Abstract The article presents an attempt to reconstruct the original site topographies of 13th-century Teutonic castles at Unisław and Starogród, which have not been preserved in the surface terrain. The archaeological remains of both castles are located in the west of Chełmno Land, on the edge of a moraine plateau 30 to 50 metres above the floor of the Vistula valley. The reconstruction used a research approach known as Historical GIS (HGIS), which, besides archaeological data, employs digitised historical cartographic sources. The research showed that changes in the original site topography are associated with anthropogenic transformations in the plateau surface, mainly due to agricultural use, and with retreat of the plateau edge resulting from natural and man-made landslide processes. The authors believe that the reconstruction of the castles’ original site topographies could be used to verify detailed hypotheses related to the conditions of their construction and operation.
{"title":"An attempt to reconstruct selected elements of the original site topography of the Teutonic castles at Unisław and Starogród (Chełmno Land, Northern Poland) based on archaeological and cartographic data","authors":"P. Molewski, Bogusz Wasik, Marcin Wiewióra","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents an attempt to reconstruct the original site topographies of 13th-century Teutonic castles at Unisław and Starogród, which have not been preserved in the surface terrain. The archaeological remains of both castles are located in the west of Chełmno Land, on the edge of a moraine plateau 30 to 50 metres above the floor of the Vistula valley. The reconstruction used a research approach known as Historical GIS (HGIS), which, besides archaeological data, employs digitised historical cartographic sources. The research showed that changes in the original site topography are associated with anthropogenic transformations in the plateau surface, mainly due to agricultural use, and with retreat of the plateau edge resulting from natural and man-made landslide processes. The authors believe that the reconstruction of the castles’ original site topographies could be used to verify detailed hypotheses related to the conditions of their construction and operation.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76666334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents the characteristics of hydrological periods in an average annual cycle in Polish lakes. The types of period and their sequence determine the regime of water stages in lakes. The article applies the unsupervised approach to analysis of water level fluctuation patterns, where the regime is identified by grouping analytical parameters. Hydrological periods were designated by grouping elementary time units of the hydrological year (pentads) based on the similarity of their parameters, namely water level frequency distributions. The analysis covered daily water stages in 33 lakes in Poland from the period from 1984 to 2012. Five types of hydrological period were designated. The studied lakes differ in the number, type and sequence of hydrological periods in an average annual cycle. Most of the lakes (19 lakes) have a 4-period temporal structure of water stages with the course of water stages in a year characteristic of this geographical zone. No spatial patterns occurred in the location of lakes from particular groups. This suggests the dominant role of local factors in determining the seasonality of water stages.
{"title":"Seasonal structure of water stages on lakes in Northern Poland","authors":"Katarzyna Plewa, D. Wrzesiński, M. Ptak","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the characteristics of hydrological periods in an average annual cycle in Polish lakes. The types of period and their sequence determine the regime of water stages in lakes. The article applies the unsupervised approach to analysis of water level fluctuation patterns, where the regime is identified by grouping analytical parameters. Hydrological periods were designated by grouping elementary time units of the hydrological year (pentads) based on the similarity of their parameters, namely water level frequency distributions. The analysis covered daily water stages in 33 lakes in Poland from the period from 1984 to 2012. Five types of hydrological period were designated. The studied lakes differ in the number, type and sequence of hydrological periods in an average annual cycle. Most of the lakes (19 lakes) have a 4-period temporal structure of water stages with the course of water stages in a year characteristic of this geographical zone. No spatial patterns occurred in the location of lakes from particular groups. This suggests the dominant role of local factors in determining the seasonality of water stages.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76969795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the studies was to evaluate the usefulness of the microscopic features of wood in characterising the climatic conditions of a period for which only proxy data are available. Samples were taken from historical wood from Koronowo collegiate church and from a living Scots pine tree growing in the Toruń-Wrzosy site. All measurements were performed using ImageJ software. The dendroclimatological analysis was carried out in the program DendroClim2002. The results show a correlation between the microscopic features of wood and climatic conditions. For the period 1951–2000 the maximum optical density of pine wood depends on average May air temperature and June precipitation, with correlation coefficients of −0.32 and −0.29, respectively. A similar correlation was found for mean maximum and minimum temperatures in May; -0.35 and -0.37, respectively. Additional correlations between selected meteorological elements and the maximum optical density of the wood were found using 30-year moving averages and moving intervals.
{"title":"Optical density of Scots pine wood and climatic conditions in Toruń, Poland","authors":"A. Pospieszyńska, M. Koprowski, R. Przybylak","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the studies was to evaluate the usefulness of the microscopic features of wood in characterising the climatic conditions of a period for which only proxy data are available. Samples were taken from historical wood from Koronowo collegiate church and from a living Scots pine tree growing in the Toruń-Wrzosy site. All measurements were performed using ImageJ software. The dendroclimatological analysis was carried out in the program DendroClim2002. The results show a correlation between the microscopic features of wood and climatic conditions. For the period 1951–2000 the maximum optical density of pine wood depends on average May air temperature and June precipitation, with correlation coefficients of −0.32 and −0.29, respectively. A similar correlation was found for mean maximum and minimum temperatures in May; -0.35 and -0.37, respectively. Additional correlations between selected meteorological elements and the maximum optical density of the wood were found using 30-year moving averages and moving intervals.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83055033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The study presents characteristics of the bathing season on the basis of stationary daily measurements of surface water temperature in the lakes in the period 1971-2015 conducted by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. These measurements were taken in the littoral zone (from bridges) of 28 lakes at 7:00 (6:00 GMT). In order to determine representativeness of these measurements, the author also documents the comparison of water temperature with its values at various points of the lake and its daily course. Stationary surface water temperature measurements provided the basis for the characteristics of the average, the earliest and the latest dates of the beginning and end of the bathing seasons, their duration and mean water temperatures in the summer months. Hence, a new parameter (tsum) is introduced to define the mean surface water temperature for the summer months (June, July and August), and compare water temperature in lakes over a larger area (the Baltic Sea catchment area). The most favorable conditions for bathing in Polish lakes are found in the western part of the Wielkopolskie Lakeland (lakelands: Łagowskie, Poznańskie, Sławskie) from the beginning of July to the end of August, when the surface water temperature in lakes generally exceeds 18°C. Furthermore, the best conditions for bathing in the water are from 10:00 to 18:00. When choosing a place to relax, holidaymakers should also consider bathing locations, infrastructure and safety conditions.
{"title":"Water temperature in the lakes of Northern Poland during the bathing season","authors":"R. Skowron","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study presents characteristics of the bathing season on the basis of stationary daily measurements of surface water temperature in the lakes in the period 1971-2015 conducted by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. These measurements were taken in the littoral zone (from bridges) of 28 lakes at 7:00 (6:00 GMT). In order to determine representativeness of these measurements, the author also documents the comparison of water temperature with its values at various points of the lake and its daily course. Stationary surface water temperature measurements provided the basis for the characteristics of the average, the earliest and the latest dates of the beginning and end of the bathing seasons, their duration and mean water temperatures in the summer months. Hence, a new parameter (tsum) is introduced to define the mean surface water temperature for the summer months (June, July and August), and compare water temperature in lakes over a larger area (the Baltic Sea catchment area). The most favorable conditions for bathing in Polish lakes are found in the western part of the Wielkopolskie Lakeland (lakelands: Łagowskie, Poznańskie, Sławskie) from the beginning of July to the end of August, when the surface water temperature in lakes generally exceeds 18°C. Furthermore, the best conditions for bathing in the water are from 10:00 to 18:00. When choosing a place to relax, holidaymakers should also consider bathing locations, infrastructure and safety conditions.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87545884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Szumińska, S. Czapiewski, M. Szopińska, Ż. Polkowska
Abstract This work analyses atmospheric transport of natural and anthropogenic pollution to the South Shetland Islands (SSI), with particular reference to the period September 2015 – August 2017. Based on data from the Global Volcanism Program database and air mass back trajectories calculated using the HySPLIT model, it was found that it is possible that in the analysed period volcanic pollution was supplied via long-range transport from South America, and from the South Sandwich Islands. Air masses flowed in over the South Shetland Islands from the South America region relatively frequently – 226 times during the study period, which suggests the additional possibility of anthropogenic pollution being supplied by this means. In certain cases the trajectories also indicated the possibility of atmospheric transport from the New Zealand region, and even from the south-eastern coast of Australia. The analysis of the obtained results is compared against the background of research by other authors. This is done to indicate that research into the origin of chemical compounds in the Antarctic environment should take into account the possible influx of pollutants from remote areas during the sampling period, as well as the possible reemission of compounds accumulated in snow and ice.
{"title":"Analysis of air mass back trajectories with present and historical volcanic activity and anthropogenic compounds to infer pollution sources in the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica)","authors":"D. Szumińska, S. Czapiewski, M. Szopińska, Ż. Polkowska","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work analyses atmospheric transport of natural and anthropogenic pollution to the South Shetland Islands (SSI), with particular reference to the period September 2015 – August 2017. Based on data from the Global Volcanism Program database and air mass back trajectories calculated using the HySPLIT model, it was found that it is possible that in the analysed period volcanic pollution was supplied via long-range transport from South America, and from the South Sandwich Islands. Air masses flowed in over the South Shetland Islands from the South America region relatively frequently – 226 times during the study period, which suggests the additional possibility of anthropogenic pollution being supplied by this means. In certain cases the trajectories also indicated the possibility of atmospheric transport from the New Zealand region, and even from the south-eastern coast of Australia. The analysis of the obtained results is compared against the background of research by other authors. This is done to indicate that research into the origin of chemical compounds in the Antarctic environment should take into account the possible influx of pollutants from remote areas during the sampling period, as well as the possible reemission of compounds accumulated in snow and ice.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78171860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents the variability of global solar radiation (K↓) in the agriculture area (Koniczynka near Toruń) in the years 2003–2016. The variability of K↓ has been analysed with reference to atmospheric circulation. The mean yearly sum of K↓ in the analysed period was 3,816.0 MJ·m−2. In an annual course the highest mean values of K↓ occurred in June (608.3 MJ·m−2) and the smallest in December (69.0 MJ·m−2). The diurnal course of K↓ was symmetrical with respect to the solar noon. Only 44.7% of the solar energy on the top of atmosphere reaches the ground. The highest transmittance occurred in spring and summer, and the lowest in December. The observations revealed an increase in the amount of K↓ (trend 13.6 MJ·m−2·year−1) and its considerable day-to-day and year-to-year variability. Its increase has been attributed to reduced emissions of aerosols in Poland and Europe (global brightening). The changes of K↓ depend on atmospheric circulation (cyclonic and anticyclonic situations), cloudiness and the optical characteristics of incoming air masses.
{"title":"Solar radiation variability at Koniczynka near Toruń (Central Poland) in the years 2003–2016","authors":"M. Kejna, J. Uscka-Kowalkowska","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the variability of global solar radiation (K↓) in the agriculture area (Koniczynka near Toruń) in the years 2003–2016. The variability of K↓ has been analysed with reference to atmospheric circulation. The mean yearly sum of K↓ in the analysed period was 3,816.0 MJ·m−2. In an annual course the highest mean values of K↓ occurred in June (608.3 MJ·m−2) and the smallest in December (69.0 MJ·m−2). The diurnal course of K↓ was symmetrical with respect to the solar noon. Only 44.7% of the solar energy on the top of atmosphere reaches the ground. The highest transmittance occurred in spring and summer, and the lowest in December. The observations revealed an increase in the amount of K↓ (trend 13.6 MJ·m−2·year−1) and its considerable day-to-day and year-to-year variability. Its increase has been attributed to reduced emissions of aerosols in Poland and Europe (global brightening). The changes of K↓ depend on atmospheric circulation (cyclonic and anticyclonic situations), cloudiness and the optical characteristics of incoming air masses.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75992191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Rivers are hydromorphologically assessed in line with the Water Framework Directive. In order to assess the quality of the Parsęta River environment, the River Habitat Survey method was applied. The research studies, conducted in June 2016, provided an overview of hydromorphological issues, and also covered measurements and laboratory analyses on the quality of its waters. There were 24 measuring sections selected along the whole river. The selection of these sections took into account the representativeness of genetically various types of river valley, its size and discharge, and the variability of anthropogenic pressure. The assessment showed that the Parsęta River varies in natural quality (its HQA index ranged from 17 to 61) and that the modification of its valley is variable but generally low (its HMS index ranged from 0 to 33). Seventy-nine percent of the analysed sections were classified to the second (II) and third (III) hydromorphological classes, 8% to the first (I), and 13% to the fourth (IV). The central section of the Parsęta River has the highest degree of naturalness and the lowest degree of transformation. The river valley sections of kettle-hole origin are more transformed than those of fluvial origin. The quality of the Parsęta River waters assessed on the grounds of their physicochemical parameters indicates that the river is in good condition. The individual river water parameters are most often within the first (I) and second (II) classes. Any instances of the quality of waters being below the “good” level are due to phosphate concentrations exceeding the second (II) class and are contained within a 15-km stretch of the river below Białogard. A river section with a high degree of hydromorphological naturalness has the worst quality of waters.
{"title":"Hydromorphological and physicochemical conditions of the Parsęta River","authors":"J. Szpikowski, G. Szpikowska","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rivers are hydromorphologically assessed in line with the Water Framework Directive. In order to assess the quality of the Parsęta River environment, the River Habitat Survey method was applied. The research studies, conducted in June 2016, provided an overview of hydromorphological issues, and also covered measurements and laboratory analyses on the quality of its waters. There were 24 measuring sections selected along the whole river. The selection of these sections took into account the representativeness of genetically various types of river valley, its size and discharge, and the variability of anthropogenic pressure. The assessment showed that the Parsęta River varies in natural quality (its HQA index ranged from 17 to 61) and that the modification of its valley is variable but generally low (its HMS index ranged from 0 to 33). Seventy-nine percent of the analysed sections were classified to the second (II) and third (III) hydromorphological classes, 8% to the first (I), and 13% to the fourth (IV). The central section of the Parsęta River has the highest degree of naturalness and the lowest degree of transformation. The river valley sections of kettle-hole origin are more transformed than those of fluvial origin. The quality of the Parsęta River waters assessed on the grounds of their physicochemical parameters indicates that the river is in good condition. The individual river water parameters are most often within the first (I) and second (II) classes. Any instances of the quality of waters being below the “good” level are due to phosphate concentrations exceeding the second (II) class and are contained within a 15-km stretch of the river below Białogard. A river section with a high degree of hydromorphological naturalness has the worst quality of waters.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73072902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents an attempt to assess the effect of damming of lakes on water resources, based on the example of Lake Powidzkie (Central Poland) and its catchment. The region in which the analysed object is located has the greatest water deficits in Poland. The co-occurrence of unfavourable natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to a considerable reduction in the water resources retained in the lake. Particularly low water levels were recorded in the 1990s and in the first decade of the 21st century. The situation was not improved by a water dam constructed on the out-flow from the lake in the 1960s, due, among other things, to neglect in its exploitation. With regard to the modernisation of the dam in 2010 and the favourable hydrological situation in the winter of 2011, it was possible to retain the excess water and substantially reduce its outflow. The restoration of the lost water resources, and the hydrological benefits of this were still observable several years later. Problems related to water deficits are becoming increasingly common in many regions of the world. One solution to mitigate such a situation may be, among others, to dam natural lakes. This is simpler, cheaper, and less invasive for the environment than the construction of new water reservoirs.
{"title":"The effect of a water dam on Lake Powidzkie and its vicinity","authors":"B. Nowak, M. Ptak","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents an attempt to assess the effect of damming of lakes on water resources, based on the example of Lake Powidzkie (Central Poland) and its catchment. The region in which the analysed object is located has the greatest water deficits in Poland. The co-occurrence of unfavourable natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to a considerable reduction in the water resources retained in the lake. Particularly low water levels were recorded in the 1990s and in the first decade of the 21st century. The situation was not improved by a water dam constructed on the out-flow from the lake in the 1960s, due, among other things, to neglect in its exploitation. With regard to the modernisation of the dam in 2010 and the favourable hydrological situation in the winter of 2011, it was possible to retain the excess water and substantially reduce its outflow. The restoration of the lost water resources, and the hydrological benefits of this were still observable several years later. Problems related to water deficits are becoming increasingly common in many regions of the world. One solution to mitigate such a situation may be, among others, to dam natural lakes. This is simpler, cheaper, and less invasive for the environment than the construction of new water reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87063082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Ecotones are considered as unique environments. The concepts of edge effect and ecotone species (flora and fauna) are widely used. Considering the fact that the majority of the species found in ecotones are usually at their physiologically determined limits of distribution, how they react to global climate changes becomes crucial. Ecotones are reputed to be more biologically diverse than areas close to them, and therefore possesses a high conservation value, yet little is known on how soil properties vary across ecotones. In this paper, we firstly highlighted the roles ecotones play in assessing the effect on global climate change, the mediatory role they play in the movement of material (water and nutrients) into and out of the region. Secondly, we reviewed studies on how soil properties change across ecotones and it is worthwhile to note that soil properties tend to differ across various ecotones (e.g. increasing pH and decreasing P & N across forest–glade ecotones, decreasing pH across ancient–recent forest ecotones) in a manner that defines the character of the ecotones existing.
{"title":"Spatial variations in soil properties across ecotones: a short review","authors":"Theodore Danso Marfo, Klement Resjek, V. Vranová","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ecotones are considered as unique environments. The concepts of edge effect and ecotone species (flora and fauna) are widely used. Considering the fact that the majority of the species found in ecotones are usually at their physiologically determined limits of distribution, how they react to global climate changes becomes crucial. Ecotones are reputed to be more biologically diverse than areas close to them, and therefore possesses a high conservation value, yet little is known on how soil properties vary across ecotones. In this paper, we firstly highlighted the roles ecotones play in assessing the effect on global climate change, the mediatory role they play in the movement of material (water and nutrients) into and out of the region. Secondly, we reviewed studies on how soil properties change across ecotones and it is worthwhile to note that soil properties tend to differ across various ecotones (e.g. increasing pH and decreasing P & N across forest–glade ecotones, decreasing pH across ancient–recent forest ecotones) in a manner that defines the character of the ecotones existing.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79470289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Soil classification systems provide a common language for scientific communication, represent the diversity of soils and create a scientific basis for soil management, monitoring and conservation. There are several soil classifications currently in use in Russia. Teaching soil systematics to students at the Faculty of Soil Science of the LMSU has developed over the years to meet specific requirements at different stages of education. Students learn to use and correlate different classification systems. Bachelor’s students study classifications to enable professional communication and describing soil diversity. Master’s students further learn the key principles of soil formation, historical and current trends in the development of soil science and the international terminology of soil science. Studying different aspects of the theory and practice of soil classification at different stages of education gives our students a solid base for systematising their knowledge and acquiring skills in scientific research.
{"title":"Experience of the teaching of soil classification systems to students at different stages of education (Faculty of Soil Science, LMSU, Russia)","authors":"T. Prokof’eva","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soil classification systems provide a common language for scientific communication, represent the diversity of soils and create a scientific basis for soil management, monitoring and conservation. There are several soil classifications currently in use in Russia. Teaching soil systematics to students at the Faculty of Soil Science of the LMSU has developed over the years to meet specific requirements at different stages of education. Students learn to use and correlate different classification systems. Bachelor’s students study classifications to enable professional communication and describing soil diversity. Master’s students further learn the key principles of soil formation, historical and current trends in the development of soil science and the international terminology of soil science. Studying different aspects of the theory and practice of soil classification at different stages of education gives our students a solid base for systematising their knowledge and acquiring skills in scientific research.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86236923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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