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Over Hill and Dale in Pursuit of the Russian Fox 越过山丘和山谷追赶俄罗斯狐狸
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340010
K. Platt
Jeffrey Brooks’ book The Firebird and the Fox presents a synthetic account of Russian cultural history from the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth. Brooks describes culture as an “ecosystem,” persistent across seeming moments of historical rupture such as the revolutions of 1917, animated by certain overarching thematic concerns, and uniting readers and writers across a broad spectrum of levels of social life, from the newly literate popular masses to the educated elites, and forms of media, from prestigious belles lettres to popular illustrated weeklies, satirical journals and children’s literature. Drawing on the theoretical description of historiographical writing offered by Hayden White, this essay examines Brooks’ book in terms of its formal patterning as a comedic narrative and its poetic basis in the trope of synecdoche, which undergird its analytical efforts to integrate material across seeming historical and social divides.
杰弗里·布鲁克斯的著作《火鸟与狐狸》对十九世纪中叶到二十世纪中叶的俄罗斯文化史进行了综合描述。布鲁克斯将文化描述为一个“生态系统”,它持续存在于1917年革命等看似历史断裂的时刻,受到某些总体主题关注的推动,并将社会生活各个层面的读者和作家团结在一起,从识字的大众到受过教育的精英,从媒体的形式,从著名的美女来信到流行的插图周刊,讽刺杂志和儿童文学。根据海登·怀特对史学写作的理论描述,本文从喜剧叙事的形式模式和提喻的诗歌基础两方面考察了布鲁克斯的书,提喻的修辞巩固了其分析努力,将看似历史和社会鸿沟的材料整合在一起。
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引用次数: 0
Balancing the Books and Staging Operas under Duress: Bolshoi Theater Management, Wartime Economy and State Sponsorship in 1941–1945 在胁迫下平衡书籍和上演歌剧:1941-1945年的莫斯科大剧院管理、战时经济和国家赞助
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340016
A. Golovlev
The article examines the financial history of the Bolshoi within USSR’s mobilized wartime cultural industry as an example of a cultural institution highly placed in the Stalinist establishment and symbolic canon. It explores the income-outcome flows, personnel management, the impact of evacuation, notably on Bolshoi’s hard capital, and relations with supervising authorities. The theater’s perceived importance within the war effort conditioned unshakable financial support, a non-market protective environment, and lenient administrative treatment, contrasting with logistical and personnel challenges which the house only partly mastered. This relative stability stands in contrast with the absence of strong leadership, as the director’s position was kept vacant in stark difference to most European opera theaters. The shock of 1941–1942 was absorbed with internal adjustment measures and external subventions, and the Bolshoi’s budgets swelled towards the end of the war, indicating inflation and the house’s “most-favored-opera status”. The stable and conservative management still showed shortcomings, which the state chose not to punish. The opera’s symbolic and prestige capital trumped quantitative efficiency, creating a haven in the war economy.
本文考察了莫斯科大剧院在苏联动员战时文化产业中的财务历史,作为斯大林主义建立和象征性经典中高度地位的文化机构的一个例子。它探讨了收入产出流、人员管理、疏散的影响,特别是对莫斯科的硬资本的影响,以及与监管当局的关系。剧院在战争中的重要性被认为是不可动摇的财政支持,非市场保护环境和宽松的行政待遇,与房屋仅部分掌握的后勤和人员挑战形成鲜明对比。这种相对的稳定与缺乏强有力的领导形成了鲜明的对比,因为导演的职位空缺与大多数欧洲歌剧剧院截然不同。1941-1942年的冲击被内部调整措施和外部补贴所吸收,莫斯科大剧院的预算在战争结束时膨胀,这表明通货膨胀和剧院“最受欢迎的歌剧地位”。稳定保守的管理仍然存在不足,国家选择不惩罚。歌剧的象征性和声望资本胜过了数量效率,在战争经济中创造了一个避风港。
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引用次数: 0
De-Russification of Government as a Factor in the Disintegration of the USSR 政府去俄罗斯化是苏联解体的一个因素
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340017
B. Mironov
In the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1990, the political inequality of the nationalities’ representation in institutions of governance was overcome, non-Russians’ participation in the power structures increased, and Russians’ role in administration correspondingly decreased. The increased non-Russian percentage in governance was mainly due to the introduction of the democratic principle in government formation, according to which ethnicities should participate in proportion to their number. By 1990 in the USSR overall, Russians had a slight majority in all power structures, corresponding roughly to their higher share in the country’s population. In the union republics, however, the situation was different. Only in the RSFSR did all peoples, Russian and non-Russian, participate in government administration in proportion to their numbers, following the democratic norm. Elsewhere, Russians were underrepresented and therefore discriminated against in all organs of power, including the legislative branch. Representatives of non-Russian titular nationalities, who on average filled two-thirds of all administrative positions, predominated in disproportion to their numbers. Given these representatives’ skill majority in legislative bodies, republican constitutions permitted them to adopt any laws and resolutions they desired, including laws on secession from the USSR; and the executive and judicial authorities, together with law enforcement, would undoubtedly support them. Thus, the structural prerequisites for disintegration were established. Thereafter, the fate of the Soviet Union depended on republican elites and the geopolitical environment, because of the Center’s purposeful national policy, aimed toward increasing non-Russian representation among administrative cadres and the accelerated modernization and developmental equalization of the republics.
在1917年至1990年的苏联,民族在治理机构中代表性的政治不平等得到了克服,非俄罗斯人在权力结构中的参与增加,俄罗斯人在行政中的作用相应减少。非俄罗斯人在治理中所占比例的增加主要是由于在政府组建中引入了民主原则,根据该原则,种族应按比例参与。到1990年,在苏联,俄罗斯人在所有权力结构中都占微弱多数,这大致相当于他们在该国人口中所占的较高份额。然而,在联邦共和国,情况有所不同。只有在RSFSR中,所有人,无论是俄罗斯人还是非俄罗斯人,都按照民主规范,按人数比例参与政府管理。在其他地方,俄罗斯人的代表性不足,因此在包括立法部门在内的所有权力机构中都受到歧视。非俄罗斯名义国籍的代表平均占据了所有行政职位的三分之二,占主导地位的人数与他们的人数不成比例。鉴于这些代表在立法机构中的技能占多数,共和国宪法允许他们通过任何他们想要的法律和决议,包括关于脱离苏联的法律;行政和司法当局以及执法部门无疑会支持他们。因此,确立了解体的结构先决条件。此后,苏联的命运取决于共和精英和地缘政治环境,因为该中心有目的的国家政策旨在增加行政干部中的非俄罗斯代表性,并加速各共和国的现代化和发展平等。
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引用次数: 0
Age of Genius or Century of Revolution? Russian Culture and Power Across the High-Low Divide, 1850–1950 天才时代还是革命世纪?1850–1950年跨越高低鸿沟的俄罗斯文化与力量
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340008
Michael David‐Fox
This article discusses Jeffrey Brooks’ metaphor of an integrated ecosystem to describe Russian cultural history in the late imperial and early Soviet periods. Brooks’s Firebird and the Fox describes an interlocking cultural system marked by high-low interactions, as a rich Russian folkloric tradition based on fable and popular tales was reworked with remarkable creativity in what he calls an “age of genius.” In response, this article argues that this period of Russian cultural creativity can be seen as coinciding with the extended life-cycle of the Russian Revolution. The subversive, satirical humor and irony running through Brooks’s cultural “play-sphere” was complemented by another tradition: a didactic, instructional, enlightening “teach-sphere” that animated a wide range of intelligentsia and cultural forces shaping cultural evolution and cultural revolution. If the play-sphere highlights the rebellious distance between culture and power, the teach-sphere’s project of transforming the masses reveals their many commonalities. The essay reflects on how the intersections of culture and power shaped early Soviet culture, the avant-garde, and successive phases of Stalinist culture. While Socialist Realism promoted the theoretical declaration of a unified socialist culture, the persistence of differing elements of the cultural system raises the question of Soviet cultural syncretism.
本文讨论了杰弗里·布鲁克斯关于一个综合生态系统的比喻,以描述帝国晚期和苏联早期的俄罗斯文化史。布鲁克斯的《火鸟与狐狸》描述了一个以高低互动为特征的连锁文化体系,在他所谓的“天才时代”,基于寓言和流行故事的丰富的俄罗斯民间传说传统被以非凡的创造力重新创作。对此,本文认为,这一时期的俄罗斯文化创造力可以看作是与俄国革命的延长生命周期相吻合的。在布鲁克斯的文化“游戏领域”中贯穿的颠覆性、讽刺性的幽默和反讽,得到了另一种传统的补充:一种说教式的、指导性的、启发性的“教学领域”,它激发了广泛的知识分子和文化力量,塑造了文化进化和文化革命。如果说游戏领域突出了文化与权力之间的叛逆距离,那么教育领域改造大众的计划则揭示了他们的许多共性。这篇文章反映了文化和权力的交集如何塑造了早期苏联文化、先锋派和斯大林主义文化的后续阶段。虽然社会主义现实主义推动了统一的社会主义文化的理论宣言,但文化系统中不同元素的持续存在提出了苏联文化融合的问题。
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引用次数: 0
In Search of a Cultural Code 寻找文化密码
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340012
Olga V. Velikanova
From the plethora of big and small achievements that the author celebrates in the book, my essay addresses such subjects as the continuity of cultural creativity in the 19th and 20th centuries, children’s literature, the sociology of reading, and the place of goodness in literature and life under Stalinism – all within the span of the 20th century. Sharing with the author my admiration of accomplishments of Russian and Soviet culture, I try here to historicize the themes and expand slightly on some of them, like perceptions of the cultural products.
从作者在书中庆祝的大大小小的成就中,我的文章谈到了诸如19世纪和20世纪文化创造力的连续性,儿童文学,阅读社会学,以及斯大林主义下文学和生活中善良的地方等主题-所有这些都在20世纪的跨度内。与作者分享我对俄罗斯和苏联文化成就的钦佩,我试图在这里将主题历史化,并稍微扩展其中的一些主题,比如对文化产品的看法。
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引用次数: 1
Reflecting on Jeffrey Brooks’ The Firebird and the Fox: The Unusual but True Adventures of a Soviet Agronomist 反思杰弗里·布鲁克斯的《火鸟与狐狸:一位苏联农学家不同寻常但真实的冒险》
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340009
Muireann Maguire
This essay responds to Jeffrey Brooks’ 2020 monograph The Firebird and the Fox, drawing attention to Brooks’ emphasis on a set of cultural symbols persistent during the historical period he surveys, and on the social activism which he identifies with leading Russian cultural figures such as Tolstoi and Chekhov. In support of Brooks’ argument, I present the example of Aleksandr Chaianov (1888–1937), a specialist in agronomy and amateur writer whose reputation as a driver of early Soviet agricultural policy was overshadowed by his arrest in 1930 and subsequent exile and execution. Chaianov’s social activism, as expressed in his short fiction and historical essays, took the form of reminding his readers about the cultural continuities between Russia’s past, present, and future.
本文是对杰弗里·布鲁克斯2020年出版的专著《火鸟与狐狸》的回应,让人们注意到布鲁克斯对一组在他调查的历史时期持续存在的文化符号的强调,以及他认为与托尔斯泰和契诃夫等俄罗斯主要文化人物有关的社会激进主义。为了支持布鲁克斯的观点,我举了亚历山大·查亚诺夫(1888-1937)的例子,他是农学专家和业余作家,1930年被捕,随后被流放和处决,使他作为苏联早期农业政策推动者的声誉蒙上了阴影。查亚诺夫的社会行动主义表现在他的短篇小说和历史散文中,以提醒读者俄罗斯过去、现在和未来之间的文化连续性的形式出现。
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引用次数: 0
Reading Between the Institutions, Reading Between the Genres, Reading Between the Lines: Jeffrey Brooks’ The Firebird and the Fox 制度之间的阅读,体裁之间的阅读,字里行间的阅读:杰弗里·布鲁克斯的《火鸟与狐狸》
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340011
W. Todd
Jeffrey Brooks’ new book, The Firebird and the Fox, draws on an unsurpassed knowledge of Russian literature and culture of all levels, from the folk and popular to the canonical and avant-garde. It divides the “age of genius” (1855–1953) into three periods: the emancipation of the arts (1850–1889), politics and the arts (1890–1916), the Bolshevik Revolution and the arts (1917–1950), each with its own configurations of popular and high culture and construction of creative artists, media, and readers. But three core themes overarch the periods and the exceptionally broad range of phenomena the book discusses: freedom and order, boundaries, art and reality. Throughout Brooks analyzes crossovers and intersections between cultural institutions, between genres and media, and – especially for the Soviet period – between the lines. His categories are at times sociological, historical, and literary. The book implies a theory of cultural production that gives unusual weight to the agency of creative artists. In conclusion readings of three works Brooks does not analyze (Dostoevsky’s Demons, Bely’s Petersburg, and Eisenstein’s Alexander Nevsky) illustrate the productivity of Brooks’ broad and humane approach to Russian artistic culture.
杰弗里·布鲁克斯(Jeffrey Brooks)的新书《火鸟与狐狸》(The Firebird and The Fox)借鉴了对俄罗斯文学和文化各个层面的无与伦比的了解,从民间和流行文学到权威和前卫文学。它将“天才时代”(1855-1953)分为三个时期:艺术解放(1850-1889)、政治与艺术(1890-1916)、布尔什维克革命和艺术(1917-1950),每个时期都有自己的流行文化和高雅文化的配置,以及创造性艺术家、媒体和读者的建设。但是,三个核心主题贯穿了这些时期,以及本书讨论的异常广泛的现象:自由与秩序、边界、艺术与现实。贯穿全书,布鲁克斯分析了文化制度、流派和媒介之间的交叉和交集,尤其是在苏联时期,分析了字里行间的交集。他的分类有时是社会学的、历史的和文学的。这本书暗示了一种文化生产理论,这种理论对创造性艺术家的能动性给予了不同寻常的重视。最后,布鲁克斯没有分析的三部作品(陀思妥耶夫斯基的《恶魔》,别利的《彼得堡》和爱森斯坦的《亚历山大·涅夫斯基》)说明了布鲁克斯对俄罗斯艺术文化的广泛而人道的方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Author’s Response to Commentaries 作者对评论的回应
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340014
J. Brooks
The author of The Firebird and the Fox: Russian Culture under Tsars and Bolsheviks (Cambridge University Press, 2019) responds to comments of Michael David-Fox, Muireann Maguire, Kevin Platt, William Mills Todd, and Olga Velikanova. He expresses appreciation for the reflections provided and elaborates on several points raised by the commentators individually and collectively: the theoretical framing of the work and the importance of agency; continuity of culture over episodes of political disjuncture; the applicability of the term “cultural ecosystem;” an alternative treatment of the topic that would have accorded greater emphasis to political power and the life cycle of revolutions; and the relationship of the work to analysis of institutional history and cultural theory. He finds the five commentaries to be valuable companion pieces for readers of The Firebird and the Fox and stimulants to further scholarship.
《火鸟与狐狸:沙皇和布尔什维克统治下的俄罗斯文化》(剑桥大学出版社,2019)的作者回应了迈克尔·大卫·福克斯、穆瑞安·马奎尔、凯文·普拉特、威廉·米尔斯·托德和奥尔加·维利卡诺娃的评论。他对评论家们单独和集体提出的几点意见表示赞赏,并阐述了这些意见:工作的理论框架和代理的重要性;政治脱节时期的文化连续性;“文化生态系统”一词的适用性;对这一主题的另一种处理方式,本应更加重视政治权力和革命的生命周期;以及作品与制度史和文化理论分析的关系。他发现这五篇评论对《火鸟与狐狸》的读者来说是很有价值的姊妹篇,也是进一步学术研究的兴奋剂。
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引用次数: 0
Why Did Russia Not Become a Composite State? 为什么俄罗斯没有成为一个综合国家?
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-30 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340006
A. Filyushkin
The paper asks how the Russian Empire emerged. In the course of European monarchical rise of the 16–17th centuries, composite monarchies turned into nation states and then empires. Russia never became a composite; very soon after its emergence at the end of the 15th century, it immediately moved to the imperial stage. The answer to why this happened is the key to understanding the Russian Empire’s history. One factor that prevented Russia from building a composite monarchy was the weakness of political actors united under Moscow’s leadership. European composite monarchies emerged when and where the dominant monarchy forcefully broke local laws, fought against local class and political systems. But Moscow’s rivals were too weak, and Russian monarchs did not need to compromise with them. A shared Orthodox faith, common culture, language, and economic structure, as well as the absence of natural borders on the Eastern European plain were other factors that allowed Moscow to ignore the rights of conquered regions. Russia’s background as a part of the Mongol Empire also played a role. By the time Russia faced strong European monarchical competitors, its imperial development path already formed. An important feature of the early Muscovite Empire was the dominance of political practice over ideology. The ideological design of the Empire occurred only in the 18th and 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the imperial character of Muscovy was formed intuitively and spontaneously; one might call it a neonatal, rudimentary, infant empire.
这篇文章询问了俄罗斯帝国是如何形成的。在16 - 17世纪欧洲君主制兴起的过程中,复合君主制先后演变为民族国家和帝国。俄罗斯从未成为一个联合体;在15世纪末出现后不久,它立即进入了帝国舞台。这一切发生的原因是理解俄罗斯帝国历史的关键。阻止俄罗斯建立复合君主制的一个因素是,在莫斯科领导下团结起来的政治行为者的软弱。当占统治地位的君主强行违反地方法律,反对地方阶级和政治制度时,欧洲的复合君主制就出现了。但是莫斯科的对手太弱了,俄国君主不需要向他们妥协。共同的东正教信仰、共同的文化、语言和经济结构,以及东欧平原上没有自然边界,这些都是莫斯科无视被征服地区权利的其他因素。俄罗斯作为蒙古帝国一部分的背景也发挥了作用。当俄罗斯面对强大的欧洲君主竞争对手时,它的帝国发展道路已经形成。早期莫斯科帝国的一个重要特征是政治实践凌驾于意识形态之上。帝国的意识形态设计只出现在18世纪和19世纪。在16和17世纪,莫斯科公国的帝国特征是本能地、自发地形成的;人们可以称之为新生的,初级的,婴儿帝国。
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引用次数: 0
Josephans and Non-Possessors (Trans-Volga Elders) during the Reign of Ivan IV 伊凡四世统治时期的约瑟夫人和非占有者(跨伏尔加长老)
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-30 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340003
C. Halperin
In Ivan the Terrible: Free to Reward and Free to Punish I contradicted myself in discussing the possible existence of church parties in Muscovy. After accepting Ostrowski’s argument that Iosif Volotskii and Nil Sorskii did not belong to antagonistic “parties,” I followed Goldfrank’s earlier publications that there were Josephan and Non-Possessor “parties” after the deaths of their “founders.” I proposed that the Josephans were an old-boy network in Iosif’s time and then promptly dropped that concept in discussing the rest of the sixteenth century. This article attempts to rectify those errors by consistently applying the concept of old-boy network to the Josephans throughout the sixteenth century. Because the persecution of heretics is central to the paradigm of the Josephans as a “party,” this reconsideration entailed engaging the very notion of “heresy” in the Russian Orthodox Church at the time. It also proposes that the paradigm of antagonistic church parties, the Josephans and the Non-Possessors / Trans-Volga Elders, originated in Prince Andrei Kurbsky’s History of the Grand Prince of Moscow.
在《伊凡雷帝:自由奖赏和自由惩罚》中,我在讨论莫斯科可能存在的教会党派时自相矛盾。在接受Ostrowski关于Iosif Volotskii和Nil Sorskii不属于敌对“党派”的论点后,我遵循了Goldfrank早期的出版物,即在他们的“创始人”去世后存在Josephan和non - posseris“党派”。我提出约瑟夫是约瑟夫时代的一个老男孩网络,然后在讨论16世纪剩下的时间时,我立即放弃了这个概念。本文试图通过在整个16世纪始终如一地将老男孩网络的概念应用于约瑟夫人来纠正这些错误。因为对异教徒的迫害是约瑟夫一家作为“党派”范式的核心,这种重新考虑需要与当时俄罗斯东正教中的“异端”概念进行接触。它还提出了敌对教会政党的范式,约瑟夫派和无占有权者/跨伏尔加长老,起源于安德烈·库尔布斯基王子的《莫斯科大公史》。
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引用次数: 0
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RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE
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