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Reviewing and Updating the 12 Principles of Animation 回顾和更新动画的12条原则
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720969919
T. Thesen
This article suggests a discussion on the reconfiguration of the 12 principles of animation and their necessary refinement for contemporary animation to address the growing complexity and expansion of the animation industry. The expansion of the 12 principles of animation into the various animation techniques requires a consideration of their development, which, in the 1930s and 1940s was sufficient for animation’s hand-drawn animation needs; since then, the principles have proven themselves accurate and incredibly helpful for subsequent decades. Nevertheless, this article indicates that a refinement of the principles is required to accommodate a broader range of animation techniques. The great advantage of the 12 principles of animation is their simplicity and logic; however, they do not apply in their entirety (as the full set of 12) to hand-drawn digital animation, stop-motion animation, experimental or digitally animated media. Therefore, this article explores the initial 12 principles with additions and variations suggested by artists and scholars over the last 30 years, and concludes with a reorganization and expansion of most of the principles’ content, a breakdown into sub points and an updated terminology to reconceptualize the 12 principles of animation for all animation techniques.
本文建议对动画的12条原则进行重新配置,并对其进行必要的细化,以应对动画产业日益复杂和扩张的现状。将动画的12个原则扩展到各种动画技术中,需要考虑它们的发展,在20世纪30年代和40年代,这足以满足动画的手绘动画需求;从那时起,这些原则被证明是准确的,并且在随后的几十年里非常有用。然而,本文指出,需要改进的原则,以适应更广泛的动画技术。动画的12个原则最大的优点是它们的简单性和逻辑性;然而,它们并不完全适用于手绘数字动画、定格动画、实验或数字动画媒体。因此,本文探讨了过去30年来艺术家和学者提出的最初的12条原则及其补充和变化,并对大多数原则的内容进行了重组和扩展,分解为子点和更新的术语,以重新定义所有动画技术的12条动画原则。
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引用次数: 2
Batman and the World of Tomorrow: Yesterday’s Technological Future in the Animated Film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 动画电影《蝙蝠侠:幻影的面具》中的蝙蝠侠和明天的世界:昨天的技术未来
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720965459
Anna-Sophie Jürgens
Examining facets of modernist visions of our technological future and of theatricalized city and stage spaces in the 1993 animated film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, this article explores the cultural meaning of technology in graphic fiction. The confrontation scene between Batman and Joker in the grounds of Gotham’s World’s Fair, the author argues, echoes the 1939 New York World’s Fair with its modernist urban optimism and pop cultural fascination with new visionary technologies, as well as the modern history of moving pictures and multi-media spectacle. The article spotlights the power of the Batman story to participate in, and contribute towards, complex cultural inquiry and transmedial discourses around technology and popular entertainments. Through the exquisite medium of animation – which allows animated characters to be placed on an abstract architectural city stage – Mask of the Phantasm also embodies modernist visions of the ‘ideal’ stage character in a medium that creates non-realist art and more complex possibilities for movement, thus transporting modernist thinking into the 20th century.
在1993年的动画电影《蝙蝠侠:幻影的面具》中,本文考察了现代主义对我们技术未来的看法,以及戏剧化的城市和舞台空间,探讨了图形小说中技术的文化意义。作者认为,蝙蝠侠和小丑在哥谭市世界博览会场地上的对峙场面,与1939年的纽约世界博览会相呼应,具有现代主义的城市乐观主义和流行文化对新幻想技术的迷恋,以及现代电影和多媒体奇观的历史。这篇文章强调了蝙蝠侠故事参与复杂的文化探究和围绕技术和流行娱乐的跨媒体话语的力量,并为之做出贡献。通过精致的动画媒介——动画人物被放置在抽象的建筑城市舞台上——《幻面具》也体现了现代主义者对“理想”舞台人物的看法,这种媒介创造了非现实主义艺术和更复杂的运动可能性,从而将现代主义思想带入了20世纪。
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引用次数: 1
From Songfilms to Telecomics: Vallée Video and the New Market for Postwar Animation 从歌曲电影到电信:瓦莱视频与战后动画新市场
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720964886
Shawn VanCour, C. Patton
From 1948–1952, Rudy Vallée, a successful performer whose career spanned radio, film, recorded music and stage entertainment, expanded his operations into the burgeoning US television market with the launch of his independent production company, Vallée Video. One of hundreds of forgotten companies that arose during this period to meet growing demand for programming content, Vallée Video offers an important case study for understanding animation workers’ role in postwar television production. Drawing on corporate records and films preserved in the Rudy Vallée Papers at California’s Thousand Oaks Library and the UCLA Film and Television Archive, the authors’ analysis documents Vallée’s use of freelance artists and external animation houses for work ranging from camera effects for illustrated musical shorts to animated commercials and original cartoon series. These productions demonstrate the fluid movement of animation labor from theatrical film to small screen markets and participated in larger aesthetic shifts toward minimalist drawing styles and limited character animation that would soon dominate mid-20th century US television.
1948年至1952年,Rudy Vallée是一位成功的表演者,他的职业生涯横跨广播、电影、录音音乐和舞台娱乐,他成立了自己的独立制作公司ValléeVideo,将业务扩展到蓬勃发展的美国电视市场。Vallée Video是这一时期为满足对节目内容日益增长的需求而出现的数百家被遗忘的公司之一,它为理解动画工作者在战后电视制作中的角色提供了一个重要的案例研究。根据加州千橡图书馆和加州大学洛杉矶分校电影电视档案馆Rudy Vallée文件中保存的公司记录和电影,作者的分析记录了Vallée利用自由艺术家和外部动画公司进行的工作,从插图音乐短片的相机效果到动画广告和原创卡通系列。这些作品展示了动画劳动力从院线电影到小屏幕市场的流动,并参与了向极简主义绘画风格和有限人物动画的更大美学转变,这些转变很快将主导20世纪中期的美国电视。
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引用次数: 0
Situating Netflix’s Original Adult Animation: Observing Taste Cultures and the Legacies of ‘Quality’ Television through BoJack Horseman and Big Mouth 定位Netflix的原创成人动画:通过马男波杰克和大嘴观察品味文化和“高质量”电视的遗产
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720933791
Eddie Falvey
This article aims to expand upon a key aspect of Mareike Jenner’s work on Netflix original comedy by considering how the streaming network’s original adult animated series reflect developments occurring within the sitcom format post-TV III. Using Netflix original animations BoJack Horseman (2014–) and Big Mouth (2017–) as case studies, this article will consider how thematically complex, ostensibly ‘smart’ animated shows illustrate changing industrial dynamics and taste cultures. While exhibiting qualities found in preceding key adult animated shows such as South Park (Comedy Central 1997–) and Family Guy (Fox 1999–), including lewd humour, metatextual in-jokes and topicality, the knotty storytelling and ambiguous characterizations of the shows under discussion reflect links to other contexts of TV production. Exploring these links, this article uses BoJack Horseman and Big Mouth to explore current trends in animated television, situating their characteristics and reception within a broader network of influences. The author argues that the turn towards complex storytelling manifests both in inherited production tactics, changing taste cultures and in the multifaceted and multifarious potentialities provided by the medium itself.
本文旨在通过考虑流媒体网络的原创成人动画系列如何反映情景喜剧格式后电视III的发展,扩展Mareike Jenner在Netflix原创喜剧方面的工作的一个关键方面。以Netflix原创动画《马男波杰克》(2014 -)和《大嘴》(2017 -)为例,本文将考虑主题复杂、表面上“聪明”的动画节目如何展示不断变化的工业动态和品味文化。在展示了诸如南方公园(喜剧中心1997 -)和《恶搞之家》(福克斯1999 -)等先前主要成人动画节目的特点的同时,包括淫秽幽默、元文本笑话和话题性,讨论中的节目的复杂的故事叙述和模棱两可的人物塑造反映了与电视制作的其他背景的联系。为了探索这些联系,本文使用马男波杰克和大嘴来探讨动画电视的当前趋势,将它们的特点和接受程度置于更广泛的影响网络中。作者认为,向复杂叙事的转变既表现在传统的制作策略、不断变化的品味文化,也表现在媒介本身所提供的多面性和多样化的潜力。
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引用次数: 3
Editorial 编辑
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720941617
Suzanne H. Buchan
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引用次数: 0
‘Tones from Out of Nowhere’ and Other Non-sensedness: Re-membering the Synthetic Sound Films of Oskar Fischinger and Làszló Moholy-Nagy “不知从何而来的音调”和其他无感:重新记忆Oskar Fischinger和LàszlóMoholy Nagy的合成声音电影
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720938230
Kelly F.W. Egan
Synthetic sound film, a genre in which sound is directly animated onto the soundtrack of a filmstrip, is an avant-garde practice which remains seldom theorized and too often neglected. Expanding on Thomas Y Levin’s canonical work on the genre, ‘“Tones from out of Nowhere”: Rudolph Pfenninger and the archaeology of synthetic sound’ (2003), this article argues that there is a fundamental divide amongst the artistic approaches to synthetic sound film between filmmakers seeking to create specific aural objects through a new form of visual representation, and filmmakers focused on the graphic object and its direct translation into a new/unknown form of aural representation. Concentrating on the latter group which begins with Oskar Fischinger and Làszló Moholy-Nagy, through a materialist framework, this article shows how their produced sounds re-member the objects from which they emerge and, as such, are bound to a material encounter defined by this sensorial return to objectness.
合成有声电影是一种将声音直接动画化到电影原声带上的电影类型,是一种很少理论化且经常被忽视的前卫做法。在Thomas Y Levin的经典作品《不知从何而来的音调:Rudolph Pfenninger和合成声音的考古学》(2003)的基础上,本文认为在合成声音电影的艺术方法之间存在着根本性的分歧:电影制作人寻求通过一种新的视觉表现形式来创造特定的听觉对象,而电影制作人则专注于图形对象及其直接转化为一种新的/未知的听觉表现形式。本文以Oskar Fischinger和Làszló Moholy-Nagy为首的后一组为重点,通过唯物主义的框架,展示了他们所产生的声音是如何记住他们所产生的物体的,因此,与这种感官回归客体所定义的物质相遇相联系。
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引用次数: 1
Crowdfunding as a Catalyst for Contemporary Chinese Animation 众筹:当代中国动画的催化剂
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720933792
Sergio Jesús Villén Higueras, Xinjie Ma, F. Ruiz-del-Olmo
This study explores the online financing forms and practices of contemporary Chinese animation cinema. The research focuses on the use of crowdfunding by this industry, and analyses three recent cases, One Hundred Thousand Bad Jokes (2014), Monkey King: Hero Is Back (2015), and Big Fish & Begonia (2016), selected based on the perspective of the high economic revenue earned and the artistic and creative singularity of these films, as well as the consideration of the undeniable influence of these productions on the imagination of new generations. Using an exploratory and descriptive research methodology, the authors uncover the main features of the production of animated films based on crowdfunding. The results show that obtaining funds is a secondary objective for these movies that mainly use crowdfunding as a promotional strategy for creating an active fan base and channelling their affective involvement towards the communicative interests of each project.
本研究探讨了当代中国动画电影的网络融资形式与实践。本研究以众筹行业对众筹的运用为研究重点,分析了2014年的《十万个坏笑话》、2015年的《大圣归来》和2016年的《大鱼海棠》三个近期案例,选取的依据是这些电影所获得的高经济收入和艺术创意的独特性,以及考虑到这些作品对新生代想象力不可否认的影响。本文采用探索性和描述性的研究方法,揭示了众筹动画电影制作的主要特点。结果表明,获得资金是这些电影的次要目标,这些电影主要将众筹作为一种推广策略,以创造活跃的粉丝基础,并引导他们对每个项目的交流兴趣进行情感参与。
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引用次数: 1
The Korean Socio-Political Context of the 1970s in Robot Taekwon V (1976) 《机器人跆拳5》(1976)中20世纪70年代的韩国社会政治背景
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720933800
Hyunseok Lee
As one of the masterpieces of early South Korean animation, the film Robot Taekwon V has instilled hopes and dreams in a younger generation of Koreans since the late 1970s when it was released, while critics have cited Robot Taekwon V as being influenced by American pop culture, particularly the Disney animation style, and have accused it of plagiarizing the designs of the popular Japanese animation Mazinger Z. In the 1970s, the Korean government actively promoted economic development for the ‘modernization of the country’ under the military regime’s inculcation of anti-communism. Robot Taekwon V was produced with the intent of being an anti-communist tool and, further, it sought the nationalism of postwar South Korea and promoted the country’s confidence in the future that eventually resulted in rapid economic development. This socio-political context is portrayed both in the form of a ‘gigantic robot’ and in the use of non-Korean appearances for Korean characters. Considering these aspects, the author examines how Robot Taekwon V navigates the intricacies of the postwar ideological framework, manages foreign cultural influences and suggests transnationalism through its character design and narrative.
作为韩国早期动画的杰作之一,电影《机器人跆拳V》自20世纪70年代末上映以来,给韩国年轻一代灌输了希望和梦想,而评论家则认为《机器人跆拳V》受到了美国流行文化,特别是迪士尼动画风格的影响,并指责它抄袭了日本流行动画《Mazinger z》的设计。韩国政府在军事政权的反共产主义灌输下,积极推动“国家现代化”的经济发展。机器人跆跆V的制作初衷是作为反共的工具,此外,它寻求战后韩国的民族主义,并促进了该国对未来的信心,最终导致了经济的快速发展。这种社会政治背景既以“巨型机器人”的形式表现出来,也以韩国角色的非韩国形象表现出来。考虑到这些方面,作者研究了机器人跆拳V如何驾驭战后复杂的意识形态框架,管理外国文化影响,并通过角色设计和叙事提出跨国主义。
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引用次数: 0
The Afterlife as Emotional Utopia in Coco 《寻梦环游记》中作为情感乌托邦的来世
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720937443
George Crosthwait
This article situates the Pixar computer animation Coco (dir. Lee Unkrich and Adrian Molina, 2017) within a recent selection of afterlife fictions and questions why such narratives might appeal to our contemporary moment. The author’s response is structured around the idea of utopia. In Coco, he identifies several conceptions of utopic space and ideals. The afterlife fiction places characters and viewers in a reflexive location which affords them the opportunity to examine their lives as lived (rather than in death). Transplanting Richard Dyer’s work on classic Hollywood musicals as entertainment utopia to a contemporary animated musical, the article proposes that such a film can be seen as adhering to a kind of ‘new cinematic sincerity’. Coco’s particular depiction of The Day of the Dead fiesta and the Land of the Dead has its roots in the Mexican writer Octavio Paz’s poetic and romantic treatise The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950). A comparison between these two texts suggests that willing encounters with death can be connected to an openness to transitional states of being. Through close readings of key musical sequences in Coco, the author demonstrates how the properties of the musical are combined with animation aesthetics (baby schemata, virtual camera) to lead viewers into their own utopian space of heightened emotions and transition.
本文将皮克斯电脑动画《可可》(导演Lee Unkrich和Adrian Molina,2017)放在最近精选的一系列来生小说中,并质疑为什么这样的叙事会吸引我们的当代。作者的回应是围绕着乌托邦的概念展开的。在《可可》中,他确定了乌托邦空间和理想的几个概念。死后小说将人物和观众置于一个反射性的位置,这让他们有机会审视自己的生活(而不是死亡)。本文将Richard Dyer关于好莱坞经典音乐剧作为娱乐乌托邦的作品移植到当代动画音乐剧中,提出这部电影可以被视为一种“新的电影诚意”。可可对亡灵节和亡灵之地的特殊描绘源于墨西哥作家奥克塔维奥·帕斯的诗歌和浪漫主义论文《孤独的迷宫》(1950)。这两个文本之间的比较表明,与死亡的自愿遭遇可以与对过渡状态的开放联系起来。通过仔细阅读《可可》中的关键音乐片段,作者展示了音乐剧的属性如何与动画美学(婴儿图式、虚拟相机)相结合,引导观众进入他们自己的乌托邦空间,感受情感的提升和过渡。
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引用次数: 3
Book review: Teaching Japanese Popular Culture 书评:教授日本流行文化
IF 0.4 2区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1746847720937446
Marco Pellitteri
Fiddle-de-dee (1947) (image), dir. McLaren N. Available at: https://vimeo.com/32646367 (accessed 7 January 2020). Hell Unltd (1936) (video), dir. McLaren N and Biggar H. Available at: https://player.bfi.org.uk/rentals/film/ watch-hell-unltd-1936-online (accessed 7 January 2020). Narcissus (1983) (video), dir. McLaren N. Available at: https://www.nfb.ca/film/narcissus/ (accessed 7 January 2020). Neighbours (1952) (video), dir. McLaren N. Available at: https://www.nfb.ca/film/neighbours_voisins/ (accessed 7 January 2020). Pas de deux (1968) (video), dir. McLaren N. Available at: https://www.nfb.ca/film/pas_de_deux_en/ (accessed 7 January 2020).
Fiddle de dee(1947)(图片),目录。McLaren N.可在:https://vimeo.com/32646367(2020年1月7日查阅)。Hell Unltd(1936)(视频),导演。McLaren N和Biggar H.可在:https://player.bfi.org.uk/rentals/film/watch-hell-unltd-1936-online(2020年1月7日访问)。Narcissus(1983)(视频),导演。McLaren Nhttps://www.nfb.ca/film/narcissus/(2020年1月7日查阅)。《邻居》(1952)(视频),导演McLaren Nhttps://www.nfb.ca/film/neighbours_voisins/(2020年1月7日查阅)。Pas de deux(1968)(视频),导演。McLaren Nhttps://www.nfb.ca/film/pas_de_deux_en/(2020年1月7日查阅)。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Animation-An Interdisciplinary Journal
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