Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-445-459
P. Lishaev, V. Knysh, G. Korotaev
Purpose. The investigation is aimed at increasing accuracy of the temperature field reconstruction in the Black Sea upper layer. For this purpose, satellite observations of the sea surface temperature and the three-dimensional fields of temperature (in the 50–500 m layer) and salinity (in the 2.5–500 m layer) pseudo-measurements, previously calculated by the altimetry and the Argo floats data, were jointly assimilated in the Marine Hydrophysical Institute model. Methods and Results. Assimilation of the sea surface temperature satellite observations is the most effective instrument in case the discrepancies between the sea surface and the model temperatures are extrapolated over the upper mixed layer depth up to its lower boundary. Having been analyzed, the temperature profiles resulted from the forecast calculation for 2012 and from the Argo float measurements made it possible to obtain a simple criterion (bound to the model grid) for determining the upper mixed layer depth, namely the horizon on which the temperature gradient was less or equal to ≤ 0.017 °C/m. Within the upper mixed layer depth, the nudging procedure of satellite temperature measurements with the selected relaxation factor and the measurement errors taken into account was used in the heat transfer equation. The temperature and salinity pseudo-measurements were assimilated in the model by the previously proposed adaptive statistics method. To test the results of the sea surface temperature assimilation, the Black Sea hydrophysical fields were reanalyzed for 2012. The winter-spring period (January – April, December) is characterized by the high upper mixed layer depths, well reproducible by the Pacanowski – Philander parameterization, and also by the low values (as compared to the measured ones) of the basin-averaged monthly mean square deviations of the simulated temperature fields. The increased mean square deviations in July – September are explained by absence of the upper mixed layer in the temperature profiles measured by the Argo floats that is not reproduced by the Pacanowski – Philander parameterization. Conclusions. The algorithm for assimilating the sea surface temperature together with the profiles of the temperature and salinity pseudo-measurements reconstructed from the altimetry data was realized. Application of the upper mixed layer depths estimated by the temperature vertical profiles made it possible to correct effectively the model temperature by the satellite-derived sea surface temperature, especially for a winter-spring period. It permitted to reconstruct the temperature fields in the sea upper layer for 2012 with acceptable accuracy.
{"title":"Interannual Variability of the Wind-Wave Regime Parameters in the Black Sea","authors":"P. Lishaev, V. Knysh, G. Korotaev","doi":"10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-445-459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-445-459","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The investigation is aimed at increasing accuracy of the temperature field reconstruction in the Black Sea upper layer. For this purpose, satellite observations of the sea surface temperature and the three-dimensional fields of temperature (in the 50–500 m layer) and salinity (in the 2.5–500 m layer) pseudo-measurements, previously calculated by the altimetry and the Argo floats data, were jointly assimilated in the Marine Hydrophysical Institute model. Methods and Results. Assimilation of the sea surface temperature satellite observations is the most effective instrument in case the discrepancies between the sea surface and the model temperatures are extrapolated over the upper mixed layer depth up to its lower boundary. Having been analyzed, the temperature profiles resulted from the forecast calculation for 2012 and from the Argo float measurements made it possible to obtain a simple criterion (bound to the model grid) for determining the upper mixed layer depth, namely the horizon on which the temperature gradient was less or equal to ≤ 0.017 °C/m. Within the upper mixed layer depth, the nudging procedure of satellite temperature measurements with the selected relaxation factor and the measurement errors taken into account was used in the heat transfer equation. The temperature and salinity pseudo-measurements were assimilated in the model by the previously proposed adaptive statistics method. To test the results of the sea surface temperature assimilation, the Black Sea hydrophysical fields were reanalyzed for 2012. The winter-spring period (January – April, December) is characterized by the high upper mixed layer depths, well reproducible by the Pacanowski – Philander parameterization, and also by the low values (as compared to the measured ones) of the basin-averaged monthly mean square deviations of the simulated temperature fields. The increased mean square deviations in July – September are explained by absence of the upper mixed layer in the temperature profiles measured by the Argo floats that is not reproduced by the Pacanowski – Philander parameterization. Conclusions. The algorithm for assimilating the sea surface temperature together with the profiles of the temperature and salinity pseudo-measurements reconstructed from the altimetry data was realized. Application of the upper mixed layer depths estimated by the temperature vertical profiles made it possible to correct effectively the model temperature by the satellite-derived sea surface temperature, especially for a winter-spring period. It permitted to reconstruct the temperature fields in the sea upper layer for 2012 with acceptable accuracy.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-547-556
A. S. Kukushkin, V. Suslin
Purpose. Studies of spatial-temporal variability of total suspended matter are necessary for understanding the biochemical processes which form and support stable functioning of a marine ecosystem. The aim of the work is to assess applicability of satellite data for studying total suspended matter variability in the surface layer of the deep part of the Black Sea. Methods and Results. Application of the regression analysis yielded the linear regression equations that unite the in situ measurements of the total suspended matter concentrations in the surface layer in the northeastern (June, 2005–2015) and western (November, 2016, 2017 and December, 2017) deep sea areas, and the regional satellite products (the particulate backscattering coefficient, the absorption coefficient of colored detrital matter and the chlorophyll a concentration). Based on the measured and calculated data arrays, the maps of the total suspended matter concentrations in the surface layer of the northeastern Black Sea were constructed. The interannual changes in the in situ measured concentrations of the total suspended and lithogenic matters, as well as in the quasi-synchronous satellite regional products (the light absorption coefficient of colored detrital matter at 490 nm and the particulate backscattering coefficient at 555 nm) in June, 2005–2015 were considered. High total suspended matter concentrations were noted in 2012, just when extreme growth of the coccolithophorid population was observed in the Black Sea. The correlation coefficients were used to evaluate whether the relation between the total suspended matter concentration and the individual analyzed parameters was fast. Conclusions. Spatial distributions of the measured and calculated total suspended matter contents showed satisfactory agreement. In course of the whole observation period, difference between the values of the measured and calculated total suspended matter concentrations was on average 6–23 %. Possibility of application of the satellite-derived ocean color data for studying spatial-temporal variability of the total suspended matter content is shown.
{"title":"Assessment of Applicability of Satellite-Derived Ocean Color Data for Studying Variability of Total Suspended Matter in the Surface Layer of the Deep Part of the Black Sea","authors":"A. S. Kukushkin, V. Suslin","doi":"10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-547-556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-547-556","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. Studies of spatial-temporal variability of total suspended matter are necessary for understanding the biochemical processes which form and support stable functioning of a marine ecosystem. The aim of the work is to assess applicability of satellite data for studying total suspended matter variability in the surface layer of the deep part of the Black Sea. Methods and Results. Application of the regression analysis yielded the linear regression equations that unite the in situ measurements of the total suspended matter concentrations in the surface layer in the northeastern (June, 2005–2015) and western (November, 2016, 2017 and December, 2017) deep sea areas, and the regional satellite products (the particulate backscattering coefficient, the absorption coefficient of colored detrital matter and the chlorophyll a concentration). Based on the measured and calculated data arrays, the maps of the total suspended matter concentrations in the surface layer of the northeastern Black Sea were constructed. The interannual changes in the in situ measured concentrations of the total suspended and lithogenic matters, as well as in the quasi-synchronous satellite regional products (the light absorption coefficient of colored detrital matter at 490 nm and the particulate backscattering coefficient at 555 nm) in June, 2005–2015 were considered. High total suspended matter concentrations were noted in 2012, just when extreme growth of the coccolithophorid population was observed in the Black Sea. The correlation coefficients were used to evaluate whether the relation between the total suspended matter concentration and the individual analyzed parameters was fast. Conclusions. Spatial distributions of the measured and calculated total suspended matter contents showed satisfactory agreement. In course of the whole observation period, difference between the values of the measured and calculated total suspended matter concentrations was on average 6–23 %. Possibility of application of the satellite-derived ocean color data for studying spatial-temporal variability of the total suspended matter content is shown.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42145771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-525-534
T. Efimova, T. Churilova, E. Skorokhod, N. Moiseeva, E. Zemlianskaia
Purpose. The work is aimed at investigating spatial distribution of the chlorophyll a concentration and the spectral light absorption coefficients by all optically active components in the Azov and Black seas in spring, when the seawater hydrophysical structure changes. Methods and Results. The data collected in the 106th scientific cruise of R/V Professor Vodyanitsky in April 19 – May 10, 2019 were used. The chlorophyll a concentration was measured by the spectrophotometric method. The spectral light absorption coefficients were determined in accordance with the NASA protocol 2018. The optical measurements were performed using the dual-beam spectrophotometer Lambda 35 (PerkinElmer). It was shown that in the surface layer of the Black Sea, the chlorophyll a concentration varied from 0.21 to 1.2 mg/m3. At some stations in the deep-water region, the increased values of this parameter were observed in the lower part of the euphotic zone that was associated with the beginning of seasonal water stratification due to the surface water heating. At these stations, the phytoplankton absorption spectra were more smoothed in the lower part of the euphotic zone than those in the upper layer. In the deep-water region, the non-algal particles contribution to the total particulate light absorption at wavelength 438 nm changed with depth from 40 ± 15 % at the surface to 29 ± 12 % near the bottom of the euphotic zone; whereas in the coastal waters this parameter was almost unchangeable within the water column (54 ± 11 %). No significant change of the colored dissolved organic matter contribution to the total light absorption with depth was revealed (69% on average). In the Sea of Azov, vertical distribution both of the chlorophyll a concentration (6.2 mg/m3 on average) and the spectral light absorption coefficients by all the optically active components was uniform. The non-algal particles contribution to the particulate light absorption was 40 ± 14 %, and the colored dissolved organic matter contribution to the total light absorption constituted 52 ± 6 %. Conclusions. New data on spatial distribution of the chlorophyll a concentration and the spectral light absorption coefficients by the optically active components in the Black and Azov seas were obtained for the spring period when the seawater hydrophysical characteristics changed.
{"title":"Vertical Distribution of Bio-Optical Properties of the Azov – Black Sea Basin Waters in April – May, 2019","authors":"T. Efimova, T. Churilova, E. Skorokhod, N. Moiseeva, E. Zemlianskaia","doi":"10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-525-534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/1573-160x-2020-5-525-534","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The work is aimed at investigating spatial distribution of the chlorophyll a concentration and the spectral light absorption coefficients by all optically active components in the Azov and Black seas in spring, when the seawater hydrophysical structure changes. Methods and Results. The data collected in the 106th scientific cruise of R/V Professor Vodyanitsky in April 19 – May 10, 2019 were used. The chlorophyll a concentration was measured by the spectrophotometric method. The spectral light absorption coefficients were determined in accordance with the NASA protocol 2018. The optical measurements were performed using the dual-beam spectrophotometer Lambda 35 (PerkinElmer). It was shown that in the surface layer of the Black Sea, the chlorophyll a concentration varied from 0.21 to 1.2 mg/m3. At some stations in the deep-water region, the increased values of this parameter were observed in the lower part of the euphotic zone that was associated with the beginning of seasonal water stratification due to the surface water heating. At these stations, the phytoplankton absorption spectra were more smoothed in the lower part of the euphotic zone than those in the upper layer. In the deep-water region, the non-algal particles contribution to the total particulate light absorption at wavelength 438 nm changed with depth from 40 ± 15 % at the surface to 29 ± 12 % near the bottom of the euphotic zone; whereas in the coastal waters this parameter was almost unchangeable within the water column (54 ± 11 %). No significant change of the colored dissolved organic matter contribution to the total light absorption with depth was revealed (69% on average). In the Sea of Azov, vertical distribution both of the chlorophyll a concentration (6.2 mg/m3 on average) and the spectral light absorption coefficients by all the optically active components was uniform. The non-algal particles contribution to the particulate light absorption was 40 ± 14 %, and the colored dissolved organic matter contribution to the total light absorption constituted 52 ± 6 %. Conclusions. New data on spatial distribution of the chlorophyll a concentration and the spectral light absorption coefficients by the optically active components in the Black and Azov seas were obtained for the spring period when the seawater hydrophysical characteristics changed.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44295149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-501-513
V. Dorofeyev, L. Sukhikh
Purpose. The study represents analysis of the features of the Black Sea ecosystem components transfer from the northwestern shelf to the deep-sea part and its dependence on circulation in the sea upper layer. Methods and Results. The fluxes of water mass, nutrients and bioproduction from the shelf zone to the deep part of the sea were calculated using the current fields and biogeochemical ones resulted from the reanalysis, which, in its turn, was carried out due to the Black Sea ecosystem model including assimilation of remote sensing data both in the numerical circulation model and in the biogeochemical block. Numerical modeling permitted to calculate the fluxes through three sections that bound the shelf zone (by the capes Kaliakra and Chersonesus, and along the 200 m isobath). Behavior of the RIM Current jet and, consequently, direction and magnitude of the flows through the boundaries of the northwestern shelf depend on the wind stress vorticity over the western part of the Black Sea. The type of circulation with the intense RIM Current jet pressed to the shelf edge, is characterized by the pattern of distribution of the inorganic nitrogen and phytoplankton surface concentration as a narrow strip of its high values along the Black Sea western and partially southern coasts. When the RIM Current jet is weak or moves from the shelf edge (that corresponds to the low values of the wind stress vorticity) the increased concentration values are located on the northwestern shelf. Conclusions. Direction, magnitude and character of horizontal distribution of the nutrient and bioproduction fluxes are determined mainly by circulation in the sea upper layer. The magnitude of these flows is significantly affected by difference between the nutrient and bioproduction concentrations in the shelf zone and in the deep part of the Black Sea.
{"title":"Studying the Fluxes of the Marine Ecosystem Components from the Northwestern Shelf to the Deep Part of the Black Sea","authors":"V. Dorofeyev, L. Sukhikh","doi":"10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-501-513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-501-513","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The study represents analysis of the features of the Black Sea ecosystem components transfer from the northwestern shelf to the deep-sea part and its dependence on circulation in the sea upper layer. Methods and Results. The fluxes of water mass, nutrients and bioproduction from the shelf zone to the deep part of the sea were calculated using the current fields and biogeochemical ones resulted from the reanalysis, which, in its turn, was carried out due to the Black Sea ecosystem model including assimilation of remote sensing data both in the numerical circulation model and in the biogeochemical block. Numerical modeling permitted to calculate the fluxes through three sections that bound the shelf zone (by the capes Kaliakra and Chersonesus, and along the 200 m isobath). Behavior of the RIM Current jet and, consequently, direction and magnitude of the flows through the boundaries of the northwestern shelf depend on the wind stress vorticity over the western part of the Black Sea. The type of circulation with the intense RIM Current jet pressed to the shelf edge, is characterized by the pattern of distribution of the inorganic nitrogen and phytoplankton surface concentration as a narrow strip of its high values along the Black Sea western and partially southern coasts. When the RIM Current jet is weak or moves from the shelf edge (that corresponds to the low values of the wind stress vorticity) the increased concentration values are located on the northwestern shelf. Conclusions. Direction, magnitude and character of horizontal distribution of the nutrient and bioproduction fluxes are determined mainly by circulation in the sea upper layer. The magnitude of these flows is significantly affected by difference between the nutrient and bioproduction concentrations in the shelf zone and in the deep part of the Black Sea.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42794680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-595-605
A. S. Kukushkin, V. Suslin
Цель. Исследования пространственно-временной изменчивости содержания взвешенного вещества необходимы для понимания биохимических процессов, формирующих и поддерживающих устойчивое функционирование морской экосистемы. Целью работы является оценка применимости спутниковых данных для исследования изменчивости содержания взвешенного вещества в поверхностном слое глубоководной части Черного моря. Методы и результаты. С использованием регрессионного анализа получены уравнения линейной регрессии, связывающие судовые измерения концентрации взвешенного вещества в поверхностном слое в северо-восточной (июнь 2005‒2015 гг.) и западной (ноябрь 2016, 2017 гг., декабрь 2017 г.) глубоководных частях моря и региональные спутниковые продукты (показатель обратного рассеяния света частицами взвеси, показатель поглощения неживым органическим веществом и концентрация хлорофилла а). По измеренным и рассчитанным массивам данных построены карты распределения концентраций взвешенного вещества в поверхностном слое северо-восточной части моря. Рассмотрены межгодовые изменения результатов прямых измерений концентрации взвешенного вещества, литогенного вещества и квазисинхронных с ними спутниковых региональных продуктов (показатель поглощения света неживым органическим веществом на длине волны 490 нм и показатель обратного рассеяния света частицами взвеси на длине волны 555 нм) в июне 2005‒2015 гг. Отмечены повышенные концентрации взвешенного вещества в 2012 г., когда в Черном море была зарегистрирована экстремальная численность кокколитофорид. По частным коэффициентам корреляции оценена теснота связи между концентрацией взвешенного вещества и отдельными анализируемыми параметрами. Выводы. Получено удовлетворительное согласие пространственных распределений содержания взвешенного вещества по измеренным и рассчитанным данным. Разница значений измеренных и рассчитанных его концентраций в течение всего периода наблюдений в среднем находилась в пределах 6‒23 %. Показана возможность использования спутниковых данных для исследования пространственно-временной изменчивости содержания взвешенного вещества.
{"title":"Assessment of Applicability of Satellite-Derived Ocean Color Data for Studying Variability of Suspended Matter in the Surface Layer of the Deep Part of the Black Sea","authors":"A. S. Kukushkin, V. Suslin","doi":"10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-595-605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-595-605","url":null,"abstract":"Цель. Исследования пространственно-временной изменчивости содержания взвешенного вещества необходимы для понимания биохимических процессов, формирующих и поддерживающих устойчивое функционирование морской экосистемы. Целью работы является оценка применимости спутниковых данных для исследования изменчивости содержания взвешенного вещества в поверхностном слое глубоководной части Черного моря. Методы и результаты. С использованием регрессионного анализа получены уравнения линейной регрессии, связывающие судовые измерения концентрации взвешенного вещества в поверхностном слое в северо-восточной (июнь 2005‒2015 гг.) и западной (ноябрь 2016, 2017 гг., декабрь 2017 г.) глубоководных частях моря и региональные спутниковые продукты (показатель обратного рассеяния света частицами взвеси, показатель поглощения неживым органическим веществом и концентрация хлорофилла а). По измеренным и рассчитанным массивам данных построены карты распределения концентраций взвешенного вещества в поверхностном слое северо-восточной части моря. Рассмотрены межгодовые изменения результатов прямых измерений концентрации взвешенного вещества, литогенного вещества и квазисинхронных с ними спутниковых региональных продуктов (показатель поглощения света неживым органическим веществом на длине волны 490 нм и показатель обратного рассеяния света частицами взвеси на длине волны 555 нм) в июне 2005‒2015 гг. Отмечены повышенные концентрации взвешенного вещества в 2012 г., когда в Черном море была зарегистрирована экстремальная численность кокколитофорид. По частным коэффициентам корреляции оценена теснота связи между концентрацией взвешенного вещества и отдельными анализируемыми параметрами. Выводы. Получено удовлетворительное согласие пространственных распределений содержания взвешенного вещества по измеренным и рассчитанным данным. Разница значений измеренных и рассчитанных его концентраций в течение всего периода наблюдений в среднем находилась в пределах 6‒23 %. Показана возможность использования спутниковых данных для исследования пространственно-временной изменчивости содержания взвешенного вещества.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47808264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-532-544
Е. Eremina, V. Evstigneev
Purpose. The work is aimed at studying the components’ intra- and inter-annual variability in the water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Sea of Azov through the Tonky Strait at the current climatic period based on the empirical conversion schemes and using the hydrometeorological observation data obtained at the nearby stations. Methods and Results. Using the data on the sea level, and the wind direction and speed, the runoffs of the Azov Sea and the Sivash Bay waters in the Tonky Strait during 1966–2013 are calculated by two methods developed by Slatinsky Yu.G. in 1969 and Raskin L.G. in 1992. Predominance of the Azov currents over the Sivash ones is revealed. Seasonal and long-term dynamics of the runoff values in the strait are given based on the monthly average and annual average data. The data on the wind regime variability in the Genichesk region, and the sea level at the Genichesk meteorological station and at the Chongarsky bridge meteorological post are cited. Conclusions. The calculations show that the average annual inflow of the Azov waters through the Tonky Strait varies within the wide range 0.3 km3 – 1.18 km3, and the outflow of the Sivash waters constitutes on average 0.26 km3 per year. Difference between the water inflow and outflow in the strait is characterized by high inter-annual variability. Over the whole period under study, it amounted on average up to 0.45 km3. In the components’ spectrum of water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Azov Sea, distinguished are the ~ 4 year fluctuations of the Sivash waters outflow from the bay, and the 3 and 5–6 year fluctuations of the Azov Sea waters inflow to the Sivash Bay. Multi-year variability of the Sivash water outflow with the 4 year periodicity is conditioned by the same precipitation amount periodicity over the Sivash Bay.
{"title":"Inter-Annual Variability of Water Exchange between the Azov Sea and the Sivash Bay through the Tonky Strait","authors":"Е. Eremina, V. Evstigneev","doi":"10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-532-544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-532-544","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The work is aimed at studying the components’ intra- and inter-annual variability in the water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Sea of Azov through the Tonky Strait at the current climatic period based on the empirical conversion schemes and using the hydrometeorological observation data obtained at the nearby stations. Methods and Results. Using the data on the sea level, and the wind direction and speed, the runoffs of the Azov Sea and the Sivash Bay waters in the Tonky Strait during 1966–2013 are calculated by two methods developed by Slatinsky Yu.G. in 1969 and Raskin L.G. in 1992. Predominance of the Azov currents over the Sivash ones is revealed. Seasonal and long-term dynamics of the runoff values in the strait are given based on the monthly average and annual average data. The data on the wind regime variability in the Genichesk region, and the sea level at the Genichesk meteorological station and at the Chongarsky bridge meteorological post are cited. Conclusions. The calculations show that the average annual inflow of the Azov waters through the Tonky Strait varies within the wide range 0.3 km3 – 1.18 km3, and the outflow of the Sivash waters constitutes on average 0.26 km3 per year. Difference between the water inflow and outflow in the strait is characterized by high inter-annual variability. Over the whole period under study, it amounted on average up to 0.45 km3. In the components’ spectrum of water exchange between the Sivash Bay and the Azov Sea, distinguished are the ~ 4 year fluctuations of the Sivash waters outflow from the bay, and the 3 and 5–6 year fluctuations of the Azov Sea waters inflow to the Sivash Bay. Multi-year variability of the Sivash water outflow with the 4 year periodicity is conditioned by the same precipitation amount periodicity over the Sivash Bay.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42284923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-582-594
I. Sheverdyaev, A. V. Kleschenkov
Purpose. The aim of the study is to evaluate the surge phenomena effect on the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta based on the archival and expedition data analysis, as well as using mathematical modeling. Methods and Results. To achieve the purpose, the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) mathematical hydrodynamic model and the original model of the heavy metal compounds’ transfer and transformation in the Don Delta, developed by S. V. Berdnikov were applied. The models included the irregular grid for the Don Delta region with the average resolution 100 × 100 m. The grid cells were grouped into the compartments according to the hydrological principle. Twelve scenarios of dynamics of the suspended solids, and the dissolved and suspended forms of Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd were calculated for the surges of various intensity under the conditions of variable water content and seasonal dynamics of near-water vegetation. In accordance with the scenarios, the graphs showing the changes in the suspended matter content and accumulation, and the maps of the deposited substance distribution resulted from the surges in the delta were constructed. During two days the calculations for which include the surges of varying repeatability and the variable water content, about 0.3–3 t of nickel compounds, 0.1–1.8 t of copper compounds, 0.2–1.8 t of lead compounds and 0.01–0.04 t of cadmium ones deposit in Don. The obtained results made it possible to reveal two regions where the increased accumulation of the precipitated suspended matter and the heightened concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms were observed: the interfluve of the Don shipping channel, and the systems of the Kalancha and Kuterma river branches. Conclusions. As for their influence upon formation of the flow of the heavy metal suspended forms, the surge phenomena surpass the river flow. The suspended matter concentration in the Taganrog Bay waters during the surges is the governing factor for the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta. At the same time, the regions characterized by the highest suspended solids sedimentation and the increased concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms are the closest to the Taganrog Bay areas covered by reed vegetation.
目的。本文通过档案资料和考察资料的分析，结合数学模型的建立，探讨激流现象对顿河三角洲重金属流入的影响。方法与结果。为此，应用水文工程中心河流分析系统(HEC-RAS)的水动力数学模型和S. V. Berdnikov开发的顿河三角洲重金属化合物迁移和转化的原始模型。模型包括顿河三角洲地区的不规则网格，平均分辨率为100 × 100 m。根据水文原理，网格单元被划分成不同的隔间。在不同含水量和季节动态条件下，计算了12种不同强度的悬浮物动态，以及Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的溶解和悬浮形态。根据不同的情景，绘制了悬浮物含量和累积量的变化曲线图，以及三角洲浪涌导致的沉积物质分布图。在两天的计算中，包括不同重复性和不同含水量的激增，大约0.3-3吨镍化合物，0.1-1.8吨铜化合物，0.2-1.8吨铅化合物和0.01-0.04吨镉化合物沉积在唐。所获得的结果可以揭示两个区域，在那里观察到沉淀悬浮物的积累增加和重金属溶解形式的浓度增加:顿河航运通道的交汇处，以及Kalancha和Kuterma河支流的系统。结论。就其对重金属悬浮形态水流形成的影响而言，浪涌现象超过了河流水流。涨潮期间塔甘罗格湾水域的悬浮物浓度是重金属流入顿河三角洲的控制因素。同时，悬浮物沉降量最高和重金属溶解形式浓度增加的区域最接近芦苇覆盖的塔甘罗格湾地区。
{"title":"Revealing the Surge Phenomena Contribution of the Heavy Metals Inflow to the River Don Delta","authors":"I. Sheverdyaev, A. V. Kleschenkov","doi":"10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-582-594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-582-594","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The aim of the study is to evaluate the surge phenomena effect on the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta based on the archival and expedition data analysis, as well as using mathematical modeling. Methods and Results. To achieve the purpose, the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) mathematical hydrodynamic model and the original model of the heavy metal compounds’ transfer and transformation in the Don Delta, developed by S. V. Berdnikov were applied. The models included the irregular grid for the Don Delta region with the average resolution 100 × 100 m. The grid cells were grouped into the compartments according to the hydrological principle. Twelve scenarios of dynamics of the suspended solids, and the dissolved and suspended forms of Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd were calculated for the surges of various intensity under the conditions of variable water content and seasonal dynamics of near-water vegetation. In accordance with the scenarios, the graphs showing the changes in the suspended matter content and accumulation, and the maps of the deposited substance distribution resulted from the surges in the delta were constructed. During two days the calculations for which include the surges of varying repeatability and the variable water content, about 0.3–3 t of nickel compounds, 0.1–1.8 t of copper compounds, 0.2–1.8 t of lead compounds and 0.01–0.04 t of cadmium ones deposit in Don. The obtained results made it possible to reveal two regions where the increased accumulation of the precipitated suspended matter and the heightened concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms were observed: the interfluve of the Don shipping channel, and the systems of the Kalancha and Kuterma river branches. Conclusions. As for their influence upon formation of the flow of the heavy metal suspended forms, the surge phenomena surpass the river flow. The suspended matter concentration in the Taganrog Bay waters during the surges is the governing factor for the heavy metals inflow to the Don Delta. At the same time, the regions characterized by the highest suspended solids sedimentation and the increased concentrations of the heavy metal dissolved forms are the closest to the Taganrog Bay areas covered by reed vegetation.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46608997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-559-570
D. Kalinskaya, A. Papkova, D. Kabanov
Purpose. The Black Sea region where the forest fires were recorded by the FIRMS system, as well as the atmosphere above it, namely the fire-induced variation of the atmospheric aerosol basic optical characteristics, were the main objects of the investigation. The study is aimed at examining the fires in the Black Sea region in 2018–2019 for assessing correlation between these events and variability of the basic optical characteristics over the Black Sea. Methods and Results. Based on the FIRMS system data, variations of intensity of the fire-induced radiation were studied. The results of statistical processing of the MODIS and VIIRS satellite data on the fires in 2018–2019 were represented. For the dates when the fire numbers were the highest in the Black Sea region, the basic optical and microphysical characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol were analyzed due to the SPM and AERONET data. The dates when the fire intensity was particularly high (based on the MODIS and VIIRS data) were analyzed and compared with the dates when the anomalous values of the atmospheric aerosol optical characteristics were recorded over the region under study. Conclusions. For the fire events in the Black Sea region revealed due to the MODIS and VIIRS data, complex analysis of the air mass transfer was performed by the model HYSPLIT, and the aerosol was typed by the CALIPSO algorithm. On June 22, 2019 the most intense fires were recorded. According to the aerosol typing by the CALIPSO algorithm, on this day the predominant aerosol types were the contaminated dust and smoke. Using the MODIS and VIIRS data, investigation of possible source of the aerosol transfer on this date showed that the area of intense inflammationn and smoke was located to the northeast from the Black Sea region. Since the satellite-derived data on this day showed no dust transfer either from the Sahara or the Syria deserts, it is possible to conclude that increase of the values of aerosol optical depth АОD (500) was conditioned by transfer of the aerosol resulted from biomass burning from the north to the Black Sea region.
{"title":"Research of the Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Characteristics of the Atmosphere over the Black Sea Region by the FIRMS System during the Forest Fires in 2018–2019","authors":"D. Kalinskaya, A. Papkova, D. Kabanov","doi":"10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-559-570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-5-559-570","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The Black Sea region where the forest fires were recorded by the FIRMS system, as well as the atmosphere above it, namely the fire-induced variation of the atmospheric aerosol basic optical characteristics, were the main objects of the investigation. The study is aimed at examining the fires in the Black Sea region in 2018–2019 for assessing correlation between these events and variability of the basic optical characteristics over the Black Sea. Methods and Results. Based on the FIRMS system data, variations of intensity of the fire-induced radiation were studied. The results of statistical processing of the MODIS and VIIRS satellite data on the fires in 2018–2019 were represented. For the dates when the fire numbers were the highest in the Black Sea region, the basic optical and microphysical characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol were analyzed due to the SPM and AERONET data. The dates when the fire intensity was particularly high (based on the MODIS and VIIRS data) were analyzed and compared with the dates when the anomalous values of the atmospheric aerosol optical characteristics were recorded over the region under study. Conclusions. For the fire events in the Black Sea region revealed due to the MODIS and VIIRS data, complex analysis of the air mass transfer was performed by the model HYSPLIT, and the aerosol was typed by the CALIPSO algorithm. On June 22, 2019 the most intense fires were recorded. According to the aerosol typing by the CALIPSO algorithm, on this day the predominant aerosol types were the contaminated dust and smoke. Using the MODIS and VIIRS data, investigation of possible source of the aerosol transfer on this date showed that the area of intense inflammationn and smoke was located to the northeast from the Black Sea region. Since the satellite-derived data on this day showed no dust transfer either from the Sahara or the Syria deserts, it is possible to conclude that increase of the values of aerosol optical depth АОD (500) was conditioned by transfer of the aerosol resulted from biomass burning from the north to the Black Sea region.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45805764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22449/1573-160x-2020-4-364-373
A. Zaytsev, E. Pelinovsky, D. Doğan, A. Yalciner, B. Yalçiner, A. Kurkin, A. Moskvitin
Purpose. Investigation of the storm surge in Korsakov in the southern part of the Sakhalin Island on November 15, 2019 and comparison of the results of its numerical simulation with the data of in situ measurements constitute the aim of the article. Methods and Results. In situ measurements of the storm surge in Korsakov (the Sakhalin region) were performed and the data on the flooded area dimensions were collected. A storm period on the Sakhalin Island is almost the annual event in an autumn-winter season. The severe storm that happened in the southern Sakhalin region on November 15, 2019 led to flooding of the port territory in Korsakov. Due to the NAMI-DANCE computational complex, the storm surge was numerically simulated within the framework of the system of shallow water equations in the spherical coordinates on the rotating Earth with the regard for the friction force and the atmospheric effect. The calculations included the data on temporal and spatial distribution of the wind speed at the altitude 10 m taken from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis database. The data on the atmospheric pressure were not applied in simulations since the atmosphere pressure gradient at the area under study was small. The simulation was carried out in the course of three days. The simulations showed that in 20 hours after the wind forcing had started, the water level in the port increased up to its maximum values, and did not fall the whole day. The water level maximum heights were concentrated in the southwestern part of the Aniva Bay. At that the calculated current speeds reached 2 m/s. During the storm, at the wind speed up to 15 m/s, the storm surge height in the Korsakov port area constituted 1.7 m, whereas the width of the flooded zone was up to 200 m. These results are confirmed well by the in situ measurement data. Conclusions. The simulation values of the power characteristics for the above-mentioned storm are represented in the paper. The Froude number square reaches 0.03 in the Korsakov city port area, and spatial distribution of the wave strength moment is up to 1 m3/s2. Field measurements and eyewitness reports confirm the evidence of a powerful impact of a storm surge upon the port constructions.
{"title":"Numerical Simulation of the Storm Surge at the Sakhalin Island Southern Part on November 15, 2019","authors":"A. Zaytsev, E. Pelinovsky, D. Doğan, A. Yalciner, B. Yalçiner, A. Kurkin, A. Moskvitin","doi":"10.22449/1573-160x-2020-4-364-373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/1573-160x-2020-4-364-373","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. Investigation of the storm surge in Korsakov in the southern part of the Sakhalin Island on November 15, 2019 and comparison of the results of its numerical simulation with the data of in situ measurements constitute the aim of the article. Methods and Results. In situ measurements of the storm surge in Korsakov (the Sakhalin region) were performed and the data on the flooded area dimensions were collected. A storm period on the Sakhalin Island is almost the annual event in an autumn-winter season. The severe storm that happened in the southern Sakhalin region on November 15, 2019 led to flooding of the port territory in Korsakov. Due to the NAMI-DANCE computational complex, the storm surge was numerically simulated within the framework of the system of shallow water equations in the spherical coordinates on the rotating Earth with the regard for the friction force and the atmospheric effect. The calculations included the data on temporal and spatial distribution of the wind speed at the altitude 10 m taken from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis database. The data on the atmospheric pressure were not applied in simulations since the atmosphere pressure gradient at the area under study was small. The simulation was carried out in the course of three days. The simulations showed that in 20 hours after the wind forcing had started, the water level in the port increased up to its maximum values, and did not fall the whole day. The water level maximum heights were concentrated in the southwestern part of the Aniva Bay. At that the calculated current speeds reached 2 m/s. During the storm, at the wind speed up to 15 m/s, the storm surge height in the Korsakov port area constituted 1.7 m, whereas the width of the flooded zone was up to 200 m. These results are confirmed well by the in situ measurement data. Conclusions. The simulation values of the power characteristics for the above-mentioned storm are represented in the paper. The Froude number square reaches 0.03 in the Korsakov city port area, and spatial distribution of the wave strength moment is up to 1 m3/s2. Field measurements and eyewitness reports confirm the evidence of a powerful impact of a storm surge upon the port constructions.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45823039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22449/0233-7584-2020-4-451-466
Y. Goryachkin, V. Fomin
Purpose. The paper is aimed at obtaining the wave regime characteristics in the region of the Western Crimea accumulative coast, at constructing the scheme of the sediment along-coastal fluxes for various wind directions, at analyzing the previous notions on the lithodynamical processes in the region under study and their comparison with the obtained results. Methods and Results. The wave regime was analyzed using the results of the retrospective calculations of wind waves in the Black Sea derived due to the model SWAN and based on the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data for 1979–2018. The data of retrospective calculations performed by the method of annual maximums yielded the parameters of the waves of various repeatability. The sediment along-coastal flux was simulated and the schemes for six wind directions were constructed by the method including model values of the wave characteristics. Conclusions. Operative and extreme characteristics of the wind waves in the region under study are obtained. It is shown that in the above-mentioned area, the most intense sediment along-coastal fluxes occur being affected by the waves formed by the western, southwestern and southern winds. The northwestern and western winds give rise to the sediment main flux directed to the east. At the western wind, to the southeast from the Donuzlav sandbar and in the coast concavities, the sediments are transported in the opposite direction. When the winds are southwestern and southern, the sediment along-coastal flux move from the Cape Uret to Lake Donuzlav northern spit, where it meets the oppositely directed flux. To the southeast from Lake Donuzlav, the multidirectional fluxes arise; at that, in the coast concavities their convergence zones are formed. At the southeastern and eastern winds, the sediment along-coastal fluxes’ capacity decreases sharply; the fluxes are of multidirectional character and they form not a single flux on any of the long stretches of the coastline.
{"title":"Wave Regime and Lithodynamics in the Region of the Western Crimea Accumulative Coasts","authors":"Y. Goryachkin, V. Fomin","doi":"10.22449/0233-7584-2020-4-451-466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-4-451-466","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The paper is aimed at obtaining the wave regime characteristics in the region of the Western Crimea accumulative coast, at constructing the scheme of the sediment along-coastal fluxes for various wind directions, at analyzing the previous notions on the lithodynamical processes in the region under study and their comparison with the obtained results. Methods and Results. The wave regime was analyzed using the results of the retrospective calculations of wind waves in the Black Sea derived due to the model SWAN and based on the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data for 1979–2018. The data of retrospective calculations performed by the method of annual maximums yielded the parameters of the waves of various repeatability. The sediment along-coastal flux was simulated and the schemes for six wind directions were constructed by the method including model values of the wave characteristics. Conclusions. Operative and extreme characteristics of the wind waves in the region under study are obtained. It is shown that in the above-mentioned area, the most intense sediment along-coastal fluxes occur being affected by the waves formed by the western, southwestern and southern winds. The northwestern and western winds give rise to the sediment main flux directed to the east. At the western wind, to the southeast from the Donuzlav sandbar and in the coast concavities, the sediments are transported in the opposite direction. When the winds are southwestern and southern, the sediment along-coastal flux move from the Cape Uret to Lake Donuzlav northern spit, where it meets the oppositely directed flux. To the southeast from Lake Donuzlav, the multidirectional fluxes arise; at that, in the coast concavities their convergence zones are formed. At the southeastern and eastern winds, the sediment along-coastal fluxes’ capacity decreases sharply; the fluxes are of multidirectional character and they form not a single flux on any of the long stretches of the coastline.","PeriodicalId":43550,"journal":{"name":"Physical Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46637890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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