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“German Pamphlets, Russian Chronicles, and Ivan the Terrible” 德国小册子、俄国编年史和伊凡雷帝
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340032
Charles J. Halperin
Many historians have questioned the accuracy of the “Tale of Ivan IV’s Campaign against Novgorod in 1570.” Cornelia Soldat now expands that critical approach to the “Tale” by arguing that it derives from German pamphlets published a century earlier. She relies upon the congruence of macro- and micro-structures to demonstrate textual influence without textual borrowing. Given the absence of Muscovite manuscripts of the “Tale” between 1570 and the second half of the seventeenth century, the composers of the “Tale” “must have” relied upon foreign sources about the raid, because no domestic sources existed. Her analysis is certainly possible, but it elides a number of issues about the transmission and translation into Russian of the German pamphlets. Reliable contemporary Muscovite sources tells us more about the “real” raid than Soldat allows. It is equally possible that the “Tale” derives from circulating native oral legends. However, the methodological and evidentiary issues Soldat raises are serious and deserve further discussion.
许多历史学家质疑“1570年伊凡四世攻打诺夫哥罗德的故事”的准确性。科妮莉亚·索尔达现在将这种批判方法扩展到“故事”,她认为它来自一个世纪前出版的德国小册子。她依靠宏观和微观结构的一致性来展示文本的影响而不借用文本。鉴于在1570年到17世纪下半叶之间没有莫斯科的“故事”手稿,“故事”的作曲家“一定”依赖于外国的资料,因为没有国内的资料存在。她的分析当然是可能的,但它忽略了一些关于德国小册子的传播和翻译成俄语的问题。可靠的当代莫斯科消息来源告诉我们更多关于“真正的”突袭,而不是索尔达所允许的。同样有可能的是,这个“故事”来源于流传的土著口头传说。但是,索达特提出的方法和证据问题是严重的,值得进一步讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Making an Anti-Hero or Describing a Tyrant? Postmodernism and Ivan the Terrible 制作反英雄还是描述暴君?后现代主义与可怕的伊凡
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340033
A. Filyushkin
Historiography of the study of Ivan the Terrible’s times contains many examples of demystification attempts: E. Keenan declared the correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky to be apocrypha, Anthony Grobovsky exposed the ‘Chosen Rada’, Mikhail Krom unmasked the time of ‘boyar rule’. Cornelia Soldat suggests revising the history of the ‘massacre of Novgorod’ in 1570. She believes it to be a product of a ‘literary game’. The story of the destruction of Novgorod first appeared in the German Flying Leaf in 1570 and Alexander Guagnini’s Chronicle in 1578. It was a product of European political discourse. The Novgorod Chronicles borrowed that story from Guagnini’s Chronicle in the late 17th century. However, this hypothesis lacks sufficient proof. Independent evidence exists: The Solovetsky Chronicle of the 16th century. According to Soldat, the reports from The Novgorod Uvarov Chronicle date back to the late 16t–early 17th (about 1606) centuries, rather than to the 17th century. The main argument against her concept is the confirmation in independent sources and documents of the death of many people, while the circumstances of the repression or death point to Novgorod and 1570. The Novgorod chronicles contain no evidence of text borrowings from German or Polish sources. There is no proven textual similarity between them. The story of the ‘massacre of Novgorod’ evolved in the Novgorod’s urban legends. This would have been hardly possible, if this story had been of a purely bookish, literary origin. Therefore, Cornelia Soldat’s attempt to demystify the history of the ‘massacre of Novgorod’ in 1570 cannot be considered convincing.
研究伊凡大帝时代的史学包含了许多试图去神秘化的例子:E.Keenan宣称伊凡大帝与安德烈·库尔布斯基之间的通信是虚构的,Anthony Grobovsky揭露了“被选中的雷达”,Mikhail Krom揭露了“波亚尔统治”的时代。Cornelia Soldat建议修改1570年“诺夫哥罗德大屠杀”的历史。她认为这是一场“文学游戏”的产物。诺夫哥罗德毁灭的故事最早出现在1570年的《德国飞叶》和1578年亚历山大·瓜格尼尼的《编年史》中。这是欧洲政治话语的产物。《诺夫哥罗德编年史》借用了17世纪末瓜格尼尼的《编年史》中的故事。然而,这一假设缺乏充分的证据。独立的证据存在:16世纪的索洛维茨基编年史。根据索尔达的说法,《诺夫哥罗德-乌瓦罗夫纪事报》的报道可以追溯到16世纪末至17世纪初(约1606年),而不是17世纪。反对她的概念的主要论点是在独立来源和文件中确认了许多人的死亡,而镇压或死亡的情况则指向诺夫哥罗德和1570年。诺夫哥罗德编年史中没有从德语或波兰语中借用文本的证据。它们之间没有经过证实的文本相似性。“诺夫哥罗德大屠杀”的故事是在诺夫哥罗的城市传说中演变而来的。如果这个故事纯粹是书生气的、文学性的,这几乎是不可能的。因此,Cornelia Soldat试图揭开1570年“诺夫哥罗德大屠杀”历史的神秘面纱,这不能被认为是令人信服的。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: Agency and Autonomy in the Russian Press across the 1917 Divide 引言:1917年分裂时期俄罗斯新闻界的代理与自治
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340035
Yelizaveta Raykhlina, Ala C. Graff
This forum examines the professionalization of journalism in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union using recent revisionist approaches in press history. Four essays, ranging chronologically from the 1820s through the 1960s, use case studies of both commercial and state-owned periodicals to explore the rise of the press as a source of information and opinion in Russia. Yelizaveta Raykhlina’s article examines the institutions and networks, both formal and informal, that promoted the earliest professional and commercial periodicals in the first third of the nineteenth century. Ala Graff’s article analyzes the professionalization of the press during the 1860s–1880s, exploring how newspaper editors navigated the space between limited editorial autonomy and the growing technical complexity of the newspaper publishing business. Felix Cowan’s article examines the professionalization of the penny press in late Imperial Russia, focusing on how editors and journalists viewed their work as a vehicle for social mobility as well as a public service for the poor and marginalized. Ekaterina Kamenskaya’s article analyzes the newspaper Sel’skaia zhizn’ (Rural Life) and the role of its foreign correspondent network in both carving out space for professional autonomy as well as in bringing a unique narrative of the world to a rural Soviet audience in the 1960s.
本论坛利用新闻史上最近的修正主义方法,探讨了俄罗斯帝国和苏联新闻业的职业化。从19世纪20年代到20世纪60年代,四篇文章按时间顺序排列,分别对商业期刊和国有期刊进行了案例研究,探讨了新闻作为俄罗斯信息和舆论来源的兴起。Yelizaveta Raykhlina的文章考察了19世纪前三分之一推广最早专业和商业期刊的正式和非正式机构和网络。阿拉·格拉夫的文章分析了19世纪60年代至19世纪80年代新闻界的职业化,探讨了报纸编辑如何在有限的编辑自主权和日益复杂的报纸出版业务技术之间游刃有余。费利克斯·考恩的文章探讨了俄罗斯帝国晚期便士出版社的职业化,重点关注编辑和记者如何将他们的工作视为社会流动的工具,以及为穷人和边缘化人群提供的公共服务。叶卡捷琳娜·卡缅斯卡娅的文章分析了《乡村生活报》及其外国记者网络在为职业自主开辟空间以及在20世纪60年代为苏联农村观众带来独特的世界叙事方面的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Kopeck Journalism as a Social Profession: Upward Mobility, Service, and the Civil Society Spectrum in Late Imperial Russia 科佩克新闻作为一种社会职业:俄罗斯帝国后期的向上流动、服务和公民社会光谱
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340038
Felix Cowan
Through case studies of five prominent journalists, editors, and publishers, this article explores journalism at late imperial Russia’s kopeck newspapers. Exploring the lives and careers of journalists from wide-ranging backgrounds who shared a view of their work as both a business and a form of service to poor Russians, this article argues that kopeck journalists thought their profession combined entrepreneurship and upward mobility with activism and civic responsibility. The life stories and views of kopeck journalists reveal that civil society was not limited to small groups of educated middle-class Russians but rather included a wide range of actors and initiatives. Viewing these figures as members of late imperial Russian civil society also demonstrates that civil society activity could coexist with business concerns and operate within Russia’s emerging free market, despite the critiques of contemporary observers who saw commercial and social goals as inherently contradictory.
本文通过对五位杰出的记者、编辑和出版商的案例研究,探讨了帝国晚期俄罗斯kopeck报纸的新闻业。本文探讨了来自不同背景的记者的生活和职业,他们都认为自己的工作既是一种商业,也是一种为俄罗斯穷人服务的形式。本文认为,kopeck记者认为他们的职业将企业家精神、向上流动与激进主义和公民责任结合在一起。kopeck记者的生活故事和观点表明,公民社会并不局限于少数受过教育的中产阶级俄罗斯人,而是包括广泛的行动者和倡议。将这些人物视为帝国晚期俄罗斯公民社会的成员也表明,公民社会活动可以与商业关注共存,并在俄罗斯新兴的自由市场中运作,尽管当代观察家认为商业目标和社会目标内在矛盾。
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引用次数: 0
Developing a Commercial Press in Petersburg and Moscow: Institutions and Networks of Journalism under Alexander I and the Early Reign of Nicholas I 在彼得堡和莫斯科发展商务印书馆:亚历山大一世和尼古拉一世早期的新闻机构和网络
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340036
Yelizaveta Raykhlina
The article explores the kinds of institutions and networks that promoted a reading economy in periodicals in Moscow and Petersburg in the first third of the nineteenth century. The article examines why Petersburg experienced a dramatic growth in periodical publishing during this time period, and what factors constrained Moscow’s periodical publishing market. Looking at official institutions, public social venues, and individual journalists like Nikolai Grech, Faddei Bulgarin, and Osip Senkovskii, the article argues that institutional support and a thickening of public and private networks enabled the rise of a commercial and professional press in the 1820s. To bring the rise of Petersburg journalism into sharper relief, the article also examines the early career of Nikolai Polevoi and the circumstances constraining Moscow publishing in the first third of the nineteenth century. The article draws on recent scholarship examining the press as an “infrastructure” or “network” itself, as well as on theories of the press as part of a “network of means” regulating information and communication.
文章探讨了十九世纪前三十年莫斯科和彼得堡期刊阅读经济发展的制度和网络。本文考察了彼德堡在这一时期期刊出版急剧增长的原因,以及制约莫斯科期刊出版市场发展的因素。文章着眼于官方机构、公共社交场所和像尼古拉·格雷奇、法代伊·宝格林和奥西普·森科夫斯基这样的记者个人,认为机构的支持和公共和私人网络的扩大促成了19世纪20年代商业和专业媒体的兴起。为了使彼得堡新闻业的崛起更加清晰,本文还考察了尼古拉·波列沃伊的早期职业生涯,以及19世纪前三分之一时期制约莫斯科出版业的环境。这篇文章借鉴了最近的学术研究,将新闻作为一个“基础设施”或“网络”本身,以及将新闻作为调节信息和传播的“手段网络”的一部分的理论。
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引用次数: 0
Church and State and the Conflict over the Erosion of Morals in 18th-Century Russia 教会与国家与18世纪俄罗斯道德沦丧的冲突
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340028
A. Kamenskii
At the beginning of the 18th century, sexual crimes, which until then were considered only a sin and were subject to ecclesiastical punishment, became crimes also subject to secular courts. Henceforth, the Orthodox Church and the state now had to interact in the fight against violations of the norms of people’s sexual behavior. The article analyzes how this interaction took place in practice and shows that there was a kind of competition between the Church and the state for power over emotions and bodies. At the same time, the state personified by secular officials appeared to be more sensitive to the changes taking place in Russian society and, in fact, was gradually ousting the Church from this sphere.
在18世纪初,性犯罪在当时被认为只是一种罪行,并受到教会的惩罚,但在那之前,性犯罪也成为了世俗法庭的犯罪。从此,东正教和国家必须相互作用,打击违反人们性行为规范的行为。文章分析了这种互动是如何在实践中发生的,并表明教会和国家之间存在着一种争夺情感和身体权力的竞争。与此同时,世俗官员所代表的国家似乎对俄罗斯社会发生的变化更加敏感,事实上,正逐渐将教会逐出这一领域。
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引用次数: 0
Why the GDL? Why Musсovy? The Early States of Eastern Europe in Comparative Historical Discourse 为什么是GDL?为什么亩сovy吗?比较历史话语中的早期东欧国家
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340026
A. Dvornichenko
The paper attempts at providing a comparative analysis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy during their genesis and early development. Kievan Rus, the predecessor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy, was not a single political entity; it developed from chiefdoms to city-states that were, in essence, obshchinas (communities). This makes it all the more interesting to understand why the societies with the same roots evolved to become so different. Obviously, what comes to mind is the idea of external influences experienced by various parts of Kievan Rus while the new states were being formed, but the extent and the character of those influences can be understood through comparing these states. Comparing them reveals that they initially shared considerable similarity. It may even be said that there was a common model of state formation in the 13th to 15th centuries. For the purposes of this paper it is labelled a military-service state. It is this quite archaic polity that was the starting point in the progress towards the estates-based state. The paradox of the region is that before either the Grand Duchy of Lithuania or Muscovy could transform into an estates-based state, they both underwent drastic changes: the former became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, essentially a province within it, while the latter was plunged into Ivan the Terrible’s bloody “revolution from the top”, which accelerated the formation of the unique Russian state system based on serfdom.
本文试图对立陶宛大公国和莫斯科公国的起源和早期发展进行比较分析。基辅罗斯,立陶宛和莫斯科公国的前身,并不是一个单一的政治实体;它从酋邦发展到城邦,本质上是obshchina(社区)。这使得理解为什么具有相同根源的社会演变得如此不同变得更加有趣。显然,人们想到的是在新国家形成的过程中,基辅罗斯的各个地区所经历的外部影响,但这些影响的程度和特征可以通过比较这些国家来理解。比较它们可以发现它们最初有相当多的相似之处。甚至可以说,在13至15世纪有一种共同的国家形成模式。为了本文的目的,它被称为一个兵役国家。正是这种相当古老的政体是向以地产为基础的国家发展的起点。该地区的矛盾之处在于,在立陶宛大公国或莫斯科公国转变为一个以庄园为基础的国家之前,它们都经历了剧烈的变化:前者成为波兰立陶宛联邦的一部分,本质上是其中的一个省,而后者则陷入了伊凡雷帝血腥的“自上而下的革命”,加速了以农奴制为基础的俄罗斯独特国家制度的形成。
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引用次数: 0
Foreign Military Law and Mercenary Contract in Seventeenth-Century Russia: The Сase of the Smolensk War, 1632–1634 17世纪俄罗斯的外国军事法和雇佣兵合同:斯摩棱斯克战争的背景,1632–1634
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340029
Oleg Rusakovskiy
The article aims to discuss how the Russian government dealt with foreign military law based on mercenary contracts while recruiting troops in Germany and Britain for the Smolensk campaign of 1632 to 1634. In the agreements made with foreign colonels that survive in contemporary Russian translations, the Tsar’s officials granted an almost unlimited legal and administrative autonomy to foreign military commanders in order to make service in Russia more attractive for Western mercenaries. While doing so, the Russian government believed that a unified military law and an effective court and administration system existed among the European military communities. However, some essential terms of military service remained unspecified in the documentation, depriving the Russian army commanders of any legal recourse to prevent conflicts within foreign regiments, which ultimately contributed to an administrative disaster at the end of the Smolensk campaign. The article analyzes both the Russian attitudes towards foreign military law and mercenary contracts and how this might have affected European mercenary units in Russian service.
本文旨在探讨俄罗斯政府在1632年至1634年为斯摩棱斯克战役在德国和英国招募军队时,如何处理基于雇佣军合同的外国军事法。在与外国上校签订的协议中,沙皇的官员授予外国军事指挥官几乎无限的法律和行政自主权,以使在俄罗斯服役对西方雇佣军更有吸引力。在这样做的同时,俄罗斯政府认为,欧洲军事共同体之间存在统一的军事法以及有效的法院和行政系统。然而,文件中仍然没有具体说明一些基本的服役条件,这使俄罗斯军队指挥官失去了防止外国团内部冲突的任何法律途径,这最终导致了斯摩棱斯克战役结束时的行政灾难。文章分析了俄罗斯对外国军事法和雇佣军合同的态度,以及这可能对俄罗斯服役的欧洲雇佣军部队产生的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Josephians and the History of the Grand Prince of Moscow Revisited 约瑟夫派和莫斯科大公的历史重访
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340027
C. Halperin
The History of the Grand Prince of Moscow traditionally attributed to Prince Andrei Kurbskii presents the “Josephians” (Iosifliane) in a very negative light. Donald Ostrowski contends that the History did not describe the Josephians as a Church “party.” However, the History did describe the Josephians as monks who pursued material wealth, supported Ivan the Terrible’s tyranny, and persecuted opponents of monastic possessions, a Church party even if the text lacked such a concept. The History did not invoke the supposed founders of the Church parties, Iosif of Volokolamsk and Nil Sorskii, nor was it equally precise in portraying the opponents and victims of the Josephians. Nevertheless, the nineteenth-century creators of the paradigm of Josephian/Non-Possessor (Trans-Volga Elders) Church parties, which Ostrowski has strongly criticized, did not misinterpret the History in using its passages to formulate their conceptualization of sixteenth-century Muscovite Church history.
莫斯科大公的历史传统上归因于安德烈·库尔布斯基王子呈现了“约瑟夫派”(Iosifliane)在一个非常消极的光。唐纳德·奥斯特洛夫斯基认为,《历史》并没有把约瑟夫派描述为教会的“政党”。然而,《历史》确实将约瑟夫派描述为追求物质财富的僧侣,支持伊凡雷帝的暴政,并迫害反对修道院财产的人,一个教会政党,尽管文本中没有这样的概念。《历史》没有提到所谓的教会政党的创始人,沃罗科拉姆斯克的约西夫和尼尔·索尔斯基,也没有同样准确地描述约瑟夫派的反对者和受害者。然而,19世纪约瑟夫派/非占有权派(跨伏尔加长老派)教会政党范式的创造者,也就是Ostrowski强烈批评的,并没有在使用《历史》的段落来形成他们对16世纪莫斯科教会历史的概念化时误解了《历史》。
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引用次数: 0
“Whomsoever He Wishes As His Successor”: Paul Bushkovitch on Succession and Absolutism in Early Modern Russia “他希望谁成为他的继任者”——保罗·布什科维奇谈近代早期俄罗斯的继承与绝对主义
IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340030
Russell E. Martin
Paul Bushkovitch’s study of succession in Russia challenges a number of received historiographical traditions about succession and absolutism in early modern Russia. He questions the common view that power transferred from one ruler to the next by primogeniture and instead sees a long and largely uninterrupted tradition of parental designation. He also rejects the view that the concept of absolutism is useful for understanding monarchical power in Muscovy. Instead, Bushkovitch joins a growing group of historians who see the tsar ruling collaboratively with his boyars, making this a study as much about political culture as it is about succession. Some readers may find the conclusions about primogeniture to be highly revisionist and in need of further investigation, but the arguments about absolutism will no doubt influence in significant ways future works on power and politics, as historians continue to expand their understanding of pre-modern Russian political culture.
保罗·布什科维奇对俄罗斯继承的研究挑战了现代早期俄罗斯继承和专制主义的一些公认的史学传统。他质疑通过长子继承权将权力从一位统治者转移到另一位统治者的普遍观点,相反,他看到了父母指定的长期且基本上不间断的传统。他还驳斥了专制主义的概念有助于理解莫斯科的君主权力的观点。相反,布什科维奇加入了越来越多的历史学家的行列,他们认为沙皇与他的儿子们合作执政,这使得这项研究既是一项关于继承的研究,也是一项关于政治文化的研究。一些读者可能会发现,关于长子继承制的结论是高度修正主义的,需要进一步调查,但随着历史学家继续扩大他们对前现代俄罗斯政治文化的理解,关于专制主义的论点无疑将对未来关于权力和政治的著作产生重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
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RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE
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