Abstract The two most widely used soil classifications are the Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). The purpose of this paper is to clarify the differences and the similarities between ST and WRB in their current state, with some examples for representative soils in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Four representative pedons were classified and soil units from WRB were compared to those obtained by using ST at the family level. WRB could show the status of soils polluted by heavy metals through the Toxic qualifier and its subqualifiers. On the other hand, ST could indicate the status of shallow soils in our studied soils but it was not able to show gleyic conditions and the existence of a salic horizon because of the differences in its criteria compared to those of WRB. Special effort should be made to quantify various anthropogenic activities in upcoming editions of both classification systems.
目前使用最广泛的两种土壤分类是《土壤分类》(soil Taxonomy, ST)和《世界土壤资源参考基地》(World Reference Base for soil Resources, WRB)。本文以伊朗干旱和半干旱区典型土壤为例，阐明了当前状态下ST和WRB的异同。对4个具有代表性的土壤单元进行了分类，并在科水平上对WRB土壤单元与ST土壤单元进行了比较。WRB可通过毒性及其次限定项反映土壤重金属污染状况。另一方面，在我们所研究的土壤中，ST可以指示浅层土壤的状态，但由于其标准与WRB的标准不同，不能显示浅层土壤的条件和水层的存在。在这两个分类系统即将出版的版本中，应特别努力量化各种人为活动。
{"title":"Challenges of Soil Taxonomy and WRB in classifying soils: some examples from Iranian soils","authors":"M. Salehi","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The two most widely used soil classifications are the Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). The purpose of this paper is to clarify the differences and the similarities between ST and WRB in their current state, with some examples for representative soils in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Four representative pedons were classified and soil units from WRB were compared to those obtained by using ST at the family level. WRB could show the status of soils polluted by heavy metals through the Toxic qualifier and its subqualifiers. On the other hand, ST could indicate the status of shallow soils in our studied soils but it was not able to show gleyic conditions and the existence of a salic horizon because of the differences in its criteria compared to those of WRB. Special effort should be made to quantify various anthropogenic activities in upcoming editions of both classification systems.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87040282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilia Kunchulia, Rusudan Kakhadze, G. Tsereteli, G. Ghambashidze, T. Urushadze
Abstract The aim of the paper is to evaluate the usefulness of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) 2015 to classify shallow soils on mountains of the Trialeti Range, Lesser Caucasus, Georgia. The article also presents the evolution of the concept of Leptosols and of the qualifier “Leptic” and the diagnostic property of continuous rock. It also provides approaches to defining keys in the reference soil group (RSG) of Leptosols and identifying principal and supplementary qualifiers in WRB 2015 on example of soils of the Trialeti Range. The article gives few examples of classification for such shallow and stony soils with different set of qualifiers. Most of them fulfil the criteria of Leptosols and Regosols. These soils occur on the mountain range together with other RSGs (e.g. Pheozems). The authors propose to add the qualifier Technolithic to the list of Principal/Supplementary qualifiers of Leptosols.
{"title":"Classification of shallow and skeletal mountain soils with the WRB system on the example of the Trialeti Range, Lesser Caucasus (Georgia)","authors":"Ilia Kunchulia, Rusudan Kakhadze, G. Tsereteli, G. Ghambashidze, T. Urushadze","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the paper is to evaluate the usefulness of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) 2015 to classify shallow soils on mountains of the Trialeti Range, Lesser Caucasus, Georgia. The article also presents the evolution of the concept of Leptosols and of the qualifier “Leptic” and the diagnostic property of continuous rock. It also provides approaches to defining keys in the reference soil group (RSG) of Leptosols and identifying principal and supplementary qualifiers in WRB 2015 on example of soils of the Trialeti Range. The article gives few examples of classification for such shallow and stony soils with different set of qualifiers. Most of them fulfil the criteria of Leptosols and Regosols. These soils occur on the mountain range together with other RSGs (e.g. Pheozems). The authors propose to add the qualifier Technolithic to the list of Principal/Supplementary qualifiers of Leptosols.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87054311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The teaching of soil classification in the universities of Russia is being discussed as a comparatively new experience in the education of environmental science students. The lecture course (24–30 academic hours) changes in response to the inevitable changes in soil classification systems. In the introduction, the objectives and structure of soil classifications are outlined, and then a brief overview of the most well-known national systems is given, which is also important for understanding the difficulties, origin and problems of the International WRB system. The latter is the central point of the lecture course: its principles are explained, the main diagnostic features of Reference Soil Groups are communicated, and students are trained to use system basing on the descriptions of soil profiles and analytical data relating to them. As a result, students give WRB names to soils either by correlating with a name from the national system, which is familiar to them, or by looking at soil profile photos; in both cases morphological and analytical data are clarified by the teacher. Chernozem is used as an example for training. In the conclusion, the reasons to know soil classifications are specified, and they are differentiated for soil scientists, geochemists and geographers.
{"title":"The Soil Classification course in Russian universities: an important ingredient of education","authors":"M. Gerasimova, O. Bezuglova","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The teaching of soil classification in the universities of Russia is being discussed as a comparatively new experience in the education of environmental science students. The lecture course (24–30 academic hours) changes in response to the inevitable changes in soil classification systems. In the introduction, the objectives and structure of soil classifications are outlined, and then a brief overview of the most well-known national systems is given, which is also important for understanding the difficulties, origin and problems of the International WRB system. The latter is the central point of the lecture course: its principles are explained, the main diagnostic features of Reference Soil Groups are communicated, and students are trained to use system basing on the descriptions of soil profiles and analytical data relating to them. As a result, students give WRB names to soils either by correlating with a name from the national system, which is familiar to them, or by looking at soil profile photos; in both cases morphological and analytical data are clarified by the teacher. Chernozem is used as an example for training. In the conclusion, the reasons to know soil classifications are specified, and they are differentiated for soil scientists, geochemists and geographers.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81637013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zanella, Judith Ascher-Jenull, Jean-François Ponge, C. Bolzonella, D. Banas, M. De Nobili, S. Fusaro, L. Sella, R. Giannini
Abstract Born in Trento (Italy, 2003) for the purpose of standardising vocabulary and units of humus form classification, after publishing a first synthetic classification e-book (Zanella et al. 2011) they do not cover all site conditions in the European area. Although having basic concepts and general lines, the European (and North American, Canadian, the Humus group decided to use its classification for handling global change (Zanella and Ascher-Jenull 2018). The process is detailed in many scientific articles published in three Special Issues (Humusica 1, 2 and 3) of the journal Applied Soil Ecology. Conceptually, the whole of Humusica answers three crucial questions: A) What is soil? Soil is a biological ecosystem. It recycles dead structures and implements mineral material, furnishing more or less re-elaborated organic, mineral and organic-mineral elements to support living organisms. Article chapters: 1. Essential vocabulary; 2. Soil covers all the Earth’s surfaces (soil as the seat of processes of organic matter storage and recycling); 3. Soil may be involved in the process of natural evolution (through organisms’ process of recycling biomass after death). B) If soil has a biogenic essence, how should it be classified to serve such managerial purposes as landscape exploitation or protection? A useful classification of soil should consider and propose useful references to biologically discriminate soil features. Article chapters: 4. Soil corresponds to a biogenic structure; 5. TerrHum, an App for classifying forest humipedons worldwide (a first attempt to use a smartphone as a field manual for humus form classification). C) How can this soil classification be used for handling the current global change? Using the collected knowledge about the biodiversity and functioning of natural (or semi-natural) soil for reconstructing the lost biodiversity/functioning of heavily exploited or degraded soils. Article chapters: 6. Agricultural soils correspond to simplified natural soils (comparison between natural and agricultural soils); 7. Organic waste and agricultural soils; 8. Is traditional agriculture economically sustainable? Comparing past traditional farm practices (in 1947) and contemporary intensive farm practices in the Venice province of Italy.
生于特伦托(意大利，2003年)，目的是标准化腐殖质形态分类的词汇和单位，在出版了第一本综合分类电子书(Zanella et al. 2011)之后，他们没有涵盖欧洲地区的所有站点条件。尽管有基本的概念和一般的路线，欧洲(以及北美，加拿大，Humus组)决定使用其分类来处理全球变化(Zanella和Ascher-Jenull 2018)。在《应用土壤生态学》杂志的三期特刊(Humusica 1、2和3)上发表的许多科学文章详细介绍了这一过程。从概念上讲，整个Humusica回答了三个关键问题:A)什么是土壤?土壤是一个生物生态系统。它循环利用死亡结构和矿物材料，提供或多或少重新加工的有机、矿物和有机矿物元素来支持生物体。第1章:基本词汇;2. 土壤覆盖了地球的所有表面(土壤是有机物储存和再循环过程的所在地);3.土壤可能参与了自然进化的过程(通过生物死后生物量的循环过程)。B)如果土壤具有生物本质，它应该如何被归类为景观开发或保护等管理目的?一个有用的土壤分类应该考虑并提出有用的参考土壤的生物学特征。第4章。土壤对应于生物成因结构;5. TerrHum，一个在全球范围内对森林里的半脚类动物进行分类的应用程序(首次尝试使用智能手机作为腐殖质形态分类的现场手册)。C)这种土壤分类如何用于应对当前的全球变化?利用收集到的关于自然(或半自然)土壤的生物多样性和功能的知识，重建严重开发或退化的土壤失去的生物多样性/功能。第6章。农业土壤对应于简化的自然土壤(自然土壤与农业土壤的比较);7. 有机废物和农业土壤;8. 传统农业在经济上可持续吗?比较意大利威尼斯省过去的传统农场做法(1947年)和当代集约化农场做法。
{"title":"Humusica: Soil biodiversity and global change","authors":"A. Zanella, Judith Ascher-Jenull, Jean-François Ponge, C. Bolzonella, D. Banas, M. De Nobili, S. Fusaro, L. Sella, R. Giannini","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Born in Trento (Italy, 2003) for the purpose of standardising vocabulary and units of humus form classification, after publishing a first synthetic classification e-book (Zanella et al. 2011) they do not cover all site conditions in the European area. Although having basic concepts and general lines, the European (and North American, Canadian, the Humus group decided to use its classification for handling global change (Zanella and Ascher-Jenull 2018). The process is detailed in many scientific articles published in three Special Issues (Humusica 1, 2 and 3) of the journal Applied Soil Ecology. Conceptually, the whole of Humusica answers three crucial questions: A) What is soil? Soil is a biological ecosystem. It recycles dead structures and implements mineral material, furnishing more or less re-elaborated organic, mineral and organic-mineral elements to support living organisms. Article chapters: 1. Essential vocabulary; 2. Soil covers all the Earth’s surfaces (soil as the seat of processes of organic matter storage and recycling); 3. Soil may be involved in the process of natural evolution (through organisms’ process of recycling biomass after death). B) If soil has a biogenic essence, how should it be classified to serve such managerial purposes as landscape exploitation or protection? A useful classification of soil should consider and propose useful references to biologically discriminate soil features. Article chapters: 4. Soil corresponds to a biogenic structure; 5. TerrHum, an App for classifying forest humipedons worldwide (a first attempt to use a smartphone as a field manual for humus form classification). C) How can this soil classification be used for handling the current global change? Using the collected knowledge about the biodiversity and functioning of natural (or semi-natural) soil for reconstructing the lost biodiversity/functioning of heavily exploited or degraded soils. Article chapters: 6. Agricultural soils correspond to simplified natural soils (comparison between natural and agricultural soils); 7. Organic waste and agricultural soils; 8. Is traditional agriculture economically sustainable? Comparing past traditional farm practices (in 1947) and contemporary intensive farm practices in the Venice province of Italy.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81764052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article contains a brief history of the development of the soil classification scheme of the Republic of Belarus. It comprises the description of the most widely-used (acknowledged) genetic classification of soils, characteristics of basic taxonomic units (type, subtype, sort, kind, and variation), and characteristics of the 13 main types of Belarusian soils. The map of the soil cover of Belarus and the morphological and genetic characteristics of typical and unique soil varieties are presented. The main problems of the national soil classification and its correlation with the international WRB system are shown.
{"title":"Soil classification in Belarus: history and current problems","authors":"V. Tsyrybka, H. Ustsinava","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article contains a brief history of the development of the soil classification scheme of the Republic of Belarus. It comprises the description of the most widely-used (acknowledged) genetic classification of soils, characteristics of basic taxonomic units (type, subtype, sort, kind, and variation), and characteristics of the 13 main types of Belarusian soils. The map of the soil cover of Belarus and the morphological and genetic characteristics of typical and unique soil varieties are presented. The main problems of the national soil classification and its correlation with the international WRB system are shown.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76433208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract There is a considerable amount of confusion in soil-related topics at all levels of Slovenian education. The fundamental problem is the use of the term “soil”. We use several different terms for more or less the same natural phenomenon. Other problems include the lack of an official Slovenian soil classification, the occasional use of out-of-date soil topics in primary and secondary education, the inexpert use of soil names for soil types of the World, and very few higher education soil specialisations. There are a lot of existing initiatives to improve the current state, but there are still a lot of obstacles impeding this process.
{"title":"Soils in the Slovenian educational system","authors":"Blaž Repe","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is a considerable amount of confusion in soil-related topics at all levels of Slovenian education. The fundamental problem is the use of the term “soil”. We use several different terms for more or less the same natural phenomenon. Other problems include the lack of an official Slovenian soil classification, the occasional use of out-of-date soil topics in primary and secondary education, the inexpert use of soil names for soil types of the World, and very few higher education soil specialisations. There are a lot of existing initiatives to improve the current state, but there are still a lot of obstacles impeding this process.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73149492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of this paper is to assess the quality and correctness of information on Polish soils available on selected websites. Particular attention was paid to educational portals, which became the subject of evaluation of the information its contains in terms of the correctness, up-to-dateness and reliability. Twenty-five websites representing educational portals and blogs were selected for analysis in terms of their contents (type of subject matter) correctness (substantial value), curentness (presence of up-to-date information) and completeness. Most of the information on the evaluated educational portals is targeted at high school students. These websites present only basic content. The most frequent issues on the analyzed portals were: soil types and soil systematics, distribution of soils in Poland, definition of soil and also soil valuation classes. Websites addressed to university students constitute a decided minority, could be said, that even an exception. One of those is article on Wikipedia, which has the highest educational value among all analysed websites.
{"title":"The internet as a source of knowledge about soil cover of Poland","authors":"M. Świtoniak, Dawid Augustyniak, P. Charzyński","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this paper is to assess the quality and correctness of information on Polish soils available on selected websites. Particular attention was paid to educational portals, which became the subject of evaluation of the information its contains in terms of the correctness, up-to-dateness and reliability. Twenty-five websites representing educational portals and blogs were selected for analysis in terms of their contents (type of subject matter) correctness (substantial value), curentness (presence of up-to-date information) and completeness. Most of the information on the evaluated educational portals is targeted at high school students. These websites present only basic content. The most frequent issues on the analyzed portals were: soil types and soil systematics, distribution of soils in Poland, definition of soil and also soil valuation classes. Websites addressed to university students constitute a decided minority, could be said, that even an exception. One of those is article on Wikipedia, which has the highest educational value among all analysed websites.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88849090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper addresses issues related to the application of the General Theory of Classification in the development of a universal soil classification system. The requirements for such a system, a comparison of different approaches to its development, and obstacles on the way to it are outlined. Additionally, the problem of the definition of soils and the importance of distinguishing between differentiating and diagnostic criteria are discussed. It is shown that, from the perspective of the General Theory of Classification, a universal soil classification system should be natural, genetic, “fundamental-and-specific”, and hierarchical. It is concluded that the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) does not meet these requirements and therefore cannot be considered as universal. Ways of addressing the problems of a universal soil classification system are suggested.
{"title":"A universal soil classification system from the perspective of the General Theory of Classification: a review","authors":"A. Nikiforova, M. Fleis","doi":"10.2478/bgeo-2018-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper addresses issues related to the application of the General Theory of Classification in the development of a universal soil classification system. The requirements for such a system, a comparison of different approaches to its development, and obstacles on the way to it are outlined. Additionally, the problem of the definition of soils and the importance of distinguishing between differentiating and diagnostic criteria are discussed. It is shown that, from the perspective of the General Theory of Classification, a universal soil classification system should be natural, genetic, “fundamental-and-specific”, and hierarchical. It is concluded that the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) does not meet these requirements and therefore cannot be considered as universal. Ways of addressing the problems of a universal soil classification system are suggested.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84266890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Uscka-Kowalkowska, M. Posyniak, K. Markowicz, J. Podgórski
Abstract The paper describes the relationship between direct solar radiation in a city (Warsaw) and in its broadly-defined suburban area (Belsk). The analysis covers the days of 1969-2003 when observations were carried out at both sites. The degree of extinction of solar radiation was expressed by means of Linke’s turbidity factor. Its mean annual value on the selected days of the period under consideration was 3.00± 0.10 in Warsaw and 2.87±0.11 in Belsk. Average atmospheric turbidity for individual seasons of the year as well as for the whole year was higher in Warsaw than in Belsk. In all cases, except for the summer, these differences were statistically significant. The period considered was divided into two sub-periods (1969-1993 and 1994-2003), in which atmospheric turbidity in Warsaw and in Belsk was compared by individual seasons and whole years. At both analysed sites Linke’s atmospheric turbidity factor decreased in 1994-2003, compared to the values for the earlier sub-period (1969-1993). However, the average annual atmospheric turbidity in Warsaw in comparison to Belsk remained the same, i.e. greater turbidity occurred in the city in both sub-periods.
{"title":"Comparison of the Linke turbidity factor in Warsaw and in Belsk","authors":"J. Uscka-Kowalkowska, M. Posyniak, K. Markowicz, J. Podgórski","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2017-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2017-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper describes the relationship between direct solar radiation in a city (Warsaw) and in its broadly-defined suburban area (Belsk). The analysis covers the days of 1969-2003 when observations were carried out at both sites. The degree of extinction of solar radiation was expressed by means of Linke’s turbidity factor. Its mean annual value on the selected days of the period under consideration was 3.00± 0.10 in Warsaw and 2.87±0.11 in Belsk. Average atmospheric turbidity for individual seasons of the year as well as for the whole year was higher in Warsaw than in Belsk. In all cases, except for the summer, these differences were statistically significant. The period considered was divided into two sub-periods (1969-1993 and 1994-2003), in which atmospheric turbidity in Warsaw and in Belsk was compared by individual seasons and whole years. At both analysed sites Linke’s atmospheric turbidity factor decreased in 1994-2003, compared to the values for the earlier sub-period (1969-1993). However, the average annual atmospheric turbidity in Warsaw in comparison to Belsk remained the same, i.e. greater turbidity occurred in the city in both sub-periods.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2017-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76143610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse gases, with a nearly 300 times greater potential to produce a greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost 80% of the annual emissions of this gas in Poland come from agriculture, and its main source is the use of agricultural soils. The study attempted to estimate the N2O emission from agricultural soils and to indicate its share in the total greenhouse gas emissions in 48 Polish communes. For this purpose, a simplified solution has been proposed which can be successfully applied by local government areas in order to assess nitrous oxide emissions, as well as to monitor the impact of actions undertaken to limit them. The estimated emission was compared with the results of the baseline greenhouse gas inventory prepared for the needs of the low-carbon economy plans adopted by the studied self-governments. This allowed us to determine the share of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the total greenhouse gas emissions of the studied communes. The annual N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the studied communes range from 1.21 Mg N2O-N to 93.28 Mg N2O-N, and the cultivation of organic soils is its main source. The use of mineral and natural fertilisers, as well as indirect emissions from nitrogen leaching into groundwater and surface waters, are also significant. The results confirm the need to include greenhouse gas emissions from the use of agricultural soils and other agricultural sources in low-carbon economy plans.
{"title":"The use of agricultural soils as a source of nitrous oxide emission in selected communes of Poland","authors":"P. Wiśniewski, M. Kistowski","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2017-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2017-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse gases, with a nearly 300 times greater potential to produce a greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost 80% of the annual emissions of this gas in Poland come from agriculture, and its main source is the use of agricultural soils. The study attempted to estimate the N2O emission from agricultural soils and to indicate its share in the total greenhouse gas emissions in 48 Polish communes. For this purpose, a simplified solution has been proposed which can be successfully applied by local government areas in order to assess nitrous oxide emissions, as well as to monitor the impact of actions undertaken to limit them. The estimated emission was compared with the results of the baseline greenhouse gas inventory prepared for the needs of the low-carbon economy plans adopted by the studied self-governments. This allowed us to determine the share of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the total greenhouse gas emissions of the studied communes. The annual N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the studied communes range from 1.21 Mg N2O-N to 93.28 Mg N2O-N, and the cultivation of organic soils is its main source. The use of mineral and natural fertilisers, as well as indirect emissions from nitrogen leaching into groundwater and surface waters, are also significant. The results confirm the need to include greenhouse gas emissions from the use of agricultural soils and other agricultural sources in low-carbon economy plans.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2017-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86595210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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