The need to address crime is as old as civilization itself, and while we have always struggled with whether to punish or rehabilitate criminal activity, there has never been any question that the best alternative to ‘crime’ is prevention. The main objective of this study was to identify an alternative analysis of possible effective crime prevention strategies suitable for the socio-economic premises of Bangladesh. Moreover, the study also tried to find out the necessary action for implementation of crime prevention strategies. The comprehensive discussion based on secondary sources as well as documents like journal articles, authentic books. This study finds out the fields of crime prevention include a range of responses developed over many years, includes developmental, environmental, situational, social and community-based crime prevention, and interventions. Although theoretically there are very few crime prevention strategies in Bangladesh in practice, there are various strategies for crime prevention used here institutionally or un-institutionally which includes community-oriented policing and various security measures. Investing in crime prevention could reduce the drawbacks of the conventional criminal justice system. If the crime prevention strategies could ensure properly, crime and criminal victimization could prevent which will reduce the need for formal criminal justice system in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Crime Prevention Strategies of Bangladesh: An Analysis","authors":"M. Akter","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1071","url":null,"abstract":"The need to address crime is as old as civilization itself, and while we have always struggled with whether to punish or rehabilitate criminal activity, there has never been any question that the best alternative to ‘crime’ is prevention. The main objective of this study was to identify an alternative analysis of possible effective crime prevention strategies suitable for the socio-economic premises of Bangladesh. Moreover, the study also tried to find out the necessary action for implementation of crime prevention strategies. The comprehensive discussion based on secondary sources as well as documents like journal articles, authentic books. This study finds out the fields of crime prevention include a range of responses developed over many years, includes developmental, environmental, situational, social and community-based crime prevention, and interventions. Although theoretically there are very few crime prevention strategies in Bangladesh in practice, there are various strategies for crime prevention used here institutionally or un-institutionally which includes community-oriented policing and various security measures. Investing in crime prevention could reduce the drawbacks of the conventional criminal justice system. If the crime prevention strategies could ensure properly, crime and criminal victimization could prevent which will reduce the need for formal criminal justice system in Bangladesh. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133406272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manufacturing various products and delivering numerous services have its respective impacts on the environment. Today, a range of eco-friendly economic instruments available worldwide, such as the eco-investment, green stocks, green investment, green banking, green bonds, green savings accounts, green mutual funds, green money market accounts and green certificates of deposit that have gained the positive reputation among many investors in the stock markets. Green investments are directed by corporations that invest in businesses committed to the environment. Some of these businesses either implement entire energy practices or good waste management systems. In the past, very few companies could have been called eco-friendly, along with several nations ensuring their support for the environment and creating environment-friendly policies, several companies have come forth with a clear objective of being responsive to the environment and lessen emissions. Bangladeshi mutual funds have not really presented much achievement in the green fund arena through the global counterparts is working in this sector. In this context, this paper intends to attract the attention of corporations towards green investments, which are effective for safe-environment and protection to earth. This paper focuses on various green investments and green investing companies in Bangladesh, and the primary focuses are: (1) to acquaint with nature of the companies involved in green funds and green investing, (2) to make an overview of different global green investing arrangements, (3) to suggest Bangladeshi companies to come forward in green investing to make Bangladesh green and pollution-free.
{"title":"‘Green Investing’ as an Approach to Make ‘Green Bangladesh’: the Role of Stock Exchanges","authors":"Lamia Alam, Muhammad Rehan Masoom","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1072","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing various products and delivering numerous services have its respective impacts on the environment. Today, a range of eco-friendly economic instruments available worldwide, such as the eco-investment, green stocks, green investment, green banking, green bonds, green savings accounts, green mutual funds, green money market accounts and green certificates of deposit that have gained the positive reputation among many investors in the stock markets. Green investments are directed by corporations that invest in businesses committed to the environment. Some of these businesses either implement entire energy practices or good waste management systems. In the past, very few companies could have been called eco-friendly, along with several nations ensuring their support for the environment and creating environment-friendly policies, several companies have come forth with a clear objective of being responsive to the environment and lessen emissions. Bangladeshi mutual funds have not really presented much achievement in the green fund arena through the global counterparts is working in this sector. In this context, this paper intends to attract the attention of corporations towards green investments, which are effective for safe-environment and protection to earth. This paper focuses on various green investments and green investing companies in Bangladesh, and the primary focuses are: (1) to acquaint with nature of the companies involved in green funds and green investing, (2) to make an overview of different global green investing arrangements, (3) to suggest Bangladeshi companies to come forward in green investing to make Bangladesh green and pollution-free. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122029239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Sujahangir Kabir Sarkar, M. Rahman, Mohammad Muzahidul Islam, M. Sikdar, Abul Basher Khan
Remittance is one of the major sources of capital especially for the developing countries like Bangladesh. This study attempts to explore the relationship between remittance and economic growth in Bangladesh. Time series data from 1995-2016 extracted from the World Bank database as well as Bangladesh Bank statistics were used to measure the relationship of remittance and gross domestic product (GDP) with some other variables such as gross capital formation, gross domestic saving and household final consumption expenditure. Pearson’s correlation coefficient is estimated between the variables. Moreover, annual growth (%) of remittance earning by Bangladesh has been calculated and compared with the GDP growth of Bangladesh. The study has found that on an average, remittance of Bangladesh has been increased by 10.85% from 1995-2016 which is higher than the average growth of the country’s GDP. It has revealed that there is a positive relationship of remittance with the GDP, gross capital formation, domestic saving and household final consumption expenditure in case of Bangladesh. However, there is a frequent fluctuation of remittance flow in Bangladesh in the recent years. Thus, this study recommends that Bangladesh should take proper initiatives for maintaining an increasing trend of remittance in the coming years which would be useful for the socio-economic development of the country.
{"title":"Relationship between Remittance and Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Sujahangir Kabir Sarkar, M. Rahman, Mohammad Muzahidul Islam, M. Sikdar, Abul Basher Khan","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1069","url":null,"abstract":"Remittance is one of the major sources of capital especially for the developing countries like Bangladesh. This study attempts to explore the relationship between remittance and economic growth in Bangladesh. Time series data from 1995-2016 extracted from the World Bank database as well as Bangladesh Bank statistics were used to measure the relationship of remittance and gross domestic product (GDP) with some other variables such as gross capital formation, gross domestic saving and household final consumption expenditure. Pearson’s correlation coefficient is estimated between the variables. Moreover, annual growth (%) of remittance earning by Bangladesh has been calculated and compared with the GDP growth of Bangladesh. The study has found that on an average, remittance of Bangladesh has been increased by 10.85% from 1995-2016 which is higher than the average growth of the country’s GDP. It has revealed that there is a positive relationship of remittance with the GDP, gross capital formation, domestic saving and household final consumption expenditure in case of Bangladesh. However, there is a frequent fluctuation of remittance flow in Bangladesh in the recent years. Thus, this study recommends that Bangladesh should take proper initiatives for maintaining an increasing trend of remittance in the coming years which would be useful for the socio-economic development of the country. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127431296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Success of an enterprise very much depends on the composition of human capital of the entity. It is now established that human capital is important for the business organization and it may be disclosed in the annual report of the companies. The specific objectives of the paper are to examine the present status of HC disclosure in corporate annual report of the listed non-financial companies in Bangladesh and to summarize the perceptions of different stakeholders regarding this aspect. Contents analysis has been conducted on annual reports for the year 2008 and 2011 of 82 listed companies in Bangladesh. Perception survey has been conducted on 195 respondents for collecting primary data using five-level Likert scale. Results show that the average disclosure score is below 50 percent and over periods the status is not improving significantly. More than 50 percent companies have achieved less than 40 percent score and there is a large variation in score among the companies’ scores. As disclosure of HC items is a need of the stakeholders, companies should be careful about the matter and concern regulators may take initiative to improve the disclosure status of the companies.
{"title":"Human Capital Disclosure by the Listed Non-Financial Companies of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Mahabbat Hossain, Md. Akhtar Uddin","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I1.1070","url":null,"abstract":"Success of an enterprise very much depends on the composition of human capital of the entity. It is now established that human capital is important for the business organization and it may be disclosed in the annual report of the companies. The specific objectives of the paper are to examine the present status of HC disclosure in corporate annual report of the listed non-financial companies in Bangladesh and to summarize the perceptions of different stakeholders regarding this aspect. Contents analysis has been conducted on annual reports for the year 2008 and 2011 of 82 listed companies in Bangladesh. Perception survey has been conducted on 195 respondents for collecting primary data using five-level Likert scale. Results show that the average disclosure score is below 50 percent and over periods the status is not improving significantly. More than 50 percent companies have achieved less than 40 percent score and there is a large variation in score among the companies’ scores. As disclosure of HC items is a need of the stakeholders, companies should be careful about the matter and concern regulators may take initiative to improve the disclosure status of the companies. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"18 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128687330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Network governance has become an important paradigm in recent reform effort; inter-sectoral collaboration is the key theme of such initiative. As part of the developing world, Government of Bangladesh is taking initiatives to prepare its civil service competent to meet the challenges of a welfare state for a sustainable society. Taking this in an account, this study focuses on the recent reform program in public sector organization initiated by the government. The core objective of this study is to understand the phenomenon of organizational culture that has an influence on organizational learning and innovation from the viewpoint of experienced civil servants who have gone through the change process and become an active implementer of learning and innovation in their organization to meet the desire change situation.
{"title":"Organizational Learning as a Strategic Choice in Public Sector Organization: Changing Cultural Attributes in a State Owned Agricultural Bank of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Ali Ahsan","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1066","url":null,"abstract":"Network governance has become an important paradigm in recent reform effort; inter-sectoral collaboration is the key theme of such initiative. As part of the developing world, Government of Bangladesh is taking initiatives to prepare its civil service competent to meet the challenges of a welfare state for a sustainable society. Taking this in an account, this study focuses on the recent reform program in public sector organization initiated by the government. The core objective of this study is to understand the phenomenon of organizational culture that has an influence on organizational learning and innovation from the viewpoint of experienced civil servants who have gone through the change process and become an active implementer of learning and innovation in their organization to meet the desire change situation.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124118405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The five field studies reported here and published research examined successful and unsuccessful anti-corruption programs, and the processes of corruption in Africa and Central America. They found most Third World governments' anti-corruption programs have lacked the appropriate mix of strategies and exercises needed to build new behaviors to overcome the core problem of a culture of corruption, or the hysteresis effect. The five studies led to development and testing of a model anti-corruption program. Test of the model program showed it could be assimilated by participants who lacked advanced education, and they could achieve an initial operational competence in a relatively brief period of training. The authors’ five field studies found eight (8) components were necessary for successful anti-corruption programs, and these findings were bolstered by the published research of others that was empirically based. The eight components are: (1) the actual and visible support of the head of government or C.E.O., (2) behavior modification training for civil servants to build informal social controls and internalize negative reactions to corruption, (3) a public component to build public support and social conscientiousness, (4) a degree of career security for civil servants, (5) laws and formal structures, such as criminal statutes, ethics code, transparency, audit, legislative incentives such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, other official and independent oversight, (6) exercises and follow up to operationalize new behaviors and feedback, (7) reduction and streamlining of government licensing and regulation of the economy, and (8) training to build new sensitivities to mission, professionalism, fiduciary duty, and peer group responsibility. The model program developed and tested included skill building, group exercises, role-playing, cohort projects, and practice scripts.
{"title":"Most Anti-Corruption Programs Have Lacked Key Components","authors":"Thomas Rasmusson, Boakai Dukuly","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1043","url":null,"abstract":"The five field studies reported here and published research examined successful and unsuccessful anti-corruption programs, and the processes of corruption in Africa and Central America. They found most Third World governments' anti-corruption programs have lacked the appropriate mix of strategies and exercises needed to build new behaviors to overcome the core problem of a culture of corruption, or the hysteresis effect. The five studies led to development and testing of a model anti-corruption program. Test of the model program showed it could be assimilated by participants who lacked advanced education, and they could achieve an initial operational competence in a relatively brief period of training. The authors’ five field studies found eight (8) components were necessary for successful anti-corruption programs, and these findings were bolstered by the published research of others that was empirically based. The eight components are: (1) the actual and visible support of the head of government or C.E.O., (2) behavior modification training for civil servants to build informal social controls and internalize negative reactions to corruption, (3) a public component to build public support and social conscientiousness, (4) a degree of career security for civil servants, (5) laws and formal structures, such as criminal statutes, ethics code, transparency, audit, legislative incentives such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, other official and independent oversight, (6) exercises and follow up to operationalize new behaviors and feedback, (7) reduction and streamlining of government licensing and regulation of the economy, and (8) training to build new sensitivities to mission, professionalism, fiduciary duty, and peer group responsibility. The model program developed and tested included skill building, group exercises, role-playing, cohort projects, and practice scripts. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125049439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to show the differences between a regular animal trade and trade in wildlife in the European Union (EU) and in the United States (USA/US). Although the ideas towards using the international sale of animals are similar in the US legal system and in the EU legal system, they have very different foundations. The European model aims for policy – neutral rules of private international law agreed on a multilateral basis, whereas the American approach uses unilateral rules of private international law based on a country’s own domestic interests. Even though there are still no binding international conflict of law rules that would apply to contracts between parties from the US and European countries, this problem could easily be solved in contract law by choosing the law applicable to the contract. However, though the conflict of law rules in the situation where one of the States of the USA is involved might be different in each case. That is the reason why the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was drafted. Unfortunately, the conclusion based on the material presented in the article is that CITES is not effective enough. Therefore, although the law on the sale of animals leads to similar solutions in USA and in EU, even though it is based on different legal systems (common law and civil law countries), it leads to totally different solutions concerning the law on wild animals.
{"title":"The Wild Differences in Law when Trading in Wild Animals: a US and EU Perspective","authors":"Małgorzata Lubelska-Sazanów","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V4I3.1040","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to show the differences between a regular animal trade and trade in wildlife in the European Union (EU) and in the United States (USA/US). Although the ideas towards using the international sale of animals are similar in the US legal system and in the EU legal system, they have very different foundations. The European model aims for policy – neutral rules of private international law agreed on a multilateral basis, whereas the American approach uses unilateral rules of private international law based on a country’s own domestic interests. Even though there are still no binding international conflict of law rules that would apply to contracts between parties from the US and European countries, this problem could easily be solved in contract law by choosing the law applicable to the contract. However, though the conflict of law rules in the situation where one of the States of the USA is involved might be different in each case. That is the reason why the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was drafted. Unfortunately, the conclusion based on the material presented in the article is that CITES is not effective enough. Therefore, although the law on the sale of animals leads to similar solutions in USA and in EU, even though it is based on different legal systems (common law and civil law countries), it leads to totally different solutions concerning the law on wild animals. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123271584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The broad objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships between the disclosure of non-financial material sustainability information and the financial performance of listed Australian companies in the materials sector. Using firm-level fixed-effects analysis for all companies, the findings show a mixed relationship (no relationship or statistically significant negative relationship) between lagged aggregate non-financial material sustainability disclosure and financial performance of Australian listed companies in the materials sector. The present study contributes to the existing literature on disclosure of non-financial sustainability information by adding insights into the materiality concept of non-financial sustainability disclosure in the Australian context. The evidence from the current study is expected to provide useful information for the companies’ stakeholders in Australia who use both financial and non-financial information for formulating business and regulatory policies and for decisions regarding the persistent expansion of sustainability reporting requirements. Funding Acknowledgement: This study is funded by the “Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship”.
{"title":"Materiality of Disclosure of Non-financial Sustainability Information and Company Financial Performance: Evidence from Australian Listed Companies","authors":"A. A. Mamun","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v8i2.565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v8i2.565","url":null,"abstract":"The broad objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships between the disclosure of non-financial material sustainability information and the financial performance of listed Australian companies in the materials sector. Using firm-level fixed-effects analysis for all companies, the findings show a mixed relationship (no relationship or statistically significant negative relationship) between lagged aggregate non-financial material sustainability disclosure and financial performance of Australian listed companies in the materials sector. The present study contributes to the existing literature on disclosure of non-financial sustainability information by adding insights into the materiality concept of non-financial sustainability disclosure in the Australian context. The evidence from the current study is expected to provide useful information for the companies’ stakeholders in Australia who use both financial and non-financial information for formulating business and regulatory policies and for decisions regarding the persistent expansion of sustainability reporting requirements. \u0000 \u0000Funding Acknowledgement: This study is funded by the “Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship”.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114823301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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