Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00277
Shady Farah
Microbial infection is a detrimental issue that can reduce the success of a wide range of biomedical implants. Several approaches are being developed to address this challenging obstacle. Cationic polymers, i.e. quaternary ammonium functionalized polymers have been reported repeatedly, with significant antimicrobial activity targeting broad spectrum of microorganisms through the disruption of the cell wall. Quaternary ammonium polymers or polymers modified with quaternary ammonium molecules possessing antimicrobial activity have been used as a part of self-sterilizing surfaces and composites, as well as additives addressing the need for antimicrobial activity or properties for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this chapter, an overview of the different antimicrobial polymers based on quaternary ammonium moieties is presented. Chemical structure, chemical modification, bioactivity and biomedical application are summarized and discussed.
{"title":"Chapter 10. Antimicrobial Quaternary Ammonium Polymers for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Shady Farah","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00277","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial infection is a detrimental issue that can reduce the success of a wide range of biomedical implants. Several approaches are being developed to address this challenging obstacle. Cationic polymers, i.e. quaternary ammonium functionalized polymers have been reported repeatedly, with significant antimicrobial activity targeting broad spectrum of microorganisms through the disruption of the cell wall. Quaternary ammonium polymers or polymers modified with quaternary ammonium molecules possessing antimicrobial activity have been used as a part of self-sterilizing surfaces and composites, as well as additives addressing the need for antimicrobial activity or properties for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this chapter, an overview of the different antimicrobial polymers based on quaternary ammonium moieties is presented. Chemical structure, chemical modification, bioactivity and biomedical application are summarized and discussed.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117275278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00171
D. Polak, Rawi Assad, Daniel Moreinos, Y. Pietrokovski, N. Beyth
Dental diseases, highly prevalent infection-related diseases in humans, include caries lesions, periodontal diseases and endodontic infections. Many pharmaceutical dosage forms are used to prevent and treat oral diseases; most are delivered focally and result in a local effect. The latest insights from the field of antimicrobial focal drug delivery led to the development of various systems designed to effectively combat the infection in the oral cavity, with minimal side effects. In the present chapter, the aetiology of common oral diseases (caries, periodontal diseases and endodontic infections), the characterization of infection–host interactions in oral disease, and classic dental treatment modalities are introduced. The organization of oral microbes in the form of biofilms and the intrinsic susceptibility characteristics of oral tissues, as well as the advantages of focal controlled drug delivery, are discussed. The recent development of various novel technologies for the prevention, control and treatment of oral infections are considered, including focal controlled treatment modalities for caries, periodontal and endodontic infections.
{"title":"Chapter 6. Focal Drug Delivery for Management of Oral Infections","authors":"D. Polak, Rawi Assad, Daniel Moreinos, Y. Pietrokovski, N. Beyth","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00171","url":null,"abstract":"Dental diseases, highly prevalent infection-related diseases in humans, include caries lesions, periodontal diseases and endodontic infections. Many pharmaceutical dosage forms are used to prevent and treat oral diseases; most are delivered focally and result in a local effect. The latest insights from the field of antimicrobial focal drug delivery led to the development of various systems designed to effectively combat the infection in the oral cavity, with minimal side effects. In the present chapter, the aetiology of common oral diseases (caries, periodontal diseases and endodontic infections), the characterization of infection–host interactions in oral disease, and classic dental treatment modalities are introduced. The organization of oral microbes in the form of biofilms and the intrinsic susceptibility characteristics of oral tissues, as well as the advantages of focal controlled drug delivery, are discussed. The recent development of various novel technologies for the prevention, control and treatment of oral infections are considered, including focal controlled treatment modalities for caries, periodontal and endodontic infections.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121035232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00193
C. McCoy, Jessica M. Moore, M. Wylie
Photodynamic antimicrobial polymers are materials that exert an antimicrobial effect when irradiated with a specific light source. This light-triggered activity is considered advantageous, as it allows fine control of the antimicrobial effect, minimising the possible adverse effects and propagation of antimicrobial resistance commonly associated with overexposure to antimicrobial agents. Extensive research has been conducted on incorporation of photosensitisers into or onto polymeric supports to produce potent photodynamic antimicrobial materials. Photosensitisers are agents that generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) when illuminated with visible light in the presence of oxygen. The ability of these generated ROS to eradicate a wide range of microorganisms has led to the incorporation of photosensitisers into a range of polymers, with a vast array of potential applications explored. This chapter focuses on photosensitiser-incorporated polymers, with consideration of the factors that can be altered to optimise antimicrobial activity. This is followed by a detailed discussion on current research and the development of these unique materials for the production of light-activated antimicrobial biomedical devices or for anti-infective surfaces in clinical settings.
{"title":"Chapter 7. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Polymers","authors":"C. McCoy, Jessica M. Moore, M. Wylie","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00193","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic antimicrobial polymers are materials that exert an antimicrobial effect when irradiated with a specific light source. This light-triggered activity is considered advantageous, as it allows fine control of the antimicrobial effect, minimising the possible adverse effects and propagation of antimicrobial resistance commonly associated with overexposure to antimicrobial agents. Extensive research has been conducted on incorporation of photosensitisers into or onto polymeric supports to produce potent photodynamic antimicrobial materials. Photosensitisers are agents that generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) when illuminated with visible light in the presence of oxygen. The ability of these generated ROS to eradicate a wide range of microorganisms has led to the incorporation of photosensitisers into a range of polymers, with a vast array of potential applications explored. This chapter focuses on photosensitiser-incorporated polymers, with consideration of the factors that can be altered to optimise antimicrobial activity. This is followed by a detailed discussion on current research and the development of these unique materials for the production of light-activated antimicrobial biomedical devices or for anti-infective surfaces in clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125643374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00457
S. Kanjilal, S. Kaki
Microbes are well known for their harmful as well as beneficial roles in living organisms. It is the harmful effect that needs special attention, due to the occurrence of several microbial-related human diseases. Research communities around the world have worked extensively to isolate and/or synthesize antimicrobial agents to treat such diseases. All these works have resulted in myriad antimicrobial agents to treat human beings, which gave a sense of relief to earlier generations. But the emergence of drug-resistant microbes over a period of time has led the research community to once again look for new and alternative natural antimicrobial agents. Fatty acids, which are ubiquitous in nature, assume significance due to their mild and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, easy availability and extremely low toxicity. Research work carried out in the last several decades on antimicrobial fatty acids opens up the opportunities for their application in pharma, food and the cosmetics industry. These safe natural renewable compounds can be used in treating specific infections where the application of conventional antibiotics either failed or is not desirable. The present chapter summarizes antimicrobial activity of fatty acids and their derivatives, target organisms and the proposed mode of actions.
{"title":"Chapter 16. Antimicrobial Activities of Fatty Acids and their Derivatives","authors":"S. Kanjilal, S. Kaki","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00457","url":null,"abstract":"Microbes are well known for their harmful as well as beneficial roles in living organisms. It is the harmful effect that needs special attention, due to the occurrence of several microbial-related human diseases. Research communities around the world have worked extensively to isolate and/or synthesize antimicrobial agents to treat such diseases. All these works have resulted in myriad antimicrobial agents to treat human beings, which gave a sense of relief to earlier generations. But the emergence of drug-resistant microbes over a period of time has led the research community to once again look for new and alternative natural antimicrobial agents. Fatty acids, which are ubiquitous in nature, assume significance due to their mild and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, easy availability and extremely low toxicity. Research work carried out in the last several decades on antimicrobial fatty acids opens up the opportunities for their application in pharma, food and the cosmetics industry. These safe natural renewable compounds can be used in treating specific infections where the application of conventional antibiotics either failed or is not desirable. The present chapter summarizes antimicrobial activity of fatty acids and their derivatives, target organisms and the proposed mode of actions.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124862761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00370
Shady Farah, Malia B McAvoy, Amani Jahjaa
Catheters are widely used as primary or secondary tools in a wide range of biomedical applications for addressing several medical needs and purposes. Similar to other biomedical implants, catheters are subject to microbial infection and biofilm formation that can reduce their success and performance. Microbial contamination has been reported across the catheter's lifecycle, including placement, maintenance, removal and reinsertion. Given that the catheter surface can be a reservoir for microbes leading to biofilm formation and infection, several preventative and therapeutic surface modifications with specific and non-specific targets are being developed to addressing this challenging obstacle. Current surface modification strategies for antimicrobial functionality include antibiotic agent release, contact killing and repelling or anti-adhesive functions. Wide ranges of antimicrobial materials—organic, e.g. quaternary ammonium functionalized polymers; inorganic, e.g. silver; antiseptic, e.g. chlorohexidine; and antibiotics, e.g. rifampin—have been reported, targeting a broad spectrum of microorganisms involved in microbial infection of catheters. In this chapter, we discuss the latest approaches and progress in the development of antimicrobial coatings and combination therapies for addressing catheter-associated infections.
{"title":"Chapter 14. Catheters with Antimicrobial Surfaces","authors":"Shady Farah, Malia B McAvoy, Amani Jahjaa","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00370","url":null,"abstract":"Catheters are widely used as primary or secondary tools in a wide range of biomedical applications for addressing several medical needs and purposes. Similar to other biomedical implants, catheters are subject to microbial infection and biofilm formation that can reduce their success and performance. Microbial contamination has been reported across the catheter's lifecycle, including placement, maintenance, removal and reinsertion. Given that the catheter surface can be a reservoir for microbes leading to biofilm formation and infection, several preventative and therapeutic surface modifications with specific and non-specific targets are being developed to addressing this challenging obstacle. Current surface modification strategies for antimicrobial functionality include antibiotic agent release, contact killing and repelling or anti-adhesive functions. Wide ranges of antimicrobial materials—organic, e.g. quaternary ammonium functionalized polymers; inorganic, e.g. silver; antiseptic, e.g. chlorohexidine; and antibiotics, e.g. rifampin—have been reported, targeting a broad spectrum of microorganisms involved in microbial infection of catheters. In this chapter, we discuss the latest approaches and progress in the development of antimicrobial coatings and combination therapies for addressing catheter-associated infections.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114850741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00325
C. C. Beh, Shady Farah, R. Langer, A. Jaklenec
Biopolymers have been found useful in biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility and degradability in the human body. Biopolymers can be formed naturally in living organisms and include polypeptides from proteins, polysaccharides from polymeric carbohydrates, and polynucleotides from nucleic acids – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Biopolymers can also be synthesized by using natural biological materials such as starch, sugars, fats, cellulose, and oils. Unsterilized biopolymers can cause severe infections in the human body when they are used for biomedical applications. Hence, biopolymers are required to undergo sterilization, which is a process to inactivate microorganisms including bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses. The biopolymers that have been sterilized include both natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, polylactic acid, poly-l-lactic acid, and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), and are reviewed in this chapter. Sterilization methods that have been applied to biopolymers, including steam-autoclaving, dry heat sterilization, irradiation (gamma (γ)-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, and electron beams), chemical treatment (ethylene oxide), gas plasma, and supercritical fluid sterilization, are reviewed.
{"title":"Chapter 12. Methods for Sterilization of Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications","authors":"C. C. Beh, Shady Farah, R. Langer, A. Jaklenec","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00325","url":null,"abstract":"Biopolymers have been found useful in biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility and degradability in the human body. Biopolymers can be formed naturally in living organisms and include polypeptides from proteins, polysaccharides from polymeric carbohydrates, and polynucleotides from nucleic acids – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Biopolymers can also be synthesized by using natural biological materials such as starch, sugars, fats, cellulose, and oils. Unsterilized biopolymers can cause severe infections in the human body when they are used for biomedical applications. Hence, biopolymers are required to undergo sterilization, which is a process to inactivate microorganisms including bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses. The biopolymers that have been sterilized include both natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, polylactic acid, poly-l-lactic acid, and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), and are reviewed in this chapter. Sterilization methods that have been applied to biopolymers, including steam-autoclaving, dry heat sterilization, irradiation (gamma (γ)-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, and electron beams), chemical treatment (ethylene oxide), gas plasma, and supercritical fluid sterilization, are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129037508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1039/9781788012638-00303
Arul Prakash Francis, A. Jayakrishnan
In immunocompromised patients, fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently, three major classes of drugs—polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins—with different mechanisms of action are used as antifungals for systemic infections. However, these conventional drugs were reported to induce toxic effects due to their low specificity, narrow spectrum of activity and drug–drug interactions. Some of these limitations could be overcome by altering the properties of existing drugs through physical and chemical modifications. For example, modification of amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene antibiotic includes the micellar suspension of AmB in deoxycholic acid (Fungizone®), non-covalent AmB lipid complexes (ABLC™), liposomal AmB (AmBisome®), and AmB colloidal dispersion (Amphocil™). All these formulations ensure the smoother release of AmB accompanied by its restricted distribution in the kidney, thereby lowering its nephrotoxicity. Although various methods such as polymeric micelles, nanoparticles and dendrimers were explored for enhancing the efficacy of the antifungal drugs, polymer–drug conjugates of antifungal drugs have received more attention in recent years. Polymer–drug conjugates improve the aqueous solubility of water-insoluble drugs, are stable in storage and reduce the toxicity of highly toxic drugs and are capable of releasing the drug at the site of action. This chapter discusses the polymer conjugates of antifungal drugs, their merits, and demerits. Studies reported so far show that the polymer–drug conjugates have significant advantages compared to conventional dosage forms for antifungal therapy.
{"title":"Chapter 11. Polymer–Drug Conjugates for Treating Local and Systemic Fungal Infections","authors":"Arul Prakash Francis, A. Jayakrishnan","doi":"10.1039/9781788012638-00303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012638-00303","url":null,"abstract":"In immunocompromised patients, fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently, three major classes of drugs—polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins—with different mechanisms of action are used as antifungals for systemic infections. However, these conventional drugs were reported to induce toxic effects due to their low specificity, narrow spectrum of activity and drug–drug interactions. Some of these limitations could be overcome by altering the properties of existing drugs through physical and chemical modifications. For example, modification of amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene antibiotic includes the micellar suspension of AmB in deoxycholic acid (Fungizone®), non-covalent AmB lipid complexes (ABLC™), liposomal AmB (AmBisome®), and AmB colloidal dispersion (Amphocil™). All these formulations ensure the smoother release of AmB accompanied by its restricted distribution in the kidney, thereby lowering its nephrotoxicity. Although various methods such as polymeric micelles, nanoparticles and dendrimers were explored for enhancing the efficacy of the antifungal drugs, polymer–drug conjugates of antifungal drugs have received more attention in recent years. Polymer–drug conjugates improve the aqueous solubility of water-insoluble drugs, are stable in storage and reduce the toxicity of highly toxic drugs and are capable of releasing the drug at the site of action. This chapter discusses the polymer conjugates of antifungal drugs, their merits, and demerits. Studies reported so far show that the polymer–drug conjugates have significant advantages compared to conventional dosage forms for antifungal therapy.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125452756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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{"title":"Biomaterial Control of Therapeutic Stem Cells","authors":"A. Higuchi","doi":"10.1039/9781788012690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012690","url":null,"abstract":"Registered charity number: 207890 USA and Canada Please contact: Ingram Publisher Services Customer Service, Box 631 14 Ingram Blvd La Vergne, TN 37086, USA Tel: +1 (866) 400 5351 Fax: +1 (800) 838 1149 Email: ips@ingramcontent.com Royal Society of Chemistry Marston Book Services Ltd 160 Eastern Avenue, Milton Park Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4SB, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1235 465522 Fax: +44 (0) 1235 465555 Email: enquiries@marston.co.uk www.marston.co.uk To order 3D Printing in Chemical Sciences Applications Across Chemistry","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125782759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1039/9781788012683-00077
S. Hollister
The concept of “functional tissue engineering” proposes that biomaterial scaffolds should be developed with mechanical properties that approximate those of native tissues. This can present a challenge as soft tissues exhibit at a minimum nonlinear elastic properties. The question becomes how to computationally estimate effective properties for scaffolds made from nonlinear materials and whether these nonlinear effective properties can be estimated from linear homogenization analysis. In this chapter, contact analyses are performed for both Triply Minimal Periodic Surface (TPMS) and P Schwartz architecture for 1×1×1 to 5×5×5 repeated unit cells for both linear and nonlinear (Neo-Hookean) base materials. These are compared to linear homogenization analyses for the same scaffold architecture. Results show that nonlinear effective properties show the same trend of decreasing material coefficients as linear effective properties as scaffold porosity increases. Furthermore, linear homogenization resulted bounded both linear and nonlinear multi-cell contact analyses. The results provide an initial insight into the behavior of porous scaffolds made from nonlinear materials as well as suggesting that linear homogenization estimates can be used as initial bounds for nonlinear effective properties of porous scaffolds.
{"title":"Chapter 4. Computational Design and Modeling of Linear and Nonlinear Elastic Tissue Engineering Scaffold Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) Porous Architecture","authors":"S. Hollister","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00077","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of “functional tissue engineering” proposes that biomaterial scaffolds should be developed with mechanical properties that approximate those of native tissues. This can present a challenge as soft tissues exhibit at a minimum nonlinear elastic properties. The question becomes how to computationally estimate effective properties for scaffolds made from nonlinear materials and whether these nonlinear effective properties can be estimated from linear homogenization analysis. In this chapter, contact analyses are performed for both Triply Minimal Periodic Surface (TPMS) and P Schwartz architecture for 1×1×1 to 5×5×5 repeated unit cells for both linear and nonlinear (Neo-Hookean) base materials. These are compared to linear homogenization analyses for the same scaffold architecture. Results show that nonlinear effective properties show the same trend of decreasing material coefficients as linear effective properties as scaffold porosity increases. Furthermore, linear homogenization resulted bounded both linear and nonlinear multi-cell contact analyses. The results provide an initial insight into the behavior of porous scaffolds made from nonlinear materials as well as suggesting that linear homogenization estimates can be used as initial bounds for nonlinear effective properties of porous scaffolds.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122481270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1039/9781788012683-00022
Mitchell A. Kuss, B. Duan
3D bioprinting is a fairly recent innovation in the world of biofabrication. It is a promising and growing technique for use in a wide variety of biofabrication applications. 3D bioprinting can be used to create complex, hierarchical constructs, along with constructs with mechanical and biological heterogeneity. Extrusion-based bioprinting uses a form of mechanical force to extrude any number of bioinks, which could contain cells or other biological materials, in a layer-by-layer manner into a predetermined design. The extrusion-based bioprinting technique allows for the use of multiple bioinks and biological materials in a single bioprinting process, which allows for the construct to be considerably more complex and can closer mimic biological materials and native tissue. This technique can be used in many different types of bioprinting applications, including bone, tendon, skin, cardiovascular, and many other types of tissue bioprinting.
{"title":"Chapter 2. Extrusion-based Bioprinting","authors":"Mitchell A. Kuss, B. Duan","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00022","url":null,"abstract":"3D bioprinting is a fairly recent innovation in the world of biofabrication. It is a promising and growing technique for use in a wide variety of biofabrication applications. 3D bioprinting can be used to create complex, hierarchical constructs, along with constructs with mechanical and biological heterogeneity. Extrusion-based bioprinting uses a form of mechanical force to extrude any number of bioinks, which could contain cells or other biological materials, in a layer-by-layer manner into a predetermined design. The extrusion-based bioprinting technique allows for the use of multiple bioinks and biological materials in a single bioprinting process, which allows for the construct to be considerably more complex and can closer mimic biological materials and native tissue. This technique can be used in many different types of bioprinting applications, including bone, tendon, skin, cardiovascular, and many other types of tissue bioprinting.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123148352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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