Abstract Chełmno is a town in the north-western part of the Chełmno Lakeland. It is one of few towns in Poland to have fully preserved its medieval defensive walls. Its touristic and natural environs make it a popular tourist destination. The town’s location near the escarpment of the Vistula valley mean that the preserved historical structures (including the defensive walls) are under threat. A few years ago a buttress became detached and two sections of the defensive walls collapsed. One part was rebuilt (the site where the studies were conducted), while the second part remains unrestored. Bricks are also progressively coming away. This situation may be the result of several factors, although the authors claim that the most important are the geological structure and the wall foundations (which are shallow, at a depth of 1-2 m, with the wall having been built up higher in the 16th century).
{"title":"The role of geological conditions in the disintegration of historical structures on the escarpment of the Lower Vistula Valley, on the example of Chełmno (Poland)","authors":"Ewa Labak-Mechowska, M. Dąbrowski","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2017-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2017-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chełmno is a town in the north-western part of the Chełmno Lakeland. It is one of few towns in Poland to have fully preserved its medieval defensive walls. Its touristic and natural environs make it a popular tourist destination. The town’s location near the escarpment of the Vistula valley mean that the preserved historical structures (including the defensive walls) are under threat. A few years ago a buttress became detached and two sections of the defensive walls collapsed. One part was rebuilt (the site where the studies were conducted), while the second part remains unrestored. Bricks are also progressively coming away. This situation may be the result of several factors, although the authors claim that the most important are the geological structure and the wall foundations (which are shallow, at a depth of 1-2 m, with the wall having been built up higher in the 16th century).","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75855442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Errata - The main subject of the research whose outcomes are presented in this paper is the spatial and temporal variability of thermal conditions in Poland during the period from 1951 to 2015. The analysis revealed the occurrence of symptoms indicating a systematic and sustained warming. Significant growth is observed in mean and extreme temperatures and their extreme percentiles, as well as in annual number of hot days, warm waves and their duration. In turn, downward trends are noted in series of the annual number of frost days, as well as in the number of cold waves and their duration. The results obtained confirm the thermal pattern determined for the whole region, especially for the southern part of the Baltic Sea Basin.
{"title":"Errata - Contemporary changes of thermal conditions in Poland, 1951-2015","authors":"M. Owczarek, J. Filipiak","doi":"10.2478/13632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/13632","url":null,"abstract":"Errata - The main subject of the research whose outcomes are presented in this paper is the spatial and temporal variability of thermal conditions in Poland during the period from 1951 to 2015. The analysis revealed the occurrence of symptoms indicating a systematic and sustained warming. Significant growth is observed in mean and extreme temperatures and their extreme percentiles, as well as in annual number of hot days, warm waves and their duration. In turn, downward trends are noted in series of the annual number of frost days, as well as in the number of cold waves and their duration. The results obtained confirm the thermal pattern determined for the whole region, especially for the southern part of the Baltic Sea Basin.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41915842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The authors carried out the analysis of changes in the plant overgrowth of the lakes based on cartographic materials. Among 6 793 lakes with the area exceeding 1 ha located in the lakelands of Northern Poland, 893 lakes were selected for the analysis. The lakes were selected on the grounds of the existing bathymetric plans and information on their overgrowth and depth relations. Over the last 50 years lake area declined by 1.9% (from 140 975.0 ha do 138 273.7 ha) and so did the lake area covered with emergent plants, i.e. by 0.27% (from 11 219.0 ha down to 10 637.2 ha). Emergent plants cover on average 7.69% of the lake area. In the case of the lakes of smaller areas (below 80 ha) or medium areas (80÷200 ha) the extent of plant overgrowth was 14.3 and 9.6% respectively. The article presents two indicators which determine plant overgrowth of the lakes. These are the coefficient of overgrowing the lakes (%) and the coefficient of overgrowing the shoreline (ha·km-1). These coefficients make it possible to study the extent of lake overgrowing in the South Baltic Lakeland, regardless the direction of these changes.
{"title":"Changes in lake area as a consequence of plant overgrowth in the South Baltic Lakelands (Northern Poland)","authors":"R. Skowron, T. Jaworski","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2017-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2017-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The authors carried out the analysis of changes in the plant overgrowth of the lakes based on cartographic materials. Among 6 793 lakes with the area exceeding 1 ha located in the lakelands of Northern Poland, 893 lakes were selected for the analysis. The lakes were selected on the grounds of the existing bathymetric plans and information on their overgrowth and depth relations. Over the last 50 years lake area declined by 1.9% (from 140 975.0 ha do 138 273.7 ha) and so did the lake area covered with emergent plants, i.e. by 0.27% (from 11 219.0 ha down to 10 637.2 ha). Emergent plants cover on average 7.69% of the lake area. In the case of the lakes of smaller areas (below 80 ha) or medium areas (80÷200 ha) the extent of plant overgrowth was 14.3 and 9.6% respectively. The article presents two indicators which determine plant overgrowth of the lakes. These are the coefficient of overgrowing the lakes (%) and the coefficient of overgrowing the shoreline (ha·km-1). These coefficients make it possible to study the extent of lake overgrowing in the South Baltic Lakeland, regardless the direction of these changes.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84639055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An analysis has been made of the variability of temperature and precipitation at stations at Szczecin, Świnoujście, Resko and Kołobrzeg, as well as a study of river flows in the Ina and Rega Rivers in Goleniów, Resko and Trzebiatów, for the years 1955–2014. Data was provided by IMGW-PIB. Correlation and regression methods have been used in this work. Studies have shown that the average annual, spring and summer air temperature on Szczecin Seashore is rising. Precipitation totals remain basically unchanged. They grow a little in July in Świnoujście and in March in Szczecin. No significant changes in river flows occurred in the course of the examined sixty-year period. Flows in the Ina River rose slightly in February and they diminished in the Rega River in October in Resko and in May in Trzebiatów. Long-term variability of river flows is more strongly affected by the variability of precipitation totals than by the variability of air temperature. The variability of flows correlates most strongly with the variability of precipitation totals in March, April and November, while the influence of the preceding month’s precipitation on river flows is evident in all the year.
{"title":"Climatic changes on Szczecin Seashore and their impact on river flows","authors":"M. Świątek","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2017-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2017-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An analysis has been made of the variability of temperature and precipitation at stations at Szczecin, Świnoujście, Resko and Kołobrzeg, as well as a study of river flows in the Ina and Rega Rivers in Goleniów, Resko and Trzebiatów, for the years 1955–2014. Data was provided by IMGW-PIB. Correlation and regression methods have been used in this work. Studies have shown that the average annual, spring and summer air temperature on Szczecin Seashore is rising. Precipitation totals remain basically unchanged. They grow a little in July in Świnoujście and in March in Szczecin. No significant changes in river flows occurred in the course of the examined sixty-year period. Flows in the Ina River rose slightly in February and they diminished in the Rega River in October in Resko and in May in Trzebiatów. Long-term variability of river flows is more strongly affected by the variability of precipitation totals than by the variability of air temperature. The variability of flows correlates most strongly with the variability of precipitation totals in March, April and November, while the influence of the preceding month’s precipitation on river flows is evident in all the year.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77246431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Łukasz Mendyk, Hulisz Piotr, G. Kusza, M. Świtoniak, B. Kalisz, L. Gersztyn
This paper aimed to assess the usefulness of magnetic susceptibility measurements in the pedological research of mill pond sediments. The study area includes the former Turznice mill pond basin located within east-southern part of the Grudziądz Basin. Four soil profiles were selected within the transect located along the longitudinal axis of the basin. The following soil properties were determined in collected samples: bulk density, particle size distribution, pH, content of carbonates. approximate content of organic matter (LOI). the total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (Nt), and the pseudo-total contents of metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd). The obtained results were correlated with the specific (mass) magnetic susceptibility (χ). The study revealed that the variability of the soil cover in the basin was driven by different sedimentation conditions. Different composition of natural terrace deposits versus mill pond sediments has been well reflected in the magnetic properties. Although it cannot be excluded that pedogenic (gleyic) process is the key factor causing the vertical variability of magnetic properties in studied soils.
{"title":"Study of sediment origin and pedogenesis in the former mill pond basin (Turznice, North-Central Poland) using magnetic susceptibility measurements","authors":"Łukasz Mendyk, Hulisz Piotr, G. Kusza, M. Świtoniak, B. Kalisz, L. Gersztyn","doi":"10.2478/11373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/11373","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aimed to assess the usefulness of magnetic susceptibility measurements in the pedological research of mill pond sediments. The study area includes the former Turznice mill pond basin located within east-southern part of the Grudziądz Basin. Four soil profiles were selected within the transect located along the longitudinal axis of the basin. The following soil properties were determined in collected samples: bulk density, particle size distribution, pH, content of carbonates. approximate content of organic matter (LOI). the total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (Nt), and the pseudo-total contents of metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd). The obtained results were correlated with the specific (mass) magnetic susceptibility (χ). The study revealed that the variability of the soil cover in the basin was driven by different sedimentation conditions. Different composition of natural terrace deposits versus mill pond sediments has been well reflected in the magnetic properties. Although it cannot be excluded that pedogenic (gleyic) process is the key factor causing the vertical variability of magnetic properties in studied soils.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69072202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents water temperature fluctuations in coastal rivers (Rega, Parsęta, Słupia, Łupawa, Łeba) located in the southern Baltic Sea area in Poland. Based on the available detailed data on daily values of the analysed characteristic in the years 1971-2015, tendencies of changes in the period were determined. It includes an analysis of temperature fluctuations in reference to mean annual and mean monthly values. In all of the five cases, the mean annual temperature showed an increasing tendency. The value of water warming in particular rivers was approximate, and ranged from 0.26 °C∙dec-1 to 0.31°C∙dec-1. At the monthly scale, the highest increase was recorded in April, and amounted to 0.46°C∙dec-1 on average. Water temperature fluctuations were particularly determined by climatic changes, and strongly correlated with air temperature. Local factors characteristic for coastal rivers, i.e. presence of infrastructure of small water power plants and predominance of groundwater alimentation, had a secondary effect on changes in the thermal regime of the analysed rivers.
{"title":"Long-term water temperature fluctuations in coastal rivers (southern Baltic) in Poland","authors":"M. Ptak, A. Choiński, Jan Kirviel","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2016-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2016-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents water temperature fluctuations in coastal rivers (Rega, Parsęta, Słupia, Łupawa, Łeba) located in the southern Baltic Sea area in Poland. Based on the available detailed data on daily values of the analysed characteristic in the years 1971-2015, tendencies of changes in the period were determined. It includes an analysis of temperature fluctuations in reference to mean annual and mean monthly values. In all of the five cases, the mean annual temperature showed an increasing tendency. The value of water warming in particular rivers was approximate, and ranged from 0.26 °C∙dec-1 to 0.31°C∙dec-1. At the monthly scale, the highest increase was recorded in April, and amounted to 0.46°C∙dec-1 on average. Water temperature fluctuations were particularly determined by climatic changes, and strongly correlated with air temperature. Local factors characteristic for coastal rivers, i.e. presence of infrastructure of small water power plants and predominance of groundwater alimentation, had a secondary effect on changes in the thermal regime of the analysed rivers.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89090235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Sobota, Michał Dziembowski, Tomasz Grajewski, Piotr Weckwerth, M. Nowak, Katarzyna Greń
Abstract This article describes and discusses the results of observations concerning short-term changes in the thermal conditions and the thickness of the active layer in a test field located in the tundra of the Kaffiøyra (NW Spitsbergen) during the summer season of 2015. One of the objectives was to find a correlation between the dynamic of the changes and the local topography. In recent years, thawing of the active layer in the Kaffiøyra region has been considerably varied in individual summer seasons. The test field area was 100 square meters, comprised 36 measurement points and was situated at approximately 3 m a.s.l. in the tundra. The measurements of the thickness and temperature of the active layer were carried out in July, August and early September of 2015. The greatest thickness of the active layer in the tundra was found near the moraine, in the area with the sharpest slope (156 cm to 212 cm). Ground temperatures were observed to follow the prevailing weather conditions with a delay, which amounted to about 24 h at a depth of 25 cm, and as much as 48 h at a depth of 75 cm. A greater thickness of the active layer was found in the western part of the test field, in the vicinity of a tidal channel, and in the eastern part of the field, bordering on the foot of the Aavatsmarkbreen’s moraine. A considerable sloping of the land, combined with increased surface runoff and infiltration at the time of precipitation, makes the water penetrating into the active layer increase its temperature. This demonstrates that the local land forms (tidal channels and terminal moraines) have a substantial influence on the extent and rate of changes which occur in the active layer.
{"title":"Short-term changes in thermal conditions and active layer thickness in the tundra of the Kaffiøyra region, NW Spitsbergen","authors":"I. Sobota, Michał Dziembowski, Tomasz Grajewski, Piotr Weckwerth, M. Nowak, Katarzyna Greń","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2016-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2016-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article describes and discusses the results of observations concerning short-term changes in the thermal conditions and the thickness of the active layer in a test field located in the tundra of the Kaffiøyra (NW Spitsbergen) during the summer season of 2015. One of the objectives was to find a correlation between the dynamic of the changes and the local topography. In recent years, thawing of the active layer in the Kaffiøyra region has been considerably varied in individual summer seasons. The test field area was 100 square meters, comprised 36 measurement points and was situated at approximately 3 m a.s.l. in the tundra. The measurements of the thickness and temperature of the active layer were carried out in July, August and early September of 2015. The greatest thickness of the active layer in the tundra was found near the moraine, in the area with the sharpest slope (156 cm to 212 cm). Ground temperatures were observed to follow the prevailing weather conditions with a delay, which amounted to about 24 h at a depth of 25 cm, and as much as 48 h at a depth of 75 cm. A greater thickness of the active layer was found in the western part of the test field, in the vicinity of a tidal channel, and in the eastern part of the field, bordering on the foot of the Aavatsmarkbreen’s moraine. A considerable sloping of the land, combined with increased surface runoff and infiltration at the time of precipitation, makes the water penetrating into the active layer increase its temperature. This demonstrates that the local land forms (tidal channels and terminal moraines) have a substantial influence on the extent and rate of changes which occur in the active layer.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87390212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On the basis of archaeological data and pedological analysis an attempt of reconstruction of functional diversity of farmstead from the Late Bronze Age in northern Poland was made. Human activity during the Late Bronze Age in the area and in the direct vicinity of the homestead led to changes in chemical properties of the soil. Different values of phosphorus and organic carbon content in the features and cultural layers may help in the interpretation of the land development plan and the use of the studied households in the past. The areas with the highest concentration are linked with the places of economic activity and a small increase in the phosphorus content in the soil from the homestead may suggest a relatively short exploitation of this place corresponding with a small number of archaeological findings from the analysed area. The current state of knowledge about the open settlements from the Late Bronze Age in the territory of Poland does not provide too many analogies with the previously described homestead. Because similar spatial assumptions are also known from the Carpathian Highlands as well as from the north – German and the south – Scandinavian terrains, we may draw a conclusion that the knowledge of this type of construction reached people living in Ruda’s surroundings as a result of contacts from the Southern or Eastern Europe.
{"title":"Remains of the homestead from the Late Bronze Age discovered in Ruda (Northern Poland) in the light of pedoarchaeological studies","authors":"M. Markiewicz","doi":"10.2478/8296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/8296","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of archaeological data and pedological analysis an attempt of reconstruction of functional diversity of farmstead from the Late Bronze Age in northern Poland was made. Human activity during the Late Bronze Age in the area and in the direct vicinity of the homestead led to changes in chemical properties of the soil. Different values of phosphorus and organic carbon content in the features and cultural layers may help in the interpretation of the land development plan and the use of the studied households in the past. The areas with the highest concentration are linked with the places of economic activity and a small increase in the phosphorus content in the soil from the homestead may suggest a relatively short exploitation of this place corresponding with a small number of archaeological findings from the analysed area. The current state of knowledge about the open settlements from the Late Bronze Age in the territory of Poland does not provide too many analogies with the previously described homestead. Because similar spatial assumptions are also known from the Carpathian Highlands as well as from the north – German and the south – Scandinavian terrains, we may draw a conclusion that the knowledge of this type of construction reached people living in Ruda’s surroundings as a result of contacts from the Southern or Eastern Europe.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69072822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the Standardized Precipitation-Evaporation Index (SPEI), a metric of the climate-dependent water budget, in the Polish part of the southern Baltic coastal areas were analysed. The analyses were based on monthly NAO index values calculated by P.D. Jones, T. Jonsson, and D. Wheeler for 1951-2010 and on monthly temperatures and sums of precipitation in Szczecin, Ustka, and Elbląg used to calculate SPEI. No strong effects of NAO on the water budget could be demonstrated. Intensified air mass advection from the west was found to slightly reduce SPEI in the Polish coastal zone. In winter (particularly in February), the reduction was caused by the temperature increase during air mass advection from the west, which increases evaporation. In summer (mainly in August), the effect was due to the decreased sum of precipitation, the reduction, however, not being significant. Therefore, NAO effects on the water budget are considered weak and irregular.
{"title":"Effects of NAO on the climatic water budget at the Polish southern Baltic coast","authors":"M. Świątek","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2016-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2016-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the Standardized Precipitation-Evaporation Index (SPEI), a metric of the climate-dependent water budget, in the Polish part of the southern Baltic coastal areas were analysed. The analyses were based on monthly NAO index values calculated by P.D. Jones, T. Jonsson, and D. Wheeler for 1951-2010 and on monthly temperatures and sums of precipitation in Szczecin, Ustka, and Elbląg used to calculate SPEI. No strong effects of NAO on the water budget could be demonstrated. Intensified air mass advection from the west was found to slightly reduce SPEI in the Polish coastal zone. In winter (particularly in February), the reduction was caused by the temperature increase during air mass advection from the west, which increases evaporation. In summer (mainly in August), the effect was due to the decreased sum of precipitation, the reduction, however, not being significant. Therefore, NAO effects on the water budget are considered weak and irregular.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75971490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper investigates fog frequency in southern Poland in relation to various topography (concave and convex forms) and atmospheric circulation types. It also discusses long-term variability in the annual and seasonal number of days with fog. Daily information on fog occurrence was taken from three high quality synoptic stations representing various landforms: Kraków-Balice (bottom of the hollow), Katowice-Muchowiec (Silesian Upland) and Bielsko-Aleksandrowice (summit of Carpathian Foothill). In the central part of southern Poland during the last 50 years (1966-2015) fog occurred on average during 53-67 days a year. The annual number of foggy days in Kraków (67 days) located in a structural basin was by 14-15 days higher than in Bielsko (53 days) situated in the Silesian Foothills. In the annual course, high fog occurrence (above 6 days per month) was observed from September to January, with the maximum in Kraków (10 days in October). At every station the monthly minimum of fog occurrence fell in July (2 days). In summer and spring the highest probability of fog occurrence was found on days with anticyclonic types and air advection from the northeastern (Na, NEa) and eastern (Ea, SEa) sectors. In autumn, a high probability was also found for the anticyclonic types with advection of air mass from the eastern and southern sectors. In the Carpathian Foothills (Bielsko) the probability of fog occurrence in winter was significantly enhanced only for the cyclonic types with air advection from the eastern sector (NEc, Ec, SEc) and nonadvective types Cc (cyclone centre) and Bc (cyclonic trough). Trends in the fog frequency were mostly insignificant. The only significant decreasing trend was found in Kraków on the annual scale and in summer when fog frequency was low.
{"title":"Synoptic climatology of fog in selected locations of southern Poland (1966–2015)","authors":"E. Łupikasza, T. Niedźwiedź","doi":"10.1515/bgeo-2016-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2016-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates fog frequency in southern Poland in relation to various topography (concave and convex forms) and atmospheric circulation types. It also discusses long-term variability in the annual and seasonal number of days with fog. Daily information on fog occurrence was taken from three high quality synoptic stations representing various landforms: Kraków-Balice (bottom of the hollow), Katowice-Muchowiec (Silesian Upland) and Bielsko-Aleksandrowice (summit of Carpathian Foothill). In the central part of southern Poland during the last 50 years (1966-2015) fog occurred on average during 53-67 days a year. The annual number of foggy days in Kraków (67 days) located in a structural basin was by 14-15 days higher than in Bielsko (53 days) situated in the Silesian Foothills. In the annual course, high fog occurrence (above 6 days per month) was observed from September to January, with the maximum in Kraków (10 days in October). At every station the monthly minimum of fog occurrence fell in July (2 days). In summer and spring the highest probability of fog occurrence was found on days with anticyclonic types and air advection from the northeastern (Na, NEa) and eastern (Ea, SEa) sectors. In autumn, a high probability was also found for the anticyclonic types with advection of air mass from the eastern and southern sectors. In the Carpathian Foothills (Bielsko) the probability of fog occurrence in winter was significantly enhanced only for the cyclonic types with air advection from the eastern sector (NEc, Ec, SEc) and nonadvective types Cc (cyclone centre) and Bc (cyclonic trough). Trends in the fog frequency were mostly insignificant. The only significant decreasing trend was found in Kraków on the annual scale and in summer when fog frequency was low.","PeriodicalId":43256,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86221501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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