Konsultativnaya Psikhologiya i Psikhoterapiya-Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy最新文献

Relevance. This article provides an overview of studies examining the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Processing (EMDR) in treating post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It presents the findings from the latest systematic reviews and meta–analyses. Drawing from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses, this study underscores the significant impact of untreated PTSD on morbidity, functional impairment, and overall mental health. Therefore, exploring effective treatments for PTSD is vital to enhance the quality of life and the mental and physical well-being of affected individuals. Purpose of the study. This study aims to analyze the current state of research concerning the effectiveness of EMDR therapy for PTSD. Results. Eye movement desensitization and processing has been shown to reduce symptoms associated with PTSD, as well as anxiety and depression, among various groups of individuals, including survivors of life–threatening diseases (such as cancer), first responders, and internally displaced persons/refugees. The research suggests that EMDR may be more effective than Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in reducing the severity of intrusion and arousal symptoms. However, both approaches show relatively similar rates of reduction in avoidance symptoms. Encouragingly, recent studies indicate that EMDR therapy's effectiveness extends beyond trauma-focused applications, emphasizing its potential utility in addressing a broader spectrum of issues. The researchers note that further investigation is needed to determine the effectiveness of EMDR on different samples. Currently, there are no studies available on the effectiveness of EMDR specifically on a Russian sample, based on the best of our knowledge.

Present digest offers information associated with introduction of a new diagnosis of complex PTSD. It covers the background of this concept including the component of disturbances of self–organization, and presents the expectations of using this diagnosis in clinical practice.

Background. In domestic practice, there are still no clear ideas about effective approaches to psychotherapy, mechanisms of therapeutic effects, as well as principles and algorithms for providing assistance, despite the active development of the problems of PTSD and the presence of an evidence base for the effectiveness of therapy for this group of patients. Objective. The analysis of existing scientific publications on the use of psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD and the definition of the basic principles and leading methods of psychotherapy used in helping people with PTSD, the formulation of algorithms for psychotherapeutic interventions and the content of the stages included in it. Materials and methods. Literature search was carried out on the databases PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, RSCI and Cochrane Library. Preference was given to the works of the last 5 years. Results. The description of various techniques and techniques of psychotherapeutic interventions is given, the principles of choosing the tactics of psychotherapeutic treatment are considered. The features are noted and the main methods of psychotherapy used for the treatment of PTSD are described. The main mechanisms of the therapeutic effect are given. The methodology and structure of the therapeutic process, the principles of the stages of care and the description of the various stages of psychotherapeutic treatment are considered. Conclusions. Each of the methods of psychotherapy considered in the work has a large evidence base and is focused on trauma, causing a direct appeal to memories of a traumatic event or thoughts and feelings associated with a traumatic event.

Relevance. In recent years, studies have accumulated a lot of factual material on the psychological consequences of stress caused by exposure to aggressive environmental factors, including the COVID–19 virus threat factor. In this connection, the task of generalizing and rethinking the role of information threats in the development of psychopathological symptoms in the general population becomes obvious. Goal. The work is devoted to the theoretical and empirical analysis of the psychological consequences of experiencing invisible information threats (viral and radiation threats, the threat of a life–threatening disease, a terrorist threat to indirect victims, emotional violence). Materials and methods: the total sample size for assessing the experience of the COVID–19 virus threat is 712 respondents interviewed in two time periods (from April to May 2020, from October 2021 to May 2022). Empirical data of a cross–cultural project on the study of PTSD in the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident 1992–1994 are also used. laboratories of psychology of post–traumatic stress of the IP RAS under the leadership of N.V. Tarabrina and the psychophysiological laboratory of Harvard Medical School (USA), headed by Professor R. Pitman. To assess the experience of a terrorist threat, empirical data from a 2007 dissertation study Bykhovets Yu.V. Test battery: a questionnaire on the experience of a viral threat, SCL–90–R, PCL–5, SHVS–10, a questionnaire on the prescription and intensity of the disease COVID–19 are used. Results. The dynamics of the psychological state of the population during the COVID–19 pandemic (2020 - 2022) is described. A comparative analysis of the severity of psychopathological symptoms in the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, indirect victims of terrorist attacks and COVID–19 respondents who were ill/not ill is presented. A comparative analysis of the severity of delayed symptoms, in particular post–traumatic stress disorder, showed that 19,7 % of the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident were diagnosed with PTSD, 24 % of indirect victims of terrorist attacks and 7,25% of people who had Covid–19. Conclusions. According to the study, it can be concluded that the psychological consequences of a collision with invisible information threats are represented by a wide range of negative affectivity, which proves the possibility of attributing these stressors to high–intensity stressors.

Relevance. Domestic violence is becoming an increasingly relevant problem in our time. Despite the removal of taboo, this problem still remains understudied, especially in the context of phenomenology. The study considers different approaches to the problem of abusive relationships, types of violence, as well as constructs such as experience (F.E. Vasilyuk) and relationships (V.N. Myasishchev). Purpose of the study. This article presents the materials of the study, which aims to describe the peculiarities of a personality's experience of domestic violence. The study involved 108 people, among whom there were 79 women and 29 men (the average age of respondents was 30 years). Methods. Results were based on an online questionnaire and the Measurement of Maladaptive Guilt Questionnaire, as well as an in–depth phenomenological interview with female survivors of domestic violence. Data were processed using frequency, comparative (U–Mann–Whitney test) and correlation analysis, and factor analysis (principal component method). Results. It was found that the reliving of this experience in the respondents is presented on 3 levels of attitudes, and consequences such as loss of self and increased existential guilt were noted. Conclusions. The findings of the study indicate the potential for the application of phenomenology in psychotherapy with survivors of domestic violence.

The relevance of the theoretical conceptualization of children's grief is due to the high importance of psychological assistance to children in the situation of loss of a parent. The purpose of this article is to describe the main theoretical positions conceptualizing the idea of children's grief based on the analysis of psychological literature. Results. Theoretical analysis has shown that the problem of child grief in the literature is represented by the following 4 aspects: the impact of the loss of a parent on the mental health of a child; age-related features of child grief; the stages of child grief; ideas about normal and complicated child grief. The analysis of these aspects allowed us to conclude that throughout the history of the study of childhood grief, the position of researchers has changed from indicating an unambiguous connection between the loss of a parent in childhood and subsequent mental health disorders in adulthood to recognizing the influence of many factors on childhood grief that can help a child adapt to loss. The main theoretical provisions conceptualizing the problem of child grief at the present stage of its study are formulated as conclusions.

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the stressor «life–threatening disease» features and the systematization of the actual traumatic stress symptoms caused by its influence. The relevance of studying this problem is associated with the emergence of new, but unsystematized information about the long-term psychological consequences of the impact of a serious illness on the human condition. The general line and the purpose of the study was the comparison of the intense and traumatic stress signs, and the determination of their specificity under the influence of the stressor «life–threatening disease». The methodological and theoretical principles of problem analysis are determined on the basis of the approach of N. V. Tarabrina to understanding the phenomenology of post–traumatic stress and construction a psychological model of PTS. Results: the article describes the characteristics of the life event «life–threatening disease», determines the stages of its manifestation, singles out a separate stressor associated with informing a person about a severe diagnosis. Signs of intense stress are represented by a number of categories denoting emotional states ¾ fright, fear, guilt, helplessness, etc. The symptoms of traumatic stress are analyzed, indicating a violation of the mechanism of identity integration, construction of a picture of the world, perception of a time perspective, denial of illness and restrictions. Explicit and implicit resources for coping with psychotraumatic experiences are determined. The theoretical provisions of the approach presented in the article are illustrated by the data of empirical studies conducted by domestic and foreign scientists. The conclusions summarize data on the characteristics of the stressor «life-threatening disease», the specifics of the traumatic stress caused by it, explicit and implicit coping resources.

Introduction. This article describes the mutual influence of the phenomena of psychological assumptions, early maladaptive schemas (EMS), traumatic experience. The significance of this study is based to the need for psychologists to carry out practical work with the complexity and severity of the consequences of a person’s traumatic experience, specifics of beliefs and EMS. Purpose: To study psychological assumptions and EMS, which are formed from childhood and increase the impact on the personality in connection with the traumatic experience reducing the adaptive capacity of the individual. Methods. The article presents the results of a study of 45 people: females (31 participants) and males (14 participants), at the age 24–40 years old (M = 33,9; SD = 5). The specificity of the manifestation of differences in psychological assumptions and EMS in individuals with high and low rates of trauma is described. The following methods were used: the questionnaire of traumatic situations (Life Experience Questionnaire – LEQ), an adaptation of the WAS (World Assumptions Scale), the questionnaire for an adapted version of determining early maladaptive schemes by Jeffrey E. Young. Results and conclusions. Differences in groups with high and low rates of traumatism were identified: the individuals who survived a traumatic experience are characterized by a higher level of EMS «Abandonment/Instability», «Social Isolation», «Vulnerability» and «Negativity/Pessimism»; persons with a low level of traumatism are characterized by the manifestation of conviction in the «goodwill of the world». A relationship was found between the image of the «Self», the basic belief about luck, a high level of trauma and EMS in people who had a traumatic experience.

Introduction. The Openness to the Future Scale (OFS) was developed in 2018 to measure a new phenomenon in the field of positive psychology [5]. Contemporary professionals use it in research on both positive psychological resources and clinical psychological phenomena. Objective. The aim of this study was to adapt the Russian–language version of the Openness to the Future Scale on a population–based sample. Method. There were three groups of respondents: 374 volunteers from the general population, 72 homeless people temporarily living in the «Warm Reception» shelter, and 68 young adult graduates of orphanages and teenagers living in orphanages and dormitories at educational institutions. All participants filled out the Russian version of the Openness to the Future Scale, and participants in the second and third groups additionally filled out measures to assess psychological resources. Results. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a single–factor model identical to the factor structure of the original version of the Openness to the Future Scale, which confirmed the factor validity of the adapted instrument. The Cronbach's α–value was 0,83, which is evidence in favor of the internal reliability of the Russian version of the Openness to the Future Scale. Openness to the future scores were higher for male and younger respondents compared to female and older respondents. Openness to the future was positively correlated with life attitudes in the homeless and with resilience and proactive coping in young adult graduates and adolescents from orphanages. Conclusion. The basic psychometric properties of the adapted instrument allow recommending it as a research tool. This pilot study determines the need for further psychometric examinations of the Russian–language version of the Openness to the Future Scale, including by expanding the study sample, involving experts and respondents from different age and clinical groups, and comparing self–report data with objective psychometric assessments.

The article contains the review of studies on the suicidal risk during womens’ perinatal period (pregnancy, delivery, first year of child’s life). Aim. The analyze suicidal risk factors of womens’ perinatal period in the context of bio-socio-psychological approach. Results. The prevalence of suicidal ideas and actions during the perinatal period according to different studies is 4% to 30%. Biological factors of suicidal risk are mental health problems, a number of somatic problems, perinatal loss. Among socio-psychological factors are violence form an intimate partner and adverse childhood experience. Socio-demographic factors include low socio-economic status, immigration, substance use, lack of marital relationships, woman’s younger age, third trimester. Conclusion. Womens’ perinatal period is potentially traumatic. The described biological and socio-psychological risk factors dictate the need to identify women form risk groups, i.e. having mental health problems, chronical illnesses, interpersonal difficulties, especially combined with several stressful life events.