The issue of Taiwan's independence and protection is reminiscent of Poland’s position in the late 1930s, facing unbridled aggression from Nazi Germany. Great Britain and France promised to declare war if Germany attacked Poland. However, after Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, neither Great Britain nor France deployed troops to Polish soil to rebuff the attack and restore Poland’s sovereignty. The promise of assistance was an empty promise that the Polish people paid dearly. History teaches us that an ambiguous assistance policy will not stop naked aggression. A firmer stance and a more transparent approach are warranted from a diplomatic standpoint. This article is an essay that sets forth and supports the premise that the United States should clarify and strengthen its position of support for Taiwanese independence. Preprint (November 18, 2021). Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3939120
{"title":"Signposts Signify Troubled Waters Ahead for Taiwan-U.S. Relations","authors":"Ronnie R. Gipson","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v9i2.624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v9i2.624","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of Taiwan's independence and protection is reminiscent of Poland’s position in the late 1930s, facing unbridled aggression from Nazi Germany. Great Britain and France promised to declare war if Germany attacked Poland. However, after Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, neither Great Britain nor France deployed troops to Polish soil to rebuff the attack and restore Poland’s sovereignty. The promise of assistance was an empty promise that the Polish people paid dearly. History teaches us that an ambiguous assistance policy will not stop naked aggression. A firmer stance and a more transparent approach are warranted from a diplomatic standpoint. This article is an essay that sets forth and supports the premise that the United States should clarify and strengthen its position of support for Taiwanese independence. \u0000 \u0000Preprint (November 18, 2021). Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3939120","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121314011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing from overseas practices, namely the law in England & Wales (E&W) and the law in the United States (US), this article will critically discuss whether a higher standard of proof of ‘clear and convincing evidence (CCE) should be adopted in non-criminal proceedings in Hong Kong (HK), and if so, in what types of cases. Consequently, because the 'balance of probabilities ("BOP") and 'beyond reasonable doubt' ('BRD') standards have themselves proved to be highly complex, and jurors have found these standards even more complicated to understand, the introduction of an intermediate CCE standard would invariably lead to even more complexity and misunderstanding in the current HK evidentiary system applicable to non-criminal proceedings. This is precisely the opposite of what the HK evidentiary system needs now. Whilst a higher CCE standard of proof could in principle be adopted within HK, for instance, in cases where due process principles may potentially be invoked, unless the such standard is conceptually or empirically justified based on irreproachable evidence, it would represent an arbitrary re-allocation of evidentiary standards.
{"title":"Adoption of Clear Convincing Evidence in Hong Kong","authors":"Max Hua Chen","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v9i2.622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v9i2.622","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing from overseas practices, namely the law in England & Wales (E&W) and the law in the United States (US), this article will critically discuss whether a higher standard of proof of ‘clear and convincing evidence (CCE) should be adopted in non-criminal proceedings in Hong Kong (HK), and if so, in what types of cases. Consequently, because the 'balance of probabilities (\"BOP\") and 'beyond reasonable doubt' ('BRD') standards have themselves proved to be highly complex, and jurors have found these standards even more complicated to understand, the introduction of an intermediate CCE standard would invariably lead to even more complexity and misunderstanding in the current HK evidentiary system applicable to non-criminal proceedings. This is precisely the opposite of what the HK evidentiary system needs now. Whilst a higher CCE standard of proof could in principle be adopted within HK, for instance, in cases where due process principles may potentially be invoked, unless the such standard is conceptually or empirically justified based on irreproachable evidence, it would represent an arbitrary re-allocation of evidentiary standards.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132338952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simone Ranftl, B. Lurger, Hilmar Brohmer, Ursula Athenstaedt
Under EU law, consumers have a mandatory “right of withdrawal” in certain situations. Economic and legal literature raises severe doubts as to its effectiveness and fairness. In this article, an alternative design is discussed and examined within the framework of an experimental study: the “consumer option model,” in which every online consumer can choose between a purchase with and a purchase without a withdrawal right for a slightly lower price. Three study participants purchased two different products in a simulated online shop where the right of withdrawal was presented in three different frames (opt-out, opt-in, no default). The results revealed that a considerable number of participants were ready to shop without a right of withdrawal; in their choices framing and product value was of the essence, but not income, and a considerable number of participants reported an under-use of the right of withdrawal in every-day life.
{"title":"The Consumer Option Model for Withdrawal Rights in the EU: Analysis of an Alternative Design","authors":"Simone Ranftl, B. Lurger, Hilmar Brohmer, Ursula Athenstaedt","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.617","url":null,"abstract":"Under EU law, consumers have a mandatory “right of withdrawal” in certain situations. Economic and legal literature raises severe doubts as to its effectiveness and fairness. In this article, an alternative design is discussed and examined within the framework of an experimental study: the “consumer option model,” in which every online consumer can choose between a purchase with and a purchase without a withdrawal right for a slightly lower price. Three study participants purchased two different products in a simulated online shop where the right of withdrawal was presented in three different frames (opt-out, opt-in, no default). The results revealed that a considerable number of participants were ready to shop without a right of withdrawal; in their choices framing and product value was of the essence, but not income, and a considerable number of participants reported an under-use of the right of withdrawal in every-day life.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115613798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trade friction in the age of global value chains is primarily due to regulatory diversity. While due to the lack of disciplines in the WTO context on the exercise of regulatory powers by states, it is difficult to eradicate the diversity, regulatory cooperation is key to reducing the restraints that heterogenous regulations may impose on international trade. Recent mega-regional trade agreements have gone beyond the WTO disciplines and put forward novel and ambitious approaches to regulatory cooperation to address behind-the-border non-tariff measures. After a critical review of the new regulatory cooperation mechanisms in three mega-regional trade agreements, this article argues that these new regulatory cooperation mechanisms have spelled out a thick web of procedures that can be used to deliver better quality domestic regulations as well as enhance governmental coordination through joint institutions that monitors the consistency of proposed regulations with treaty commitments. It is still too early to assume that these new initiatives will significantly impact ameliorating the adverse effects of regulatory diversity in international trade. Nevertheless, they break new ground in international economic rule-making and hold great promise.
{"title":"Regulatory Cooperation in Mega-Regional Trade Agreements","authors":"Qingjiang Kong, Weimin Chen","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.615","url":null,"abstract":"Trade friction in the age of global value chains is primarily due to regulatory diversity. While due to the lack of disciplines in the WTO context on the exercise of regulatory powers by states, it is difficult to eradicate the diversity, regulatory cooperation is key to reducing the restraints that heterogenous regulations may impose on international trade. Recent mega-regional trade agreements have gone beyond the WTO disciplines and put forward novel and ambitious approaches to regulatory cooperation to address behind-the-border non-tariff measures. After a critical review of the new regulatory cooperation mechanisms in three mega-regional trade agreements, this article argues that these new regulatory cooperation mechanisms have spelled out a thick web of procedures that can be used to deliver better quality domestic regulations as well as enhance governmental coordination through joint institutions that monitors the consistency of proposed regulations with treaty commitments. It is still too early to assume that these new initiatives will significantly impact ameliorating the adverse effects of regulatory diversity in international trade. Nevertheless, they break new ground in international economic rule-making and hold great promise.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128875642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Communication is essential during clinicians' patient encounters in determining the health outcome. The importance of nonverbal communication has received less attention in the patient direct care model, both in practice and healthcare communication. This is because of the nature of the approach itself. Our goal was to investigate the impact nonverbal communication research conducted during the last quarter century has had on various health outcomes. Body language is a powerful tool that may help healthcare providers connect with patients and build mutual respect. In the context of medical encounters, this research aims to provide a summary of the previous research that has been conducted on nonverbal communication. After giving the roles of nonverbal behavior and its importance in medicine, we show how physician nonverbal conduct relates to patient pleasure, trust, or adherence. We then present nonverbal behavior assessment tools. Finally, it has been determined whether or not interpersonal sensitivity affects patient outcomes.
{"title":"Nonverbal Communication in Clinician-Patient Interaction and Influence on Healthcare Outcome","authors":"Alphonse Ekole","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.619","url":null,"abstract":"Communication is essential during clinicians' patient encounters in determining the health outcome. The importance of nonverbal communication has received less attention in the patient direct care model, both in practice and healthcare communication. This is because of the nature of the approach itself. Our goal was to investigate the impact nonverbal communication research conducted during the last quarter century has had on various health outcomes. Body language is a powerful tool that may help healthcare providers connect with patients and build mutual respect. In the context of medical encounters, this research aims to provide a summary of the previous research that has been conducted on nonverbal communication. After giving the roles of nonverbal behavior and its importance in medicine, we show how physician nonverbal conduct relates to patient pleasure, trust, or adherence. We then present nonverbal behavior assessment tools. Finally, it has been determined whether or not interpersonal sensitivity affects patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116858409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As part of its commitment to fostering economic prosperity and to further fortifying its already robust economy, Qatar has spearheaded several initiatives to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In doing so, however, Qatar must balance attracting investments from abroad while safeguarding its interests at home. This balance often becomes fragile as the same regulations imposed to offer protection to Qatari businesses (e.g., partial ownership and restricting investment to only a select few industries) often deter interests from abroad and raise barriers to entry. To restore this balance, Qatar has introduced various measures, including tax exemptions, free zones, and the use of commercial agents who are registered with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOCI) to incentivize foreign investors and facilitate and stimulate the growth and diversification of its economy, while allowing the nation to protect its assets at home. This essay will argue that although Qatar’s regulation might discourage some investors, the law finds an appropriate balance between protecting Qatari interests and encouraging FDI.
{"title":"Qatar’s Regulations – Striking a Balance between Protectionist Measures and Encouragement of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Qatar","authors":"Maha K. Al Thani","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.616","url":null,"abstract":"As part of its commitment to fostering economic prosperity and to further fortifying its already robust economy, Qatar has spearheaded several initiatives to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In doing so, however, Qatar must balance attracting investments from abroad while safeguarding its interests at home. This balance often becomes fragile as the same regulations imposed to offer protection to Qatari businesses (e.g., partial ownership and restricting investment to only a select few industries) often deter interests from abroad and raise barriers to entry. To restore this balance, Qatar has introduced various measures, including tax exemptions, free zones, and the use of commercial agents who are registered with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOCI) to incentivize foreign investors and facilitate and stimulate the growth and diversification of its economy, while allowing the nation to protect its assets at home. This essay will argue that although Qatar’s regulation might discourage some investors, the law finds an appropriate balance between protecting Qatari interests and encouraging FDI.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117126053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anusha Bodepudi, M. Reddy, Sai Srujan Gutlapalli, Mounika Mandapuram
User identity identification secures cloud computing. This study examined cloud service security authentication needs. Fingerprint recognition was used to create a new cloud security authentication system. The proposed system's design and process were thoroughly examined to secure cloud user data from unauthorized access. This study proposes a secure cloud server fingerprint match technique. Considering fingerprint uniqueness and stability, cloud security login authentication technology employing fingerprint recognition is researched to improve cloud services login security. Analyze the cloud security login system structure first. Next, fingerprint identification is explained. Finally, fingerprint identification of cloud security login systems is investigated from fingerprint registration, certification, fingerprint image processing perspectives, and a simple fingerprint image processing simulation. The results show that this login mechanism is secure and versatile. The biometric template is insecure, and stolen templates cannot be canceled, making user identity leaks easy. This work proposes indirect fingerprint authentication to address these issues. Finally, a thorough security analysis of the cloud computing method is offered.
{"title":"Algorithm Policy for the Authentication of Indirect Fingerprints Used in Cloud Computing","authors":"Anusha Bodepudi, M. Reddy, Sai Srujan Gutlapalli, Mounika Mandapuram","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v8i3.651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v8i3.651","url":null,"abstract":"User identity identification secures cloud computing. This study examined cloud service security authentication needs. Fingerprint recognition was used to create a new cloud security authentication system. The proposed system's design and process were thoroughly examined to secure cloud user data from unauthorized access. This study proposes a secure cloud server fingerprint match technique. Considering fingerprint uniqueness and stability, cloud security login authentication technology employing fingerprint recognition is researched to improve cloud services login security. Analyze the cloud security login system structure first. Next, fingerprint identification is explained. Finally, fingerprint identification of cloud security login systems is investigated from fingerprint registration, certification, fingerprint image processing perspectives, and a simple fingerprint image processing simulation. The results show that this login mechanism is secure and versatile. The biometric template is insecure, and stolen templates cannot be canceled, making user identity leaks easy. This work proposes indirect fingerprint authentication to address these issues. Finally, a thorough security analysis of the cloud computing method is offered.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116792838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Customer relationship management is recognizing, attracting, obtaining, maintaining, and keeping profitable and faithful customers as the success of a business highly depends on them. The current study’s purpose is to measure the impact of customer relationship management on organizational performance. The study used Yamane’s (1967) formula to calculate the sample, and it has got 90 sample sizes and used semi-structured questionnaires containing pre-coded and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics like frequency, percentages, and means have been performed. Besides, inferential statistics like correlation and regression analysis have been used to determine the relationship. The result showed that customer relationship management significantly and positively impacts organizational performance. The study will help the policy maker of any organization to rethink and give much more emphasis to customer relationship management.
{"title":"Impact of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) on Organizational Performance: A Study from the Perspective of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Mostafijur Rahman, Md. Tuhin Hussain, Shahnaz Parvin Moon, Monika Mehjabeen Tisha, Mumtahina Tahsin Lima","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v8i3.609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v8i3.609","url":null,"abstract":"Customer relationship management is recognizing, attracting, obtaining, maintaining, and keeping profitable and faithful customers as the success of a business highly depends on them. The current study’s purpose is to measure the impact of customer relationship management on organizational performance. The study used Yamane’s (1967) formula to calculate the sample, and it has got 90 sample sizes and used semi-structured questionnaires containing pre-coded and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics like frequency, percentages, and means have been performed. Besides, inferential statistics like correlation and regression analysis have been used to determine the relationship. The result showed that customer relationship management significantly and positively impacts organizational performance. The study will help the policy maker of any organization to rethink and give much more emphasis to customer relationship management.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":" 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113947486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mst. Hasna Banu, Md. Sayaduzzaman, Subhash Chandra Sil
The focal attempt of this research is to identify the consequence of credit risk management indicators on profitableness attributes of state-owned commercial banks functioning in Bangladesh. To attain the objectives of this research study researcher has analyzed four sample banks’ audited annual reports covering the period 2012 to 2016. The study has employed the ANOVA technique, multiple regression model, and correlation matrix to reach the concluding remark as per study objectives. The findings revealed that there is significant and insignificant variation as well as relationship in the different indicators of credit risk management but there is insignificant variation in the different attributes of profitability in the midst of the sample banks within the study period. Furthermore, there is the insignificant impact of the different indicators of credit risk management namely loan and advance, classified loan, unclassified loan, leverage ratio, bad debt, default ratio, cost per loan asset, and cost to income ratio on profitability attributes such as return on assets, return on equity along with net profit percentage of the sample banks over the study period. Hence, the study has recommended that the management of the banking sector should emphasize creating a smart credit management policy as well as lending guidelines to formulate the suitable credit risk management practice to meet the demand of loans applicants properly.
{"title":"The Impact of Credit Risk Management Indicators on Profitability Attributes: Evidence from the State-Owned Commercial Banks in Bangladesh","authors":"Mst. Hasna Banu, Md. Sayaduzzaman, Subhash Chandra Sil","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v8i3.576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v8i3.576","url":null,"abstract":"The focal attempt of this research is to identify the consequence of credit risk management indicators on profitableness attributes of state-owned commercial banks functioning in Bangladesh. To attain the objectives of this research study researcher has analyzed four sample banks’ audited annual reports covering the period 2012 to 2016. The study has employed the ANOVA technique, multiple regression model, and correlation matrix to reach the concluding remark as per study objectives. The findings revealed that there is significant and insignificant variation as well as relationship in the different indicators of credit risk management but there is insignificant variation in the different attributes of profitability in the midst of the sample banks within the study period. Furthermore, there is the insignificant impact of the different indicators of credit risk management namely loan and advance, classified loan, unclassified loan, leverage ratio, bad debt, default ratio, cost per loan asset, and cost to income ratio on profitability attributes such as return on assets, return on equity along with net profit percentage of the sample banks over the study period. Hence, the study has recommended that the management of the banking sector should emphasize creating a smart credit management policy as well as lending guidelines to formulate the suitable credit risk management practice to meet the demand of loans applicants properly.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126967874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since COVID-19, the world has been constantly evolving to adapt. Finding a cure quickly became the focus worldwide which altered set approaches to intellectual property rights. Additionally, creating a controversial vaccine has led to several more questions for the future. With varying vaccines and standards throughout the world, travel, business, and trade may face new challenges which change the current systems.
{"title":"The COVID-19 Vaccine and the Future of International Laws in Business, Travel, and Trade","authors":"M. Lane","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v8i2.564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v8i2.564","url":null,"abstract":"Since COVID-19, the world has been constantly evolving to adapt. Finding a cure quickly became the focus worldwide which altered set approaches to intellectual property rights. Additionally, creating a controversial vaccine has led to several more questions for the future. With varying vaccines and standards throughout the world, travel, business, and trade may face new challenges which change the current systems.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121373357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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