6414 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126413935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a wavelet shrinkage method that yields high clutter suppression by using a best-tree wavelet packet analysis. An integrated automatic target recognition processor utilizing a wavelet packet transform and a shape extraction method is introduced to demonstrate the feasibility of using wavelet packet analysis for automatic target extraction from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Two analysis procedures are processed independently and the two outputs from each process are combined to increase the detection performance. Experimental demonstrations of target extraction are also provided. The preliminary experiments show that target extraction using wavelet packet analysis has high detection performance as well as low false detection performance.
{"title":"Target extraction from clutter images using wavelet packet analysis","authors":"HyungJun Kim, P. Liang","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678000","url":null,"abstract":"We present a wavelet shrinkage method that yields high clutter suppression by using a best-tree wavelet packet analysis. An integrated automatic target recognition processor utilizing a wavelet packet transform and a shape extraction method is introduced to demonstrate the feasibility of using wavelet packet analysis for automatic target extraction from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Two analysis procedures are processed independently and the two outputs from each process are combined to increase the detection performance. Experimental demonstrations of target extraction are also provided. The preliminary experiments show that target extraction using wavelet packet analysis has high detection performance as well as low false detection performance.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132518193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces a new method of partially adaptive CFAR detection. The processor implements a novel sequence of orthogonal subspace projections to decompose the Wiener solution in terms of the cross-correlation observed at each stage. The detection performance is evaluated in the general framework of space-time adaptive processing. It is demonstrated that this new approach to partially adaptive CFAR detection outperforms the more complex eigen-analysis approaches using true pulse-Doppler radar data collected by the multichannel airborne radar measurements (MCARM) radar.
{"title":"A multistage STAP CFAR detection technique","authors":"J. S. Goldstein, I. Reed, P. Zulch, W. Melvin","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677986","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a new method of partially adaptive CFAR detection. The processor implements a novel sequence of orthogonal subspace projections to decompose the Wiener solution in terms of the cross-correlation observed at each stage. The detection performance is evaluated in the general framework of space-time adaptive processing. It is demonstrated that this new approach to partially adaptive CFAR detection outperforms the more complex eigen-analysis approaches using true pulse-Doppler radar data collected by the multichannel airborne radar measurements (MCARM) radar.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131574526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A detector for the case of a radar target with known Doppler and unknown complex amplitude in colored noise of unknown covariance has been derived. The detector assumes that the noise is an autoregressive process and estimates the unknown parameters by maximum likelihood estimation for the use in the generalized likelihood ratio test. The asymptotic performance of this detector has been derived and it has been shown that for large data records this detector is CFAR. By computer simulation it has been shown that for a moderate size of data record, the performance of this detector approaches the asymptotic results.
{"title":"An auto-regressive GLR algorithm for adaptive radar detection","authors":"A. Sheikhi, M. Nayebi","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.678016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.678016","url":null,"abstract":"A detector for the case of a radar target with known Doppler and unknown complex amplitude in colored noise of unknown covariance has been derived. The detector assumes that the noise is an autoregressive process and estimates the unknown parameters by maximum likelihood estimation for the use in the generalized likelihood ratio test. The asymptotic performance of this detector has been derived and it has been shown that for large data records this detector is CFAR. By computer simulation it has been shown that for a moderate size of data record, the performance of this detector approaches the asymptotic results.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123014287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A major problem that occurs in constant false alarm rate (CFAR) schemes is presented by regions of nonhomogeneous clutter background. The situation occurs when the total noise power received in a single reference window does not follow the assumption of independent and identically distributed clutter in all reference window cells. Bayesian statistics provide a mathematical procedure for changing or updating the degree of belief about the clutter parameter in light of more recent information. A Bayesian CFAR (Bay-CFAR) processor is developed and analyzed. The Bay-CFAR processor exploits a priori knowledge of a nonhomogeneous clutter environment to considerably improve the detection performance relative to a classical cell averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) processor. The performance improvement is demonstrated with a small reference window size that allows the processor to respond quickly to a rapidly changing clutter environment.
{"title":"Description and analysis of a Bayesian CFAR radar signal processor in a nonhomogeneous clutter background","authors":"R.C. Colgin","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677968","url":null,"abstract":"A major problem that occurs in constant false alarm rate (CFAR) schemes is presented by regions of nonhomogeneous clutter background. The situation occurs when the total noise power received in a single reference window does not follow the assumption of independent and identically distributed clutter in all reference window cells. Bayesian statistics provide a mathematical procedure for changing or updating the degree of belief about the clutter parameter in light of more recent information. A Bayesian CFAR (Bay-CFAR) processor is developed and analyzed. The Bay-CFAR processor exploits a priori knowledge of a nonhomogeneous clutter environment to considerably improve the detection performance relative to a classical cell averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) processor. The performance improvement is demonstrated with a small reference window size that allows the processor to respond quickly to a rapidly changing clutter environment.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125453349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The newly compiled International Radar Directory CD-ROM resulted from a twenty year collection effort by this author of open information on radars of the world. During World War II radars were made in only a few countries, but are now manufactured in many countries. Radar applications now included number some 50. Radar is frequently teamed with military IR/EO/laser/weapon systems; however, in many of these the radar is sometimes not given its own type designation. Thus it is appropriate to include IR/EO/laser/weapon systems in this Directory CD-ROM on current radar systems. This paper describes the 1998 Directory CD-ROM and presents an illustrative example of use of information contained in it: who makes what and where. Consideration is given to adding the large number of past radars to a future Directory CD-ROM.
{"title":"The International Radar Directory: who makes what and where","authors":"S. Johnston","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677981","url":null,"abstract":"The newly compiled International Radar Directory CD-ROM resulted from a twenty year collection effort by this author of open information on radars of the world. During World War II radars were made in only a few countries, but are now manufactured in many countries. Radar applications now included number some 50. Radar is frequently teamed with military IR/EO/laser/weapon systems; however, in many of these the radar is sometimes not given its own type designation. Thus it is appropriate to include IR/EO/laser/weapon systems in this Directory CD-ROM on current radar systems. This paper describes the 1998 Directory CD-ROM and presents an illustrative example of use of information contained in it: who makes what and where. Consideration is given to adding the large number of past radars to a future Directory CD-ROM.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115542993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kirk, R. Lefevre, R. Durand, L. Bui, R. Zelenka, B. Sridhar
Under a Phase II SBIR from NASA, a data collection radar was developed to support the NASA program in Automated Napof the Earth (ANOE) guidance for helicopters. The developed radar is comprised of two parts, a sensor front end and a digital signal processor. The sensor front end is a wideband, linear FM, 94 GHz millimeter wave radar with dual circular polarization and dual axis monopulse. It provides 10 dB signal-to-noise on a 5 m/sup 2/ target at 1 km. Digital signal processing is employed to provide range compression and monopulse angle beam sharpening. To remain within funding limitations the radar generates a reduced size raster scan of 12.5/spl deg/ /spl times/250/spl times/320 m for collecting data. The range resolution is 3 m, the angle bin size is 0.34/spl deg/, and there is frequency agility over 600 MHz. Data was collected from a ground location to verify operation of the radar. The data is displayed in a C-scope format using NASA supplied "Grid World" software.
{"title":"Automated Nap of the Earth (ANOE) data collection radar","authors":"J. Kirk, R. Lefevre, R. Durand, L. Bui, R. Zelenka, B. Sridhar","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677971","url":null,"abstract":"Under a Phase II SBIR from NASA, a data collection radar was developed to support the NASA program in Automated Napof the Earth (ANOE) guidance for helicopters. The developed radar is comprised of two parts, a sensor front end and a digital signal processor. The sensor front end is a wideband, linear FM, 94 GHz millimeter wave radar with dual circular polarization and dual axis monopulse. It provides 10 dB signal-to-noise on a 5 m/sup 2/ target at 1 km. Digital signal processing is employed to provide range compression and monopulse angle beam sharpening. To remain within funding limitations the radar generates a reduced size raster scan of 12.5/spl deg/ /spl times/250/spl times/320 m for collecting data. The range resolution is 3 m, the angle bin size is 0.34/spl deg/, and there is frequency agility over 600 MHz. Data was collected from a ground location to verify operation of the radar. The data is displayed in a C-scope format using NASA supplied \"Grid World\" software.","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116546779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An airborne firefinder radar (AFFR) is suggested for an upgraded version of the forthcoming Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The AFFR could detect an artillery shell within 1 second of firing and, within a few seconds, determine its trajectory origin location (position of the gun) to a circular error probable (CEP) of less than 50 meters. The AFFR could also be used as a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and for ground-moving target indication (GMTI).
{"title":"Airborne firefinder radar concept","authors":"R. Sullivan, J. F. Nicoll, J. Ralston","doi":"10.1109/NRC.1998.677982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.1998.677982","url":null,"abstract":"An airborne firefinder radar (AFFR) is suggested for an upgraded version of the forthcoming Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The AFFR could detect an artillery shell within 1 second of firing and, within a few seconds, determine its trajectory origin location (position of the gun) to a circular error probable (CEP) of less than 50 meters. The AFFR could also be used as a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and for ground-moving target indication (GMTI).","PeriodicalId":432418,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Radar Conference, RADARCON'98. Challenges in Radar Systems and Solutions (Cat. No.98CH36197)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131373130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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