Abstract Traditionally, lexical typology has to a large extent been interested in lexical categorization of various cognitive domains (e. g., colour, perception, body), i. e., in how these are cut up by the most important words in a language, and in lexical motivation, or formal relatedness, i. e., in whether words for certain concepts are completely unrelated or related to others via polysemy or derivation (e. g., intransitive vs. transitive verbs, words for ‘day’ and ‘sun’, etc.). Grammatical behavior of words and morphosyntactic patterns as encoding meanings traditionally belong to grammatical typology. In this paper, I consider the domain of temperature and show how the close interaction between lexicon and grammar in the encoding of the temperature domain across languages calls for an integrated lexico-grammatical approach to these phenomena. As a useful tool for such an enterprise I suggest an elaborated semantic map comprising three layers – the layer specifying the words with the information on their mutual formal relations (i. e., whether they are identical, completely unrelated or related via derivation or inflection), their morphosyntactic properties (e. g., their part-of-speech affiliation, inflectional potential, etc.), and the constructions they occur in.
{"title":"Semantic maps and temperature: Capturing the lexicon-grammar interface across languages","authors":"Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traditionally, lexical typology has to a large extent been interested in lexical categorization of various cognitive domains (e. g., colour, perception, body), i. e., in how these are cut up by the most important words in a language, and in lexical motivation, or formal relatedness, i. e., in whether words for certain concepts are completely unrelated or related to others via polysemy or derivation (e. g., intransitive vs. transitive verbs, words for ‘day’ and ‘sun’, etc.). Grammatical behavior of words and morphosyntactic patterns as encoding meanings traditionally belong to grammatical typology. In this paper, I consider the domain of temperature and show how the close interaction between lexicon and grammar in the encoding of the temperature domain across languages calls for an integrated lexico-grammatical approach to these phenomena. As a useful tool for such an enterprise I suggest an elaborated semantic map comprising three layers – the layer specifying the words with the information on their mutual formal relations (i. e., whether they are identical, completely unrelated or related via derivation or inflection), their morphosyntactic properties (e. g., their part-of-speech affiliation, inflectional potential, etc.), and the constructions they occur in.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"41 1","pages":"125 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46837194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present paper discusses connectivity and proximity maps of causative constructions and combines them with different types of typological data. In the first case study, I show how one can create a connectivity map based on a parallel corpus. This allows us to solve many problems, such as incomplete descriptions, inconsistent terminology and the problem of determining the semantic nodes. The second part focuses on proximity maps based on Multidimensional Scaling and compares the most important semantic distinctions, which are inferred from a parallel corpus of film subtitles and from grammar descriptions. The results suggest that corpus-based maps of tokens are more sensitive to cultural and genre-related differences in the prominence of specific causation scenarios than maps based on constructional types, which are described in reference grammars. The grammar-based maps also reveal a less clear structure, which can be due to incomplete semantic descriptions in grammars. Therefore, each approach has its shortcomings, which researchers need to be aware of.
{"title":"Semantic maps of causation: New hybrid approaches based on corpora and grammar descriptions","authors":"N. Levshina","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present paper discusses connectivity and proximity maps of causative constructions and combines them with different types of typological data. In the first case study, I show how one can create a connectivity map based on a parallel corpus. This allows us to solve many problems, such as incomplete descriptions, inconsistent terminology and the problem of determining the semantic nodes. The second part focuses on proximity maps based on Multidimensional Scaling and compares the most important semantic distinctions, which are inferred from a parallel corpus of film subtitles and from grammar descriptions. The results suggest that corpus-based maps of tokens are more sensitive to cultural and genre-related differences in the prominence of specific causation scenarios than maps based on constructional types, which are described in reference grammars. The grammar-based maps also reveal a less clear structure, which can be due to incomplete semantic descriptions in grammars. Therefore, each approach has its shortcomings, which researchers need to be aware of.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"41 1","pages":"179 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43940305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper, we present an overview of the methods associated with semantic maps, focusing on current challenges and new avenues for research in this area, which are at the core of the contributions to this special issue. Among the fundamental questions are: (1) the validity of the basic assumption, namely, to what extent does coexpression reflect semantic similarity; (2) the central problem of identifying analytical primitives in the domain of semantics; (3) the methods of inference used for creating coexpression maps and the representation techniques (graph structure vs. Euclidean space) as well as their respective merits (including the goodness of fit of the models); and (4) the use of semantic maps to support diachronic and synchronic descriptions of individual languages. In order to illustrate and discuss key aspects, we conduct an experiment in the semantic field of emotions, for which we construct a classical semantic map based on the dataset of CLICS3.
{"title":"New avenues and challenges in semantic map research (with a case study in the semantic field of emotions)","authors":"T. Georgakopoulos, Stéphane Polis","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we present an overview of the methods associated with semantic maps, focusing on current challenges and new avenues for research in this area, which are at the core of the contributions to this special issue. Among the fundamental questions are: (1) the validity of the basic assumption, namely, to what extent does coexpression reflect semantic similarity; (2) the central problem of identifying analytical primitives in the domain of semantics; (3) the methods of inference used for creating coexpression maps and the representation techniques (graph structure vs. Euclidean space) as well as their respective merits (including the goodness of fit of the models); and (4) the use of semantic maps to support diachronic and synchronic descriptions of individual languages. In order to illustrate and discuss key aspects, we conduct an experiment in the semantic field of emotions, for which we construct a classical semantic map based on the dataset of CLICS3.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45378810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper outlines the basics of data collection, analysis and visualization under the frame-based approach to lexical typology and illustrates its methodology using the data of cross-linguistic research on verbs of falling. The framework reveals several challenges to semantic map modelling that usually escape researchers’ attention. These are: (1) principles of establishing lexical comparative concepts; (2) the effective ways of visualization for the opposition between direct and figurative meanings of lexical items; (3) the problem of the borderlines between semantic fields, which seem to be very subtle. These problems are discussed in detail in the paper, as well as possible theoretical decisions and semantic modelling techniques that could overcome these bottlenecks.
{"title":"Lexical typology and semantic maps: Perspectives and challenges","authors":"E. Rakhilina, D. Ryzhova, Yulia Badryzlova","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper outlines the basics of data collection, analysis and visualization under the frame-based approach to lexical typology and illustrates its methodology using the data of cross-linguistic research on verbs of falling. The framework reveals several challenges to semantic map modelling that usually escape researchers’ attention. These are: (1) principles of establishing lexical comparative concepts; (2) the effective ways of visualization for the opposition between direct and figurative meanings of lexical items; (3) the problem of the borderlines between semantic fields, which seem to be very subtle. These problems are discussed in detail in the paper, as well as possible theoretical decisions and semantic modelling techniques that could overcome these bottlenecks.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"41 1","pages":"231 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43138440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Optative negative of Beja is a multifunctional paradigm which encodes optative, hortative and jussive grammatical meanings, depending on the person, as well as participant-internal and participant-external modalities of impossibility and unnecessity. It is also the sole paradigm licensed in balanced embedded clauses. Based on a large corpus of naturalistic first-hand data, this study analyses the various uses of the paradigm, provides an account of its evolution from the pre-modal stage to the post-modal stage on the basis of language internal morpho-syntactic cues, and proposes a diachronic semantic map, based on van der Auwera and Plungian (1998) model. It shows that semantic maps are not only useful for typological purposes, but also for language internal studies, helping understand the semantic shifts that occurred in the grammar of unwritten languages with no recorded history.
Beja的选择否定是一个多功能的范式，它根据人的不同，编码了选择、简短和跳跃的语法含义，以及不可能和不必要的参与者内部和参与者外部模式。它也是在平衡嵌入条款中获得许可的唯一范例。基于大量自然第一手资料，本研究分析了范式的各种用途，根据语言内部形态句法线索，说明了范式从前模态阶段到后模态阶段的演变，并基于van der Auwera和Plungian（1998）模型提出了一个历时语义图。它表明，语义图不仅对类型学有用，而且对语言内部研究也有用，有助于理解没有记录历史的不成文语言语法中发生的语义变化。
{"title":"A diachronic semantic map of the Optative negative in Beja (North-Cushitic)","authors":"M. Vanhove","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Optative negative of Beja is a multifunctional paradigm which encodes optative, hortative and jussive grammatical meanings, depending on the person, as well as participant-internal and participant-external modalities of impossibility and unnecessity. It is also the sole paradigm licensed in balanced embedded clauses. Based on a large corpus of naturalistic first-hand data, this study analyses the various uses of the paradigm, provides an account of its evolution from the pre-modal stage to the post-modal stage on the basis of language internal morpho-syntactic cues, and proposes a diachronic semantic map, based on van der Auwera and Plungian (1998) model. It shows that semantic maps are not only useful for typological purposes, but also for language internal studies, helping understand the semantic shifts that occurred in the grammar of unwritten languages with no recorded history.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"41 1","pages":"263 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45414010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study is an exercise in micro-scale comparison based on the semantic map approach. A semantic map is constructed for meanings associated with the word for ‘grain’ in four closely related South Mande languages: Dan Blowo, Tura, Mwan, and Wan. Although non-cognate, the words show remarkable similarity in their range of meanings, suggesting that newly introduced words are associated with the same networks of meanings as the words they come to replace. Differences between the languages boil down to the unavailability or reduced productivity of particular uses in one or two of the languages (Wan and to some extent Mwan). The original network is shown to have become significantly reduced in Wan, and to a lesser extent in Mwan. A major challenge in micro-comparison is due to the small sample size and the idiosyncratic nature of some of the semantic relationships, which together make it hard to explore the network’s internal structure. Language-internal evidence can occasionally be used to compensate for the missing evidence from large-scale typological sampling. Overall, the approach proves promising for research on the history of closely related languages and has the potential to help lexicographers and fieldworkers identify possible gaps in lexical descriptions.
{"title":"Building semantic maps for closely related languages: Words for ‘grain’ and their kin in South Mande","authors":"Tatiana Nikitina","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2045","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is an exercise in micro-scale comparison based on the semantic map approach. A semantic map is constructed for meanings associated with the word for ‘grain’ in four closely related South Mande languages: Dan Blowo, Tura, Mwan, and Wan. Although non-cognate, the words show remarkable similarity in their range of meanings, suggesting that newly introduced words are associated with the same networks of meanings as the words they come to replace. Differences between the languages boil down to the unavailability or reduced productivity of particular uses in one or two of the languages (Wan and to some extent Mwan). The original network is shown to have become significantly reduced in Wan, and to a lesser extent in Mwan. A major challenge in micro-comparison is due to the small sample size and the idiosyncratic nature of some of the semantic relationships, which together make it hard to explore the network’s internal structure. Language-internal evidence can occasionally be used to compensate for the missing evidence from large-scale typological sampling. Overall, the approach proves promising for research on the history of closely related languages and has the potential to help lexicographers and fieldworkers identify possible gaps in lexical descriptions.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"41 1","pages":"207 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43292485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We describe two mathematical representations for what have come to be called “semantic maps”, that is, representations of typological universals of linguistic co-expression with the aim of inferring similarity relations between concepts from those universals. The two mathematical representations are a graph structure and Euclidean space, the latter as inferred through multidimensional scaling. Graph structure representations come in two types. In both types, meanings are represented as vertices (nodes) and relations between meanings as edges (links). One representation is a pairwise co-expression graph, which represents all pairwise co-expression relations as edges in the graph; an example is CLICS. The other is a minimally connected co-expression graph – the “classic semantic map”. This represents only the edges necessary to maintain connectivity, that is, the principle that all the meanings expressed by a single form make up a connected subgraph of the whole graph. The Euclidean space represents meanings as points, and relations as Euclidean distance between points, in a specified number of spatial dimensions. We focus on the proper interpretation of both types of representations, algorithms for constructing the representations, measuring the goodness of fit of the representations to the data, and balancing goodness of fit with informativeness of the representation.
{"title":"On two mathematical representations for “semantic maps”","authors":"W. Bruce Croft","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We describe two mathematical representations for what have come to be called “semantic maps”, that is, representations of typological universals of linguistic co-expression with the aim of inferring similarity relations between concepts from those universals. The two mathematical representations are a graph structure and Euclidean space, the latter as inferred through multidimensional scaling. Graph structure representations come in two types. In both types, meanings are represented as vertices (nodes) and relations between meanings as edges (links). One representation is a pairwise co-expression graph, which represents all pairwise co-expression relations as edges in the graph; an example is CLICS. The other is a minimally connected co-expression graph – the “classic semantic map”. This represents only the edges necessary to maintain connectivity, that is, the principle that all the meanings expressed by a single form make up a connected subgraph of the whole graph. The Euclidean space represents meanings as points, and relations as Euclidean distance between points, in a specified number of spatial dimensions. We focus on the proper interpretation of both types of representations, algorithms for constructing the representations, measuring the goodness of fit of the representations to the data, and balancing goodness of fit with informativeness of the representation.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"41 1","pages":"67 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42144176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In modern Turkish, the apostrophe is used to separate proper names from inflectional endings (İzmir’de ‘in İzmir’). This is not the case with inflected common nouns (şehirde ‘in the city’). In this respect, the apostrophe constitutes an instance of graphematic dissociation between proper names and common nouns. Interestingly, the apostrophe was originally employed to transliterate hamza and ayn in Arabic and Persian loanwords (san’at ‘art’). However, these loanwords gradually lost the apostrophe (sanat ‘art’). This implies that Turkish experienced a graphematic change whereby the apostrophe developed from a phonographic marker of glottal stop into a morphographic marker of morpheme boundaries in proper names. This refunctionalization process is illustrated by a diachronic corpus analysis based on selected issues of the newspaper Cumhuriyet from 1929–1975. The findings reveal that the use of the apostrophe with proper names was triggered by foreignness. More specifically, the apostrophe first occurred with foreign names to highlight morpheme boundaries (Eden’in ‘of Eden’) and then expanded to native names via animacy (Doğan’ın ‘of Doğan’).
摘要在现代土耳其语中，撇号用于区分专有名称和屈折词尾（在“伊兹密尔”中为“伊兹米尔”）。屈折的普通名词（şehirde“in the city”）并非如此。在这方面，撇号构成了专有名词和普通名词之间的字形分离的一个例子。有趣的是，撇号最初用于音译阿拉伯语和波斯语借词（san'at'art'）中的hamza和ayn。然而，这些外来词逐渐失去了撇号（sanat‘art’）。这意味着土耳其语经历了一种字形变化，撇号从声门塞音的表音标记发展为专有名称中语素边界的形态标记。根据1929年至1975年《Cumhuriyet报》的精选期刊进行的历时语料库分析说明了这种拒绝过程。研究结果表明，撇号与专有名称的使用是由外来因素引发的。更具体地说，撇号首先出现在外国名字中，以突出词素边界（Eden‘in‘of Eden’），然后通过animacy扩展到本地名字（Doğan‘ın‘of Doğan'）。
{"title":"The development of the apostrophe with proper names in Turkish","authors":"Javier Caro Reina, Işık Akar","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In modern Turkish, the apostrophe is used to separate proper names from inflectional endings (İzmir’de ‘in İzmir’). This is not the case with inflected common nouns (şehirde ‘in the city’). In this respect, the apostrophe constitutes an instance of graphematic dissociation between proper names and common nouns. Interestingly, the apostrophe was originally employed to transliterate hamza and ayn in Arabic and Persian loanwords (san’at ‘art’). However, these loanwords gradually lost the apostrophe (sanat ‘art’). This implies that Turkish experienced a graphematic change whereby the apostrophe developed from a phonographic marker of glottal stop into a morphographic marker of morpheme boundaries in proper names. This refunctionalization process is illustrated by a diachronic corpus analysis based on selected issues of the newspaper Cumhuriyet from 1929–1975. The findings reveal that the use of the apostrophe with proper names was triggered by foreignness. More specifically, the apostrophe first occurred with foreign names to highlight morpheme boundaries (Eden’in ‘of Eden’) and then expanded to native names via animacy (Doğan’ın ‘of Doğan’).","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"40 1","pages":"371 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41738090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In essence, typologies of writing systems seek to classify the world’s diverse writing systems in principled ways. However, against backdrops of early, misguided assumptions (Gelb 1969 [1952]) and stubborn term confusions, most proposals have focused primarily on the dominant levels of representational mapping (i. e., morphemic, syllabic, or phonemic), despite their shortcomings as idealizations (Joyce 2016, forthcoming; Joyce and Borgwaldt 2011; Meletis 2018). In advocating for exploring a more diverse range of criteria, either as alternatives or complementary factors, this paper outlines a promising framework for organizing typology criteria (Meletis 2018; 2020), which consists of three broad categories; namely, (a) linguistic fit, (b) processing fit and (c) sociocultural fit. Linguistic fit concerns the match between a language and its writing system and, thus, relates closely to the traditional criterion of representational mapping. Processing fit pertains to the physiological and cognitive aspects of a writing system, such as word spacing. Finally, sociocultural fit addresses the communicative and social functions of writing systems, such as implementing orthographic reforms. In singling out a particular parameter from each category, the paper illustrates its potential application as a typology criterion with cross-linguistic observations from the German (GWS) and the Japanese writing systems (JWS).
{"title":"Alternative criteria for writing system typology","authors":"T. Joyce, D. Meletis","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In essence, typologies of writing systems seek to classify the world’s diverse writing systems in principled ways. However, against backdrops of early, misguided assumptions (Gelb 1969 [1952]) and stubborn term confusions, most proposals have focused primarily on the dominant levels of representational mapping (i. e., morphemic, syllabic, or phonemic), despite their shortcomings as idealizations (Joyce 2016, forthcoming; Joyce and Borgwaldt 2011; Meletis 2018). In advocating for exploring a more diverse range of criteria, either as alternatives or complementary factors, this paper outlines a promising framework for organizing typology criteria (Meletis 2018; 2020), which consists of three broad categories; namely, (a) linguistic fit, (b) processing fit and (c) sociocultural fit. Linguistic fit concerns the match between a language and its writing system and, thus, relates closely to the traditional criterion of representational mapping. Processing fit pertains to the physiological and cognitive aspects of a writing system, such as word spacing. Finally, sociocultural fit addresses the communicative and social functions of writing systems, such as implementing orthographic reforms. In singling out a particular parameter from each category, the paper illustrates its potential application as a typology criterion with cross-linguistic observations from the German (GWS) and the Japanese writing systems (JWS).","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"40 1","pages":"257 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42472127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent years have seen an increased interest in the investigation of graphemic systems both from a linguistic point of view and in a decidedly interdisciplinary perspective. Many different aspects have been addressed in the recent literature: the semiotic nature of writing systems (e. g. Morin et al. 2018), the emergence of writing systems in the realworld aswell as in laboratory settings (e. g. Garrod et al. 2010, Kelly et al. forthc.), neurocognitive processes determining the development of writing systems (e. g. Dehaene 2009), sociohistoric, cognitive, and cultural factors that influence diachronic changes in written language (e. g. Baddeley and Voeste 2012; Condorelli 2020), as well as the interface between writing, phonology and morphology (e. g. Fuhrhop and Schmidt 2014; Fuhrhop et al. 2017; Caro Reina and Engel 2020). This special issue of Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft brings together typological, empirical, and cross-linguistic studies investigating the diachronic development of writing systems. It is based on the workshop of the same title held at the annual conference of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft (DGfS, the Linguistic Society of Germany), March 4–6, 2020, in Hamburg. The aim of the present special issue is to shed new light on the dynamics of graphemic systems, taking into account the interaction of written language with different linguistic and social settings. Covering a broad range of writing systems in both European andnon-European languages andat different diachronic stages, the contributions in this issue are situated within the central research fields of grapholinguistics: – the typology of writing systems, – linguistic, typographic, social and cultural factors in graphemic variation, – punctuation, from a diachronic and cross-linguistic perspective, – measuring graphemic variation.
近年来，从语言学的角度和跨学科的角度来看，人们对文字系统的研究越来越感兴趣。最近的文献讨论了许多不同的方面:书写系统的符码本质(例如，Morin等人，2018)，书写系统在现实世界和实验室环境中的出现(例如，Garrod等人，2010,Kelly等人，等)，决定书写系统发展的神经认知过程(例如，Dehaene 2009)，影响书面语言历时变化的社会历史，认知和文化因素(例如Baddeley和Voeste 2012;Condorelli 2020)，以及写作、音系和形态学之间的界面(例如Fuhrhop and Schmidt 2014;Fuhrhop et al. 2017;Caro Reina and Engel 2020)。本期《时代杂志》(Zeitschrift fr Sprachwissenschaft)的特刊汇集了类型学、经验学和跨语言学的研究，探讨了书写系统的历时性发展。它是基于2020年3月4日至6日在汉堡举行的德国语言学会(DGfS)年会上举行的同名研讨会。本特刊的目的是揭示新的动态书写系统，考虑到书面语言与不同的语言和社会环境的相互作用。涵盖了欧洲和非欧洲语言以及不同历时阶段的广泛的书写系统，本期的贡献位于笔迹语言学的核心研究领域:-书写系统的类型学，-笔迹变化中的语言，排版，社会和文化因素，-标点符号，从历时和跨语言的角度来看，-测量笔迹变化。
{"title":"The evolution of writing systems","authors":"S. Hartmann, J. Nowak, R. Szczepaniak","doi":"10.1515/zfs-2021-2048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2048","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen an increased interest in the investigation of graphemic systems both from a linguistic point of view and in a decidedly interdisciplinary perspective. Many different aspects have been addressed in the recent literature: the semiotic nature of writing systems (e. g. Morin et al. 2018), the emergence of writing systems in the realworld aswell as in laboratory settings (e. g. Garrod et al. 2010, Kelly et al. forthc.), neurocognitive processes determining the development of writing systems (e. g. Dehaene 2009), sociohistoric, cognitive, and cultural factors that influence diachronic changes in written language (e. g. Baddeley and Voeste 2012; Condorelli 2020), as well as the interface between writing, phonology and morphology (e. g. Fuhrhop and Schmidt 2014; Fuhrhop et al. 2017; Caro Reina and Engel 2020). This special issue of Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft brings together typological, empirical, and cross-linguistic studies investigating the diachronic development of writing systems. It is based on the workshop of the same title held at the annual conference of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft (DGfS, the Linguistic Society of Germany), March 4–6, 2020, in Hamburg. The aim of the present special issue is to shed new light on the dynamics of graphemic systems, taking into account the interaction of written language with different linguistic and social settings. Covering a broad range of writing systems in both European andnon-European languages andat different diachronic stages, the contributions in this issue are situated within the central research fields of grapholinguistics: – the typology of writing systems, – linguistic, typographic, social and cultural factors in graphemic variation, – punctuation, from a diachronic and cross-linguistic perspective, – measuring graphemic variation.","PeriodicalId":43494,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Sprachwissenschaft","volume":"40 1","pages":"253 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44510044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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