Pub Date : 2000-07-01DOI: 10.1177/109719630002400102
R. Katsman, R. Becker
Addressing the effects of moisture movement and residual moisture-con tents is becoming a recognized part of performance-based design of buildings. However, the multi-directional moisture-movement and subsequent moisture-content evolution in most common building elements with hygro-thermal bridges, without or with air-voids, has yet not been investigated. An integral presentation was utilized to establish the coupled heat and mass transfer field equations for these cases, and for their reduction to a discrete set of alge braic equations. An interactive converging numerical process solves the implicit set of alge braic non-linear equations. Results address some examples for verification of the computational procedure, and a symmetric drying process of an autoclaved-aerated- concrete block-wall with cementitious-mortar joints and renderings, with and without air- voids.
{"title":"Model for Moisture-Content Evolution in Porous Building Elements with Hygro-Thermal Bridges and Air-Voids","authors":"R. Katsman, R. Becker","doi":"10.1177/109719630002400102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719630002400102","url":null,"abstract":"Addressing the effects of moisture movement and residual moisture-con tents is becoming a recognized part of performance-based design of buildings. However, the multi-directional moisture-movement and subsequent moisture-content evolution in most common building elements with hygro-thermal bridges, without or with air-voids, has yet not been investigated. An integral presentation was utilized to establish the coupled heat and mass transfer field equations for these cases, and for their reduction to a discrete set of alge braic equations. An interactive converging numerical process solves the implicit set of alge braic non-linear equations. Results address some examples for verification of the computational procedure, and a symmetric drying process of an autoclaved-aerated- concrete block-wall with cementitious-mortar joints and renderings, with and without air- voids.","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125835799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-07-01DOI: 10.1177/109719630002400104
B. Blocken, J. Carmeliet
An accurate method for the quantification of real-life driving rain loads on building envelopes from generally available climatic data such as wind speed, wind direc tion and horizontal rainfall intensity serves various purposes, from the development of de sign guidelines for building envelopes to the incorporation of driving rain loads as a boundary condition in Heat-Air-Moisture (HAM) transfer analysis models. In this paper, an existing numerical technique for driving rain simulation is incorporated into a practical nu merical method to estimate driving rain loads on building envelopes based on the building geometry and the climatic data at the building site. This numerical method is applied for sev eral sequences of spells around a low-rise test building and the results are experimentally verified. It is shown that the numerical method can accurately estimate the spatial and tem poral distribution of driving rain loads on building envelopes.
{"title":"Driving Rain on Building Envelopes- I. Numerical Estimation and Full-Scale Experimental Verification","authors":"B. Blocken, J. Carmeliet","doi":"10.1177/109719630002400104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719630002400104","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate method for the quantification of real-life driving rain loads on building envelopes from generally available climatic data such as wind speed, wind direc tion and horizontal rainfall intensity serves various purposes, from the development of de sign guidelines for building envelopes to the incorporation of driving rain loads as a boundary condition in Heat-Air-Moisture (HAM) transfer analysis models. In this paper, an existing numerical technique for driving rain simulation is incorporated into a practical nu merical method to estimate driving rain loads on building envelopes based on the building geometry and the climatic data at the building site. This numerical method is applied for sev eral sequences of spells around a low-rise test building and the results are experimentally verified. It is shown that the numerical method can accurately estimate the spatial and tem poral distribution of driving rain loads on building envelopes.","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131028707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-07-01DOI: 10.1177/109719630002400103
S. Hokoi, M. Hatano, Mamoru Matsumoto, M. K. Kumaran
For the prevention of vapor condensation and accompanying damage in cold regions, the behavior of water and ice in porous materials should be understood. In this study, experiments on the freezing-thawing processes in a glass fiber board, which is a typical insu lation, were conducted. The freezing-thawing processes were analyzed with the use of si multaneous heat and moisture transfer equations that accounted for the existence of ice. The result of the analysis agrees well with that of the experiment. In materials with large pores such as glass fiber board, the moisture transfers mainly in the gaseous phase. As a re sult, the maximum ice content is found at the colder boundary of the wall, which differs from the result in our previous investigation [1] for Leda Clay with pores that are much smaller.
{"title":"Freezing-Thawing Processes in Glass Fiber Board","authors":"S. Hokoi, M. Hatano, Mamoru Matsumoto, M. K. Kumaran","doi":"10.1177/109719630002400103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719630002400103","url":null,"abstract":"For the prevention of vapor condensation and accompanying damage in cold regions, the behavior of water and ice in porous materials should be understood. In this study, experiments on the freezing-thawing processes in a glass fiber board, which is a typical insu lation, were conducted. The freezing-thawing processes were analyzed with the use of si multaneous heat and moisture transfer equations that accounted for the existence of ice. The result of the analysis agrees well with that of the experiment. In materials with large pores such as glass fiber board, the moisture transfers mainly in the gaseous phase. As a re sult, the maximum ice content is found at the colder boundary of the wall, which differs from the result in our previous investigation [1] for Leda Clay with pores that are much smaller.","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128071060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1177/109719639902300201
Getting to know a lot of different things is a pleasure in itself, which is magni fied by sharing it with like-minded people. But knowledge also has a practical application in the search for a full and happy life...
{"title":"Royal Bank Letter Published by Royal Bank of Canada","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/109719639902300201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719639902300201","url":null,"abstract":"Getting to know a lot of different things is a pleasure in itself, which is magni fied by sharing it with like-minded people. But knowledge also has a practical application in the search for a full and happy life...","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114012822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1177/109719639902300203
I. Budaiwi, A. Abdou
This paper investigates the impact of indoor temperature, humid ity and solar radiation on moisture accumulation within multi-layer non-cavity walls. A transient model [1] that simultaneously considers both thermal and mois ture transient transfer and their interactions in multi-layer non-cavity wall con structions is utilized. Based on the mathematical formulations and the develop ments of the model, a computer simulation program has been developed in order to investigate the impact of the hygrothermal boundary conditions on wall mois ture behavior. By employing the model, both the moisture transport process and the material moisture content within the different layers of a wall system can be evaluated at all possible material moisture conditions. Evaluation of moisture accu mulation within a typical wall system showed that the impact of boundary condi tions is highly dependent on the thermal and moisture characteristics of the wall components. Indoor temperature has been found to have a relatively considerable influence on moisture accumulation in the insulation layer. The presence of solar radiation can lead to considerable reduction in moisture accumulation.
{"title":"Impact of Indoor Air Conditions and Solar Radiation on Moisture Accumulation within Multi-Layer Non-Cavity Walls","authors":"I. Budaiwi, A. Abdou","doi":"10.1177/109719639902300203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719639902300203","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of indoor temperature, humid ity and solar radiation on moisture accumulation within multi-layer non-cavity walls. A transient model [1] that simultaneously considers both thermal and mois ture transient transfer and their interactions in multi-layer non-cavity wall con structions is utilized. Based on the mathematical formulations and the develop ments of the model, a computer simulation program has been developed in order to investigate the impact of the hygrothermal boundary conditions on wall mois ture behavior. By employing the model, both the moisture transport process and the material moisture content within the different layers of a wall system can be evaluated at all possible material moisture conditions. Evaluation of moisture accu mulation within a typical wall system showed that the impact of boundary condi tions is highly dependent on the thermal and moisture characteristics of the wall components. Indoor temperature has been found to have a relatively considerable influence on moisture accumulation in the insulation layer. The presence of solar radiation can lead to considerable reduction in moisture accumulation.","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123656756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1177/109719639902300202
{"title":"CMHC: Research & Development Highlights","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/109719639902300202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719639902300202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121785930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1177/109719639902300204
E. Kossecka
A simple method of data analysis, called the averaging technique, is presented which may be useful in long-term field measurements of temperature dependent thermal conductivity of insulating materials. Its mathematical basis is the integral statement, which follows from the heat conduction equation For lin ear dependence of conductivity on temperature, on neglecting capacity terms, it yields simple algorithms to determine thermal conductivity in transient heat flow, for the weighted average temperature, when the heat flux and surface temperatures are measured simultaneously, and also when the heat flux comparator method is em ployed. The problem of proper control of the temperature inside the exposure test box, in order to minimize the error due to neglecting capacity terms, is discussed.
{"title":"Method of Averages to Determine Insulation Conductivity under Transient Conditions","authors":"E. Kossecka","doi":"10.1177/109719639902300204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719639902300204","url":null,"abstract":"A simple method of data analysis, called the averaging technique, is presented which may be useful in long-term field measurements of temperature dependent thermal conductivity of insulating materials. Its mathematical basis is the integral statement, which follows from the heat conduction equation For lin ear dependence of conductivity on temperature, on neglecting capacity terms, it yields simple algorithms to determine thermal conductivity in transient heat flow, for the weighted average temperature, when the heat flux and surface temperatures are measured simultaneously, and also when the heat flux comparator method is em ployed. The problem of proper control of the temperature inside the exposure test box, in order to minimize the error due to neglecting capacity terms, is discussed.","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131382696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1177/109719639902300206
M. Swinton, Mark Bomberg, M. Kumaran, W. Maref
Several different Exterior Basement Insulation Systems (EIBS) were built and instrumented as part of the basement consortium2 research project. These EIBS specimens were instrumented prior to back filling with soil, and their in situ thermal performance was monitored over two years. Soil temperatures and moisture content were monitored concurrently. Weather data were recorded on a daily basis. Through analysis of the measured surface temperature records, the presence of water was detected at the outer surface during various periods of heavy rain and major thaws throughout the two-year period. During these periods, the surface of the concrete showed no evidence of water penetration through the insulation layer over most of the height of the basement wall. Since the test setup involved different thermal insulating materials placed next to each other, the presence of lateral heat flow was inevitable. Both 2-D and 3-D models were used to quantify the lateral heat flow across the edges of different in sulating materials. The measured spatial and temporal temperature profiles were used as boundary conditions. The thermal performance of each insulation specimen was found to remain sta ble over the two-year period and was not significantly affected by episodes of wa ter movement at the exterior face of the specimens. The thermal resistance of
{"title":"In situ Performance of Expanded Molded Polystyrene in the Exterior Basement Insulation Systems (EIBS)","authors":"M. Swinton, Mark Bomberg, M. Kumaran, W. Maref","doi":"10.1177/109719639902300206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719639902300206","url":null,"abstract":"Several different Exterior Basement Insulation Systems (EIBS) were built and instrumented as part of the basement consortium2 research project. These EIBS specimens were instrumented prior to back filling with soil, and their in situ thermal performance was monitored over two years. Soil temperatures and moisture content were monitored concurrently. Weather data were recorded on a daily basis. Through analysis of the measured surface temperature records, the presence of water was detected at the outer surface during various periods of heavy rain and major thaws throughout the two-year period. During these periods, the surface of the concrete showed no evidence of water penetration through the insulation layer over most of the height of the basement wall. Since the test setup involved different thermal insulating materials placed next to each other, the presence of lateral heat flow was inevitable. Both 2-D and 3-D models were used to quantify the lateral heat flow across the edges of different in sulating materials. The measured spatial and temporal temperature profiles were used as boundary conditions. The thermal performance of each insulation specimen was found to remain sta ble over the two-year period and was not significantly affected by episodes of wa ter movement at the exterior face of the specimens. The thermal resistance of","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128263591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1177/109719639902300105
J. Straube, E. Burnett
Controlling rain penetration is one of the most important func tions of the building enclosure. Despite its importance, the design for rain penetra tion is typically based on experience and rules of thumb that make use of tradi tional details. Designers and analysts have no theory to guide them. This paper develops a rational means of describing, understanding, and classifying rain control for the above-grade enclosure. The manner in which walls and roofs actually control rain in service is then discussed. The rain control classification developed is a rigorous and practical means of un derstandmg the function of each layer and material in an assembly This approach will aid the development of realistic test methods and provide the means for a more accurate assessment of the reasons for enclosure failures and therefore the proper repair and retrofit strategies.
{"title":"Rain Control and Design Strategies","authors":"J. Straube, E. Burnett","doi":"10.1177/109719639902300105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719639902300105","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling rain penetration is one of the most important func tions of the building enclosure. Despite its importance, the design for rain penetra tion is typically based on experience and rules of thumb that make use of tradi tional details. Designers and analysts have no theory to guide them. This paper develops a rational means of describing, understanding, and classifying rain control for the above-grade enclosure. The manner in which walls and roofs actually control rain in service is then discussed. The rain control classification developed is a rigorous and practical means of un derstandmg the function of each layer and material in an assembly This approach will aid the development of realistic test methods and provide the means for a more accurate assessment of the reasons for enclosure failures and therefore the proper repair and retrofit strategies.","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123114170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1177/109719639902300107
Mark Bomberg, K. Kumaran, Ke Day
The Canadian approach to design accepts the presence of some con struction deficiencies and calls for a multiple-line of defense Until now, such a design has been based on the qualitative assessments rooted in experience, i.e., tradition, and involved little integration with the newly emerging analytical tools, e.g., advanced hygrothermal models. The relation between the design and climatic conditions acting on a building is not well established. Research should be undertaken to clarify the rela tionship between climate and the moisture performance of a given wall assembly, i.e., to enhance the predictability of moisture performance for different wall assemblies when constructed with some deficiencies and exposed to a given climate. To improve the correlation between climatic conditions and design practice, mois ture management of a building envelope must involve the flow-through principles. The flow-through approach is, however, much more difficult than the currently used approach with barriers. The flow-through approach requires performing computer calculations of moisture balance of all layers of the wall with regard to heat, air and moisture transport over an entire year. This is the critical element of the integrated moisture management strategy. Four papers are being written to facilitate the use of analytical tools into EIFS wall
{"title":"Moisture Management of EIFS Walls— Part 1: The Basis for Evaluation","authors":"Mark Bomberg, K. Kumaran, Ke Day","doi":"10.1177/109719639902300107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/109719639902300107","url":null,"abstract":"The Canadian approach to design accepts the presence of some con struction deficiencies and calls for a multiple-line of defense Until now, such a design has been based on the qualitative assessments rooted in experience, i.e., tradition, and involved little integration with the newly emerging analytical tools, e.g., advanced hygrothermal models. The relation between the design and climatic conditions acting on a building is not well established. Research should be undertaken to clarify the rela tionship between climate and the moisture performance of a given wall assembly, i.e., to enhance the predictability of moisture performance for different wall assemblies when constructed with some deficiencies and exposed to a given climate. To improve the correlation between climatic conditions and design practice, mois ture management of a building envelope must involve the flow-through principles. The flow-through approach is, however, much more difficult than the currently used approach with barriers. The flow-through approach requires performing computer calculations of moisture balance of all layers of the wall with regard to heat, air and moisture transport over an entire year. This is the critical element of the integrated moisture management strategy. Four papers are being written to facilitate the use of analytical tools into EIFS wall","PeriodicalId":435154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123268599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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