Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00252
N. K. Monych, N. Gugala, R. Turner
This chapter describes the antimicrobial uses of metals and metal-based compounds. It follows the historical use of metal-based antimicrobials (MBAs), their decline with the emergence of antibiotics and subsequent rediscovery with the advent of antibiotic resistance. Here, the potential mechanisms of metal toxicity are discussed, including binding biochemistries, production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, inhibition of protein/enzyme activity, interaction with the lipid cell membrane and effects on nutrient uptake and DNA damage. The potential of MBA nanoparticles, their use and the mechanisms of toxicity are briefly discussed. Current applications and formulations of a wide range of MBAs are examined and the consequences associated with their use provides the reader with recognition of our responsibility to prevent misuse.
{"title":"Chapter 9. Metal-based Antimicrobials","authors":"N. K. Monych, N. Gugala, R. Turner","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00252","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the antimicrobial uses of metals and metal-based compounds. It follows the historical use of metal-based antimicrobials (MBAs), their decline with the emergence of antibiotics and subsequent rediscovery with the advent of antibiotic resistance. Here, the potential mechanisms of metal toxicity are discussed, including binding biochemistries, production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, inhibition of protein/enzyme activity, interaction with the lipid cell membrane and effects on nutrient uptake and DNA damage. The potential of MBA nanoparticles, their use and the mechanisms of toxicity are briefly discussed. Current applications and formulations of a wide range of MBAs are examined and the consequences associated with their use provides the reader with recognition of our responsibility to prevent misuse.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132225136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00228
Debarun Dutta, Renxun Chen, N. Kumar, M. Willcox
We are familiar with the use of various ophthalmic biomaterials such as intraocular lenses and contact lenses. However, all these intraocular, periocular, and orbital biomaterials are subject to microbial colonisation and infections that are associated with increased morbidity and cost of ophthalmic care. Development of novel antimicrobial materials for the prevention of such infections is critical to safeguarding vision. In order to achieve this, several antimicrobial strategies have emerged and these are described in this chapter.
{"title":"Chapter 8. Antimicrobial Biomaterials in Ophthalmology","authors":"Debarun Dutta, Renxun Chen, N. Kumar, M. Willcox","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00228","url":null,"abstract":"We are familiar with the use of various ophthalmic biomaterials such as intraocular lenses and contact lenses. However, all these intraocular, periocular, and orbital biomaterials are subject to microbial colonisation and infections that are associated with increased morbidity and cost of ophthalmic care. Development of novel antimicrobial materials for the prevention of such infections is critical to safeguarding vision. In order to achieve this, several antimicrobial strategies have emerged and these are described in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122012335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00137
Steven Mankoci, Chao Peng, Abraham Joy
The emergence of microbial resistance to several antimicrobials of last resort is causing a global crisis and presents a scenario where hospitals will be unable to address healthcare issues that become complicated due to drug-resistant bacteria. Natural or synthetic antimicrobials are the standard of care for addressing bacterial infections. However, due to the rapid emergence of resistance to these classes of antimicrobials, alternative platforms such as antimicrobial polymers are being evaluated as viable options. In this regard, synthetic cationic water-soluble polymers are an emerging class of antimicrobials that deserve a closer look. Over the decades, several classes of antimicrobial polymers have been explored and have been demonstrated to have good antimicrobial activity, which is normally due to the cationic nature of the polymers. The challenge in such cationic polymers is to maximize their bacterial activity while minimizing the collateral damage to mammalian cells. In this chapter, various classes of synthetic cationic water-soluble antimicrobial polymers are described, spanning both older versions such as polyhexanide and newer cationic polyurethanes.
{"title":"Chapter 5. Synthetic Cationic Water-soluble Antimicrobial Polymers: An Alternative to Conventional Small-molecule Antibiotics","authors":"Steven Mankoci, Chao Peng, Abraham Joy","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00137","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of microbial resistance to several antimicrobials of last resort is causing a global crisis and presents a scenario where hospitals will be unable to address healthcare issues that become complicated due to drug-resistant bacteria. Natural or synthetic antimicrobials are the standard of care for addressing bacterial infections. However, due to the rapid emergence of resistance to these classes of antimicrobials, alternative platforms such as antimicrobial polymers are being evaluated as viable options. In this regard, synthetic cationic water-soluble polymers are an emerging class of antimicrobials that deserve a closer look. Over the decades, several classes of antimicrobial polymers have been explored and have been demonstrated to have good antimicrobial activity, which is normally due to the cationic nature of the polymers. The challenge in such cationic polymers is to maximize their bacterial activity while minimizing the collateral damage to mammalian cells. In this chapter, various classes of synthetic cationic water-soluble antimicrobial polymers are described, spanning both older versions such as polyhexanide and newer cationic polyurethanes.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124562890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00113
Upayan Baul, Satyavani Vemparala
Increased levels of antibiotic drug resistance of virulent bacteria is an urgent healthcare issue that needs to be rethought, not in terms of producing more potent antibiotics, but requiring a paradigm shift. A class of small proteins called host defense peptides are a promising area to understand the evolution of such peptides as an integral part of innate immunity system, and learn design principles which can be used to develop biomimetic synthetic polymers with antimicrobial properties. The goal of such research is to understand at a fundamental level the role of oft-repeated specific motifs present in such peptides, including presence of both charged and hydrophobic entities and facial amphiphilicity in their antimicrobial mechanism, and adopt them into the synthetic polymers. Another goal of such research is to use these peptides or biomimetic polymers as a platform to investigate a fundamental paradigm of biology: structure–function relationship. Recent studies show that many biomimetic polymers and a class of proteins called intrinsically disordered proteins are capable of acquiring functional structures under specific conditions without such a structure built into the system. Such capabilities open up the possibilities of design of smart polymers, which may be very cost-effective and functionally relevant when required. In this chapter we primarily focus on mechanistic design and computational details of biomimetic antimicrobial polymers and their interaction with model membranes, particularly highlighting the effect of such polymers on structural integrity of membranes.
{"title":"Chapter 4. Biomimetic Antimicrobial Polymers","authors":"Upayan Baul, Satyavani Vemparala","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00113","url":null,"abstract":"Increased levels of antibiotic drug resistance of virulent bacteria is an urgent healthcare issue that needs to be rethought, not in terms of producing more potent antibiotics, but requiring a paradigm shift. A class of small proteins called host defense peptides are a promising area to understand the evolution of such peptides as an integral part of innate immunity system, and learn design principles which can be used to develop biomimetic synthetic polymers with antimicrobial properties. The goal of such research is to understand at a fundamental level the role of oft-repeated specific motifs present in such peptides, including presence of both charged and hydrophobic entities and facial amphiphilicity in their antimicrobial mechanism, and adopt them into the synthetic polymers. Another goal of such research is to use these peptides or biomimetic polymers as a platform to investigate a fundamental paradigm of biology: structure–function relationship. Recent studies show that many biomimetic polymers and a class of proteins called intrinsically disordered proteins are capable of acquiring functional structures under specific conditions without such a structure built into the system. Such capabilities open up the possibilities of design of smart polymers, which may be very cost-effective and functionally relevant when required. In this chapter we primarily focus on mechanistic design and computational details of biomimetic antimicrobial polymers and their interaction with model membranes, particularly highlighting the effect of such polymers on structural integrity of membranes.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127976618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00348
K. R. Kunduru, A. Domb
Antibiotic resistance in pathogens is a global healthcare challenge. Localized application of antimicrobial materials is a good choice to overcome antimicrobial resistance. A hydrogel matrix is one of the prominent choices for the localized application of antimicrobials. Hydrogels are fabricated from either natural or synthetic polymers. They contain a three-dimensional network with crosslinked hydrophilic polymer chains and retain a large amount of water. Hydrogels have been applied for various biomedical purposes such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound care, and implant coating. In this chapter, we discuss recent advancements in antimicrobial hydrogels. Various antimicrobial hydrogel categories possessing inherent antimicrobial activities and hydrogels loaded with antimicrobial materials such as metal nanoparticles, antibiotics, peptides and other molecules are discussed.
{"title":"Chapter 13. Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Hydrogels","authors":"K. R. Kunduru, A. Domb","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00348","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance in pathogens is a global healthcare challenge. Localized application of antimicrobial materials is a good choice to overcome antimicrobial resistance. A hydrogel matrix is one of the prominent choices for the localized application of antimicrobials. Hydrogels are fabricated from either natural or synthetic polymers. They contain a three-dimensional network with crosslinked hydrophilic polymer chains and retain a large amount of water. Hydrogels have been applied for various biomedical purposes such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound care, and implant coating. In this chapter, we discuss recent advancements in antimicrobial hydrogels. Various antimicrobial hydrogel categories possessing inherent antimicrobial activities and hydrogels loaded with antimicrobial materials such as metal nanoparticles, antibiotics, peptides and other molecules are discussed.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"318 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132019108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00038
Joshua C. Doloff
Microbial infections single-handedly account for many diseases, acute as well as chronic, throughout the modern world, in developed as well as developing nations. In many cases, microbes are required for normal immune function, as germ-free animals have dysfunctional immunity. As a consequence, the traditional idea that all bacteria are bad, and thus the over-prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics has led not only to multi-drug resistance, but also an imbalance of innocuous vs. harmful pathogens outside in warm bodies of water where we swim, as well as on and inside of our bodies (skin, mouth, lung, gut, urinary tract, vagina, etc.). This has created many difficulties, not only for patients, but also for healthcare providers, who not only have hospital-specific profiles for which drug-resistant bacterial strains (Gram-negative and/or positive) are prevalent in various patient-care facilities, but also worries about complicating and life-threatening incurable infections, obtained by traditional modes of transmission, or following invasive surgical procedures (e.g., implants, cancer resections, corrective surgery, etc.), and spread among patients, as well as the nurses and doctors who treat them. The Human Microbiome Project is a recent initiative to help derive essential understanding of how to discern which microbes are helpful vs. harmful, in an effort to determine improved preventative healthcare (probiotic maintenance, etc.), and in cases of diagnosed disease, the best course of treatment and how we may innovate more effective therapies.
{"title":"Chapter 2. Introduction to Microbes and Infection in the Modern World","authors":"Joshua C. Doloff","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00038","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial infections single-handedly account for many diseases, acute as well as chronic, throughout the modern world, in developed as well as developing nations. In many cases, microbes are required for normal immune function, as germ-free animals have dysfunctional immunity. As a consequence, the traditional idea that all bacteria are bad, and thus the over-prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics has led not only to multi-drug resistance, but also an imbalance of innocuous vs. harmful pathogens outside in warm bodies of water where we swim, as well as on and inside of our bodies (skin, mouth, lung, gut, urinary tract, vagina, etc.). This has created many difficulties, not only for patients, but also for healthcare providers, who not only have hospital-specific profiles for which drug-resistant bacterial strains (Gram-negative and/or positive) are prevalent in various patient-care facilities, but also worries about complicating and life-threatening incurable infections, obtained by traditional modes of transmission, or following invasive surgical procedures (e.g., implants, cancer resections, corrective surgery, etc.), and spread among patients, as well as the nurses and doctors who treat them. The Human Microbiome Project is a recent initiative to help derive essential understanding of how to discern which microbes are helpful vs. harmful, in an effort to determine improved preventative healthcare (probiotic maintenance, etc.), and in cases of diagnosed disease, the best course of treatment and how we may innovate more effective therapies.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130336910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00481
M. Saravanan, Melaku Ashagrie, Omar Ali, Balajee Ramachandran
Although high numbers of novel antibiotics are available in the market currently, it is still a challenge to treat intracellular pathogens. These therapeutic agents always need to be used in high doses, as their antibiotic concentrations are often sub-therapeutic. This is expensive and results in adverse systemic and localized side effects. The current rising threat of antibiotic resistance further complicates the treatment of intracellular pathogenic diseases. As a result, there is a crucial need for methods and systems that enable physicians to attain therapeutically effective intracellular concentrations of those antibiotics. In this scenario, the use of drug delivery systems carrying antibiotics showing targeted and effective antibacterial activity in vitro need to be considered and given due attention. Incorporating or encapsulating antibacterial drugs within these unique drug delivery systems offers better control of pharmacokinetic behavior of the active bactericidal molecule. Such new and advanced methods will replace old conventional antibiotics, which are becoming unusable due to resistance or toxicity. They are vital in rescuing the last-line therapeutic antibiotics through advancing the therapeutic index, broadening the antibiotic antimicrobial spectrum and avoiding failure due to membrane permeability problems, and thus shortening the current time required by classical treatments and reducing the extent of drug resistance. Hence, new and improved drug carriers have been established for treating intracellular pathogens, including antibiotics loaded into hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, polymeric carriers, and metal nanoparticles. This chapter focuses on the role of a drug delivery system as a potential tool against intracellular bacterial pathogens.
{"title":"Chapter 17. Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Approach to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"M. Saravanan, Melaku Ashagrie, Omar Ali, Balajee Ramachandran","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00481","url":null,"abstract":"Although high numbers of novel antibiotics are available in the market currently, it is still a challenge to treat intracellular pathogens. These therapeutic agents always need to be used in high doses, as their antibiotic concentrations are often sub-therapeutic. This is expensive and results in adverse systemic and localized side effects. The current rising threat of antibiotic resistance further complicates the treatment of intracellular pathogenic diseases. As a result, there is a crucial need for methods and systems that enable physicians to attain therapeutically effective intracellular concentrations of those antibiotics. In this scenario, the use of drug delivery systems carrying antibiotics showing targeted and effective antibacterial activity in vitro need to be considered and given due attention. Incorporating or encapsulating antibacterial drugs within these unique drug delivery systems offers better control of pharmacokinetic behavior of the active bactericidal molecule. Such new and advanced methods will replace old conventional antibiotics, which are becoming unusable due to resistance or toxicity. They are vital in rescuing the last-line therapeutic antibiotics through advancing the therapeutic index, broadening the antibiotic antimicrobial spectrum and avoiding failure due to membrane permeability problems, and thus shortening the current time required by classical treatments and reducing the extent of drug resistance. Hence, new and improved drug carriers have been established for treating intracellular pathogens, including antibiotics loaded into hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, polymeric carriers, and metal nanoparticles. This chapter focuses on the role of a drug delivery system as a potential tool against intracellular bacterial pathogens.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122248913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00421
Chandrakala Ummadisetti, K. R. Kunduru, A. Domb
Dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers may have structural resemblance, but they are different from each other in their topological structures. The potentials of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers are reported to have various applications in different fields such as material science, nanotechnology, supramolecular chemistry, biomaterials, coatings, adhesives, etc. In this chapter we discuss antimicrobial applications of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers.
{"title":"Chapter 15. Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers as Antimicrobial Agents","authors":"Chandrakala Ummadisetti, K. R. Kunduru, A. Domb","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00421","url":null,"abstract":"Dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers may have structural resemblance, but they are different from each other in their topological structures. The potentials of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers are reported to have various applications in different fields such as material science, nanotechnology, supramolecular chemistry, biomaterials, coatings, adhesives, etc. In this chapter we discuss antimicrobial applications of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134089051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00068
M. Zilberman, E. Koren, H. Guez, Lior Matsliah
Controlled release of antimicrobial small molecules is designed to be used for prevention and/or treatment infections associated with a large variety of wound occurrences, ranging from traumatic skin tears and burns to chronic ulcers and complications following surgery and device implantations. The main goal in treating infections is to decrease the bacterial load in the wound site to a level that enables wound healing processes to take place. Local delivery of antibiotics by either topical administration or a delivery device should enable the maintenance of a high local antibiotic concentration for an extended duration of release without exceeding systemic toxicity. The antimicrobial delivery system should be made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials, able to carry a sufficient drug concentration, and release the drug at the appropriate rate for an optimal treatment of the infected tissue. In recent years, various platforms have been developed in order to carry different types of antimicrobial small molecules and treat numerous organs and infections. This chapter describes the main types of these systems. These are based on nanoparticles, fibers, dendrimers, liposomes, nanotubes, and films. Emphasis is placed on processing techniques, nanostructure/microstructure, drug release profiles, biocompatibility and other relevant aspects necessary for advancing the therapeutic field of antimicrobial delivery devices. The final part of this chapter is dedicated to novel concepts in antibiotic-loaded bioresorbable films that we have developed. It focuses on structuring effects of dense and porous films, as well as novel soy protein based systems.
{"title":"Chapter 3. Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Small Molecules","authors":"M. Zilberman, E. Koren, H. Guez, Lior Matsliah","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00068","url":null,"abstract":"Controlled release of antimicrobial small molecules is designed to be used for prevention and/or treatment infections associated with a large variety of wound occurrences, ranging from traumatic skin tears and burns to chronic ulcers and complications following surgery and device implantations. The main goal in treating infections is to decrease the bacterial load in the wound site to a level that enables wound healing processes to take place. Local delivery of antibiotics by either topical administration or a delivery device should enable the maintenance of a high local antibiotic concentration for an extended duration of release without exceeding systemic toxicity. The antimicrobial delivery system should be made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials, able to carry a sufficient drug concentration, and release the drug at the appropriate rate for an optimal treatment of the infected tissue. In recent years, various platforms have been developed in order to carry different types of antimicrobial small molecules and treat numerous organs and infections. This chapter describes the main types of these systems. These are based on nanoparticles, fibers, dendrimers, liposomes, nanotubes, and films. Emphasis is placed on processing techniques, nanostructure/microstructure, drug release profiles, biocompatibility and other relevant aspects necessary for advancing the therapeutic field of antimicrobial delivery devices. The final part of this chapter is dedicated to novel concepts in antibiotic-loaded bioresorbable films that we have developed. It focuses on structuring effects of dense and porous films, as well as novel soy protein based systems.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121851049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00001
Shaheen Mahira, Anjali Jain, Wahid Khan, A. Domb
Infectious disease management has become an increasing challenge in recent years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, microbial infections are a top concern. Pathogenic microorganisms are of main concern in hospitals and other healthcare locations, as they affect the optimal functioning of medical devices, surgical devices, bone cements, etc. Combatting microbial infections has become a serious health concern and major challenging issue due to antimicrobial resistance or multidrug resistance and has become an important research field in science and medicine. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where microorganisms acquire or innately possess resistance to antimicrobial agents. New materials offer a promising antimicrobial strategy as they can kill or inhibit microbial growth on their surface or within the surrounding environment with superior efficacy, low toxicity and minimized environmental problems. The present chapter focuses on classification of antimicrobial materials, surface modification and design requirements, their mode of action, antimicrobial evaluation tests and clinical status.
{"title":"Chapter 1. Antimicrobial Materials—An Overview","authors":"Shaheen Mahira, Anjali Jain, Wahid Khan, A. Domb","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00001","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious disease management has become an increasing challenge in recent years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, microbial infections are a top concern. Pathogenic microorganisms are of main concern in hospitals and other healthcare locations, as they affect the optimal functioning of medical devices, surgical devices, bone cements, etc. Combatting microbial infections has become a serious health concern and major challenging issue due to antimicrobial resistance or multidrug resistance and has become an important research field in science and medicine. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where microorganisms acquire or innately possess resistance to antimicrobial agents. New materials offer a promising antimicrobial strategy as they can kill or inhibit microbial growth on their surface or within the surrounding environment with superior efficacy, low toxicity and minimized environmental problems. The present chapter focuses on classification of antimicrobial materials, surface modification and design requirements, their mode of action, antimicrobial evaluation tests and clinical status.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126532934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：