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Effect of Rural-Urban Migration on Education and Economics Development 城乡人口迁移对教育和经济发展的影响
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V5I2.1073
A. M. Iderawumi, Iderawumi Mubarakat Abiodun
Over the years, demands for education have become progressively more insistent, more persuasive and complex. The kind of education given impinges on society in a variety of ways to meet an ever-widening range of needs. This research is to examine the effect of rural-urban migration on education and economic development with reference to Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo State. The man and specific motives are to find out the causes of rural-urban migration how it affects the students’ performance and aimed at examining its effect on productivity level of Ibarapa East Local Government Area. The instrument used for collecting the data is the questionnaire. Hypotheses were formulated, whereas simple percentage methods were used to analyze the data. The finding shows that there are the different impacts of rural-urban migration on education and development of Ibarapa East Local Government causes short fall of the labour force, short of qualified and low productivity especially in the agricultural sector. Rural-urban migration contributes to the high rate of unemployment. It increases the number of juvenile delinquencies crimes and other social vices in the society, and it has effect on the educational development of the study area. Based on all the findings, recommendation was made that the government should provide social and infrastructural facilities such as good road network, regular supply of electricity and so on for rural dwellers. And also with the various youth programs, it could be possible to reduce rural-urban migration, most especially when the young ones are exposed to sustainable livelihood activities that they could embark upon.  
多年来,对教育的要求越来越强烈,越来越有说服力,越来越复杂。所提供的教育以各种方式影响社会,以满足不断扩大的需求。本研究以奥约州伊巴拉帕东部地方政府区为研究对象,探讨城乡迁移对教育和经济发展的影响。研究的目的和具体动机是找出城乡迁移的原因是如何影响学生的学习成绩,并旨在研究其对伊巴拉帕东部地方政府地区生产力水平的影响。用于收集数据的工具是问卷调查。我们制定了假设,而使用简单的百分比方法来分析数据。研究结果表明,城乡迁移对伊巴拉帕东部地方政府的教育和发展有不同的影响,造成劳动力短缺、合格人才短缺和生产力低下,特别是在农业部门。从农村到城市的移民造成了高失业率。它增加了社会上青少年犯罪和其他社会恶习的数量,对研究地区的教育发展产生了影响。基于所有的调查结果,建议政府应该为农村居民提供社会和基础设施,如良好的道路网络,定期供电等。此外,通过各种青年项目,有可能减少农村向城市的迁移,尤其是当年轻人接触到他们可以从事的可持续生计活动时。
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引用次数: 3
Impact of Grameen Bank Microcredit on Standard of Living in Rural Poor Women in Sariakandi Upazila of Bogra District 格莱珉银行小额信贷对博格拉县Sariakandi Upazila农村贫困妇女生活水平的影响
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V5I2.1077
Md. Abu Shamim
The standard of living in many developing countries like Bangladesh especially rural area is not standard level or satisfied. The microcredit programs of Grameen Bank (GB) in Bangladesh have emerged as a strategy on standard of living and reduction poverty. They are also trying to remove poverty and unemployment and energetic poor people who want to engage in economic activities, the institution provides not only loan to them but also advice and monitoring. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of GB microcredit on standard of living of rural women in study area whom have already involved in its loan. As sample only 198 current microcredit fund receiver’s respondents from Sariakandi upazila under Bogra district were selected. Data were collected from six centers under two selected branches using questionnaire. Data were explained normally under descriptive method using simple statistical tools such as chi-square test and One-way ANOVA test and econometric model such as OLS regression. After analyzing data, results of the study show that there has a positive effect on savings, average monthly income, expenditure, average level of education of borrowers’ households, number of income earner and asset. The results of One-way ANOVA test indicate that there exists a significant relationship among some factors of standard of living with amount of loan of GB and Chi-square test is proved that microcredit of GB has also a positive contribution on improving standard of living in study area.  
在许多发展中国家,如孟加拉国,特别是农村地区的生活水平不是标准水平或令人满意。孟加拉国格莱珉银行的小额信贷方案已成为提高生活水平和减少贫困的一项战略。他们也在努力消除贫困和失业,有活力的穷人想要从事经济活动,该机构不仅向他们提供贷款,还提供咨询和监督。本研究的目的是探讨国家小额信贷对研究地区已参与小额信贷的农村妇女生活水平的影响。作为样本,仅选择了博格拉区Sariakandi upazila的198名小额信贷基金受助人。采用问卷调查的方式,从选定的两个分支机构的六个中心收集数据。使用卡方检验、单因素方差分析等简单统计工具和OLS回归等计量经济模型,采用描述性方法对数据进行正常解释。通过对数据的分析,研究结果表明,借款人家庭的储蓄、平均月收入、支出、平均教育水平、收入收入者人数和资产都有正影响。单因素方差分析的结果表明,生活水平的一些因素与国家贷款金额之间存在显著的关系,卡方检验证明,国家小额信贷对提高研究地区的生活水平也有积极的贡献。
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引用次数: 3
An Analysis of Institutional Credit Pattern of Women Entrepreneurs 女企业家的制度信用模式分析
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V5I2.1076
M. Ahsan
This is an analytical paper. The aim of this paper is to find out which patterns of credit are frequently used by the women entrepreneurs.  The result of this pepper will help the policy makers of financial institutions to decorate their schemes, especially for the women entrepreneurs. The researcher has used simple percentage analysis and graph to present the information with the help of Microsoft Excel 2007. The major findings of this paper are most of the women entrepreneurs are pleased to use institutional credit and they prefer private bank to get their credit. Most of them prefer to withdraw three hundred thousand to five hundred thousand taka as credit, interest rare nine percent to eleven percent, credit period two years to five years, installment monthly and the preferable monthly amount is five thousand to ten thousand taka.  
这是一篇分析论文。本文的目的是找出女企业家经常使用的信贷模式。这种胡椒的结果将有助于金融机构的决策者装饰他们的计划,特别是对女企业家。研究人员使用了简单的百分比分析和图表,并借助Microsoft Excel 2007来呈现信息。本文的主要发现是,大多数女企业家乐于使用机构信贷,她们更倾向于通过私人银行获得信贷。大多数人喜欢提取30万至50万塔卡作为信贷,利率为9%至11%,信贷期限为2年至5年,每月分期付款,每月5000至10000塔卡为首选。
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引用次数: 0
The Brand Personality: a Key Catalyst of the Consumer-brand Relationship 品牌个性:消费者与品牌关系的关键催化剂
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V5I2.1075
Maryem Trabelsi
In our post-modern era, the brand is perceived more than a simple means of identification of the producer and a tool of differentiation and distinctiveness. From the consumer’s angle, it is seen as a partner in a deep, affective and long-lasting relationship that reflects his personality, values, social status, ideology, world view to match with this new perception, managers should infuse their brands with distinctive traits that match with the current and potential customers’ needs and identification desire. This research goes in this stream of studies that focus on brand personality and its ability to create, develop and maintain a strong consumer-brand tie. The findings showed that Private Labels’ personality is capabe enough to generate trust and attachment in the Tunisian context.  
在后现代时代,品牌不仅仅是一种识别生产者的简单手段,也是一种差异化和独特性的工具。从消费者的角度来看,它被看作是一个深刻的,情感的和持久的关系的合作伙伴,反映了他的个性,价值观,社会地位,意识形态,世界观。为了与这种新的认知相匹配,管理者应该为他们的品牌注入与当前和潜在客户的需求和认同欲望相匹配的鲜明特征。这项研究是关注品牌个性及其创造、发展和维持强大的消费者品牌联系的能力的研究之一。调查结果表明,在突尼斯的背景下,私人品牌的个性足以产生信任和依恋。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Remittance on Economic Growth in Bangladesh 汇款对孟加拉国经济增长的影响
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V5I2.1079
S. Hasan, R. Akhter, Alborz Abbasi, S. Saha
In Bangladesh, remittance is one of the most important economic variables in recent times as it has an impact on economic growth, helps in balancing balance of payments, increasing foreign exchange reserves, enhancing national savings and increasing velocity of money. For about two decades remittance has been contributing around 35% of export earnings. Moreover, it is greater than foreign aid and thus helps in lessening dependence on foreign aid remittance gets momentum in recent time in Bangladesh and is the second largest sector of foreign currency earnings after the garment; sector. If cost of imported raw materials is deducted from the foreign currency earning of the garments sector thanit becomes the largest sector of foreign currency earnings. Remittance earning ; increasing day by day but at a lower rate than the increase in emigration from Bangladesh due to the increasing share of unskilled or semi-skilled labors than the professionals in international migration. The share of remittance in GNI (Gross National Income) is increasing day by day. Remittance affects almost all the macro-economic indicators of a country positively. Though there are also negative sides of remittance earning e.g. brain drain, its overall contribution to Bangladesh economy is very much effective.  
在孟加拉国,汇款是近年来最重要的经济变量之一,因为它对经济增长产生影响,有助于平衡国际收支,增加外汇储备,增加国民储蓄和提高货币流通速度。近二十年来,汇款一直占出口收入的35%左右。此外,它比外国援助更大,因此有助于减少对外国援助的依赖,汇款在孟加拉国最近一段时间得到了发展,是仅次于服装业的第二大外汇收入部门;部门。如果从服装业的外汇收入中扣除进口原材料的成本,服装业就成为最大的外汇收入部门。汇款收入;每天都在增加,但低于孟加拉国移民的增长速度,因为国际移民中非熟练或半熟练劳动力的比例高于专业人员。汇款在国民总收入(GNI)中所占的份额日益增加。汇款对一个国家几乎所有宏观经济指标都有积极影响。虽然汇款收入也有消极的一面,例如人才流失,但它对孟加拉国经济的总体贡献非常有效。
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引用次数: 9
Living Links Connecting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Small-scale Farmers and Agricultural Biodiversity 连接联合国可持续发展目标的生活纽带:小农与农业生物多样性
Pub Date : 2019-04-11 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V6I1.1160
S. Bragdon
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Agenda 2030 adopted by the global community in September 2015 are applicable to all countries with the commitment “that no one is left behind.” As an agenda for “people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership”, Agenda 2030 provides a vision for people and planet-centered, human rights-based, and gender-sensitive sustainable development. It promises “more peaceful and inclusive societies” which are free from fear and violence. Small scale farmers and agricultural biodiversity are critical to the achievement of aspects of most of the SDGs. In addition to being essential for the resilience and stability of agricultural production systems and our ability to adapt to climate change and other stressors; agricultural biodiversity is fundamental to the livelihoods, health and nutrition of billions Despite its importance to the health of both people and the planet, this broad understanding of what agricultural biological diversity is and the critical role played by its custodians, gets no explicit mention in the SDGs. In fact, awareness of this is low outside specialized institutions and agreements and explicit mention of both is rare in the context of sustainable development This paper uses the example of small-scale farmers and agricultural biodiversity to illustrate how they are the living links amongst the SDGs as well as being critical components in their achievement and to the vision of Agenda 2030.  
国际社会于2015年9月通过的17项可持续发展目标和2030年议程适用于所有国家,并承诺“不让任何一个人掉队”。作为“人、地球、繁荣、和平与伙伴关系”的议程,《2030年议程》提出了以人为本、以人权为基础、对性别问题敏感的可持续发展愿景。它承诺“更加和平和包容的社会”,没有恐惧和暴力。小农和农业生物多样性对实现大多数可持续发展目标至关重要。除了对农业生产系统的复原力和稳定性以及我们适应气候变化和其他压力源的能力至关重要之外;农业生物多样性是数十亿人的生计、健康和营养的基础,尽管它对人类和地球的健康都很重要,但可持续发展目标中没有明确提到对农业生物多样性的广泛理解及其管理者发挥的关键作用。事实上,在专门机构和协议之外,对这一点的认识很低,在可持续发展的背景下,明确提及这两者的情况也很少见。本文以小农和农业生物多样性为例,说明它们是可持续发展目标之间的活生生的联系,也是实现可持续发展目标和实现2030年议程愿景的关键组成部分。
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引用次数: 1
The Current Status of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure of Islamic Shari-based Banking Companies in Bangladesh 孟加拉国伊斯兰银行企业社会责任披露现状
Pub Date : 2019-03-29 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V6I1.1157
Md. Sumon Hossain, Taposh Kumar Neogy
The purpose of this study is to examine the current extent and any difference (if any) of CSR disclosure of Islamic Sharia-based banking companies in Bangladesh during the period of 2011-2015.  Content analysis is adopted to accumulate the data from company’s annual reports. The CSR checklist comprise of sixteen dimensions (including 85 items) of CSR activities i.e., ‘Environment’, Disaster management, ‘Sports, Shelter, Women, Disabled, Liberation war, Health, Education, Energy, Minorities, Employee, Product responsibility, IT, Community and Government. The study reveals that the grand mean disclosure of CSR information in annual report of Islamic banks is 25.89% with a standard deviation of 5.49%. Empirical evidence provides that there is statistically significant difference of CSR disclosure among Islamic Sharia-based banking companies in Bangladesh. But there is no significant difference of CSR disclosure of Islamic banking industry in Bangladesh year to year. Moreover, CSR disclosure of Islamic Shari-based banking companies is not diversified rather concentrated on some specific dimension and items of CSR. The study is mainly based on annual reports for the financial year 2011-2015 of Islamic Sharia-based banking companies in Bangladesh. Hence, the conclusion reached cannot be generalized.  
本研究的目的是研究2011-2015年期间孟加拉国伊斯兰教银行公司社会责任披露的当前程度和任何差异(如果有的话)。采用内容分析法对公司年报数据进行积累。企业社会责任清单包括企业社会责任活动的16个方面(包括85个项目),即“环境”、“灾害管理”、“体育”、“住房”、“妇女”、“残疾人”、解放战争、健康、教育、能源、少数民族、雇员、产品责任、信息技术、社区和政府。研究发现,伊斯兰银行年报披露企业社会责任信息的均值为25.89%,标准差为5.49%。经验证据表明,孟加拉国伊斯兰银行企业社会责任披露在统计上存在显著差异。但孟加拉国伊斯兰银行业的企业社会责任信息披露在各年度间并无显著差异。此外,伊斯兰教银行的社会责任披露并不多样化,而是集中在社会责任的某些特定维度和项目上。该研究主要基于孟加拉国伊斯兰教银行公司2011-2015财年的年度报告。因此,得出的结论不能一概而论。
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引用次数: 27
Tourism in Kuakata: A Curbed Rareness in Global Village 高田的旅游业:地球村中被抑制的稀缺性
Pub Date : 2018-08-31 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1064
Mohammad Abu Horaira
Kuakata, locally called as ‘Sagor Konnya’ (Daughter of the Sea) is located in the southernmost tip of Bangladesh and is one of the most rare tourism destinations having the exceptional view of the rising and setting of the crimson sun in the water of the Bay of Bengal. Perhaps that makes Kuakata one of the world's unique beaches. After reviewing the literature and different sources related to tourism, it is being found that there is very little attention given to Kuakata as an exclusive tourism destination. The paper is based on secondary data sources like-articles, journals, websites of the target tour operators and authorities. For the globalization of tourism, it is essential to provide background information about the destination to the international visitors and Bangladesh is far behind of it. The government, NTOs (National Tourism Organizations), local administration, owners of hotels and motels, private tour operators and travel agencies should work in an integrated approach which can create a positive impression about Kuakata in the tourists’ mind and feels free to visit and recommend others.  
Kuakata,在当地被称为“Sagor Konnya”(海的女儿),位于孟加拉国的最南端,是最罕见的旅游目的地之一,在孟加拉湾的水中可以看到日出和日落的独特景色。也许正是这一点让它成为了世界上独一无二的海滩之一。在回顾了与旅游相关的文献和不同的来源后,人们发现,很少有人关注Kuakata作为一个独特的旅游目的地。本文是基于二手数据来源,如文章,期刊,网站的目标旅游经营者和当局。对于旅游业的全球化,向国际游客提供目的地的背景信息是必不可少的,而孟加拉国在这方面远远落后。政府、国家旅游组织(NTOs)、地方政府、酒店和汽车旅馆的业主、私人旅游经营者和旅行社应该以一种综合的方式工作,在游客心中创造一个关于高田的积极印象,并感到自由地访问和推荐其他人。
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引用次数: 1
Traditional Accounting vs. Computer Based Accounting: Challenges Faced by Accountants 传统会计与计算机会计:会计师面临的挑战
Pub Date : 2018-08-31 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1065
M. T. Hossan
To face much more difficult and challenging the business world in the challenging professional areas, depth knowledge about any particular filed is very much more compulsory. Accounting is essential function for any commerce and industry. All commerce and industries must keep a record of their revenue and expenses.  
在具有挑战性的专业领域,要面对更加困难和具有挑战性的商业世界,对任何特定领域的深入了解都是非常必要的。会计是任何商业和工业的基本职能。所有的商业和工业都必须记录他们的收入和支出。
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引用次数: 0
Adverse Rohingya Impacts on Bangladeshi Economy and its Solutions 罗兴亚人对孟加拉国经济的不利影响及其解决办法
Pub Date : 2018-08-31 DOI: 10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1067
S. Dey
Rohingya crisis is a crucial topic for recent time in world media. Due to injustice massacre on Rohingya, they took place in our country. This massacre was illegal and breaks the law of human rights. After arriving the Rohingya in Bangladesh, I have seen it had some adverse economic impacts on our Bangladeshi economy. From my study, I have seen it has effects on our tourism industry, unemployment, price hiking, banking sector, food security, and environment and so on. But the impact of Rohingya crisis on tourism industry was intolerable. At the end of my study, I have suggested some polices to solve the Rohingya crisis.  
罗兴亚危机是最近世界媒体的一个重要话题。由于对罗兴亚人的不公正屠杀,它们发生在我们国家。这次屠杀是非法的,违反了人权法。在抵达孟加拉国的罗兴亚人之后,我看到它对我们孟加拉国的经济产生了一些不利的经济影响。从我的研究中,我看到它对我们的旅游业,失业,物价上涨,银行业,食品安全,环境等产生了影响。但罗兴亚危机对旅游业的影响是无法容忍的。在研究的最后,我提出了一些解决罗兴亚危机的政策建议。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
American Journal of Trade and Policy
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