The author describes how web and data servers are demanding unprecedented quantities of electric power per unit of raised floor space. Whereas typical commercial offices have power demands on the order of a few watts per square foot of usable floor area, the data centers and mission-critical facilities of high-tech industry have a power demand density that is nearly two orders of magnitude higher, with 190 watts per square foot of raised floor space being the industry rule.
{"title":"Power for the Internet","authors":"S. Rahman","doi":"10.1109/67.954522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.954522","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes how web and data servers are demanding unprecedented quantities of electric power per unit of raised floor space. Whereas typical commercial offices have power demands on the order of a few watts per square foot of usable floor area, the data centers and mission-critical facilities of high-tech industry have a power demand density that is nearly two orders of magnitude higher, with 190 watts per square foot of raised floor space being the industry rule.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115619712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2001.952934
S. Bricker, T. Gonen, L. Rubin
Automated substations can provide the information needed to maintain uninterrupted power to the customer at a lower maintenance cost. Substation automation is the integration of smart electrical equipment (e.g., circuit breakers, transformers, relays, etc.) that has the ability to monitor their functionality. For example, circuit breakers are able to measure their contact resistance and acknowledge proper maintenance diagnostics. Automated substations consist of microprocessor-based relays, circuit breakers, transformers, and motor-operated air switches that are monitored by a graphical interface unit that can be remotely accessed. This article focuses on two substation automation projects that have been implemented at two Pacific Gas and Electric Company transmission substations, Cortina and Templeton.
{"title":"Substation automation technologies and advantages","authors":"S. Bricker, T. Gonen, L. Rubin","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2001.952934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2001.952934","url":null,"abstract":"Automated substations can provide the information needed to maintain uninterrupted power to the customer at a lower maintenance cost. Substation automation is the integration of smart electrical equipment (e.g., circuit breakers, transformers, relays, etc.) that has the ability to monitor their functionality. For example, circuit breakers are able to measure their contact resistance and acknowledge proper maintenance diagnostics. Automated substations consist of microprocessor-based relays, circuit breakers, transformers, and motor-operated air switches that are monitored by a graphical interface unit that can be remotely accessed. This article focuses on two substation automation projects that have been implemented at two Pacific Gas and Electric Company transmission substations, Cortina and Templeton.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114931013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2001.952931
P. Wiesner
IEEE has long taken a leadership role in distance education. Since the 1980s, IEEE Educational Activities served its growing world-wide membership through video conferences, videos, and self-study courses to supplement conferences and publishing. It discontinued its live video-conference program in the mid-1990s, when it was found that users preferred to tape the telecasts rather than attend the live event. In 1998, IEEE experimented with online delivery of video, video on demand, a service that brings video and PowerPoint presentations to the desktop. Technically, this service functioned quite well, delivering streaming video for users with modems 28.6 kbps and higher. Video on demand included e-commerce and online help to configure end-user systems. Although technically successful, video on demand has not proven to be commercially viable. Meanwhile, IEEE has also moved to place its self-study courses on the Web, some entirely and others partially, in an effort to reposition its current array of products (print-based self-study courses, videos, and CD-ROMs). One major challenge is to explore how IEEE and its Technical Societies can take advantage of the Web to promote their education programs as well as publications.
{"title":"IEEE Societies: education is going for the Web","authors":"P. Wiesner","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2001.952931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2001.952931","url":null,"abstract":"IEEE has long taken a leadership role in distance education. Since the 1980s, IEEE Educational Activities served its growing world-wide membership through video conferences, videos, and self-study courses to supplement conferences and publishing. It discontinued its live video-conference program in the mid-1990s, when it was found that users preferred to tape the telecasts rather than attend the live event. In 1998, IEEE experimented with online delivery of video, video on demand, a service that brings video and PowerPoint presentations to the desktop. Technically, this service functioned quite well, delivering streaming video for users with modems 28.6 kbps and higher. Video on demand included e-commerce and online help to configure end-user systems. Although technically successful, video on demand has not proven to be commercially viable. Meanwhile, IEEE has also moved to place its self-study courses on the Web, some entirely and others partially, in an effort to reposition its current array of products (print-based self-study courses, videos, and CD-ROMs). One major challenge is to explore how IEEE and its Technical Societies can take advantage of the Web to promote their education programs as well as publications.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"6 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114035583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2001.952938
S. T. Lee, S. Hoffman
The industry-wide Power Delivery Reliability Initiative, which the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) launched in February 2000, is addressing reliability issues that accompany the industry's transition to an open energy marketplace. The initiative has developed tools to identify weak points in an interconnected transmission system, applying a practical probabilistic process for assessing grid reliability under deregulation. The initiative introduced near-term operational tools that have helped system operators better handle the summer of 2000, and will be of great aid in the summer of 2001 as well.
{"title":"Power delivery reliability initiative bears fruit","authors":"S. T. Lee, S. Hoffman","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2001.952938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2001.952938","url":null,"abstract":"The industry-wide Power Delivery Reliability Initiative, which the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) launched in February 2000, is addressing reliability issues that accompany the industry's transition to an open energy marketplace. The initiative has developed tools to identify weak points in an interconnected transmission system, applying a practical probabilistic process for assessing grid reliability under deregulation. The initiative introduced near-term operational tools that have helped system operators better handle the summer of 2000, and will be of great aid in the summer of 2001 as well.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116139596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2001.952935
B. Qiu, Yilu Liu, E. Chan, L.L.J. Cao
To restore the system operating frequency after serious disturbances, one of the main protection strategies is the under-frequency load-shedding scheme. It is simple and inexpensive; however, sometimes it has poor performance in coordination due to tedious steps and is apt to result in over or under shedding. In addition, under-frequency relays with time delay are generally used for generation units to avoid malfunction due to surges. This time delay may result in fast frequency drop under severe overload conditions and cause under-frequency relay tripping in the generation unit. The load-shedding strategy may, therefore, fail. Modern SCADA systems are designed as open and distributed systems. Industry-standard hardware and software, configured in local area networks (LAN), have become the basic system building blocks in SCADA systems. The intense competition among different SCADA vendors requires the distributed computer systems to be low-cost, fast-response, and high reliability. Low cost demands the use of simple, standardized, open systems and easy installation, configuration, and extension. Real-time is characterized by high bandwidth, low latency, fast, and continuous update of the system status. Achievement of reliability is by means of structural redundancy and a fault-tolerant computer control system. Advances in network and communication technologies open the door for fast load-shedding controller (LSC) designs with low cost, convenience, scalability, and remote access capability. This article describes a LAN-based LSC that makes use of these technologies for the isolated power system.
{"title":"LAN-based control for load shedding","authors":"B. Qiu, Yilu Liu, E. Chan, L.L.J. Cao","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2001.952935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2001.952935","url":null,"abstract":"To restore the system operating frequency after serious disturbances, one of the main protection strategies is the under-frequency load-shedding scheme. It is simple and inexpensive; however, sometimes it has poor performance in coordination due to tedious steps and is apt to result in over or under shedding. In addition, under-frequency relays with time delay are generally used for generation units to avoid malfunction due to surges. This time delay may result in fast frequency drop under severe overload conditions and cause under-frequency relay tripping in the generation unit. The load-shedding strategy may, therefore, fail. Modern SCADA systems are designed as open and distributed systems. Industry-standard hardware and software, configured in local area networks (LAN), have become the basic system building blocks in SCADA systems. The intense competition among different SCADA vendors requires the distributed computer systems to be low-cost, fast-response, and high reliability. Low cost demands the use of simple, standardized, open systems and easy installation, configuration, and extension. Real-time is characterized by high bandwidth, low latency, fast, and continuous update of the system status. Achievement of reliability is by means of structural redundancy and a fault-tolerant computer control system. Advances in network and communication technologies open the door for fast load-shedding controller (LSC) designs with low cost, convenience, scalability, and remote access capability. This article describes a LAN-based LSC that makes use of these technologies for the isolated power system.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117293621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2001.952936
A. Mazón, I. Zamora, J. Gracia, K. J. Sagastabeutia, J. Sáenz
Programming models based on artificial neural networks (ANN) have seen increased usage. ANNs are used in various fields (industry, medicine, finance, or new technology, among others). There is a wide range of possible power system applications of neural networks in operation and control processes, including stability assessment, security monitoring, load forecasting, state estimation, load flow analysis, contingency analysis, emergency control actions, HVDC system design, etc. This article features an automatic system that selects the most adequate ANN structure to solve any type of problem. The ANN Automatic Selection System (SARENEUR) was implemented in a specific case in order to obtain a neural network structure that shows better results in fault location within a two-terminal transmission line. The fault location is obtained according to the values of steady-state voltages and currents measured at one end.
{"title":"Selecting ANN structures to find transmission faults","authors":"A. Mazón, I. Zamora, J. Gracia, K. J. Sagastabeutia, J. Sáenz","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2001.952936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2001.952936","url":null,"abstract":"Programming models based on artificial neural networks (ANN) have seen increased usage. ANNs are used in various fields (industry, medicine, finance, or new technology, among others). There is a wide range of possible power system applications of neural networks in operation and control processes, including stability assessment, security monitoring, load forecasting, state estimation, load flow analysis, contingency analysis, emergency control actions, HVDC system design, etc. This article features an automatic system that selects the most adequate ANN structure to solve any type of problem. The ANN Automatic Selection System (SARENEUR) was implemented in a specific case in order to obtain a neural network structure that shows better results in fault location within a two-terminal transmission line. The fault location is obtained according to the values of steady-state voltages and currents measured at one end.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132578092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2001.952937
D. Shi, Yin-May Lee, X. Duan, Qingwei Wu
In this paper, the authors describe how there is a world of promise in building and maintaining a data warehouse as the center of the architecture for power system information systems.
{"title":"Power system data warehouses","authors":"D. Shi, Yin-May Lee, X. Duan, Qingwei Wu","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2001.952937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2001.952937","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors describe how there is a world of promise in building and maintaining a data warehouse as the center of the architecture for power system information systems.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121237951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2001.952933
G. Heydt, Chen-Ching Liu, A. Phadke, V. Vittal
New techniques for grid monitoring, protection, and control have been perfected, and their judicious application can help reduce the frequency and severity of catastrophic failures. This article describes the development of an innovative multiagent approach to prevent and control catastrophic failures in large power systems. The research has created understanding of the origin and nature of catastrophic failures. This is achieved by an analysis of hidden failures in protection systems. Vulnerabilities associated with the power system, the information network, and the communication network are also evaluated. The approach is characterized by the extensive use of real-time information from diverse sources, coupled with the development of an evolving dynamic decision event tree. A novel multiagent based platform is used to evaluate system vulnerability to catastrophic events taking in account the market environment and competing entities. Several new concepts associated with wide-area measurements and controls, networked sensors, and adaptive self healing are used to reconfigure the network to minimize the system vulnerability. Approaches developed in this research will provide important solutions for power systems and other interconnected networks of the future.
{"title":"Solution for the crisis in electric power supply","authors":"G. Heydt, Chen-Ching Liu, A. Phadke, V. Vittal","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2001.952933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2001.952933","url":null,"abstract":"New techniques for grid monitoring, protection, and control have been perfected, and their judicious application can help reduce the frequency and severity of catastrophic failures. This article describes the development of an innovative multiagent approach to prevent and control catastrophic failures in large power systems. The research has created understanding of the origin and nature of catastrophic failures. This is achieved by an analysis of hidden failures in protection systems. Vulnerabilities associated with the power system, the information network, and the communication network are also evaluated. The approach is characterized by the extensive use of real-time information from diverse sources, coupled with the development of an evolving dynamic decision event tree. A novel multiagent based platform is used to evaluate system vulnerability to catastrophic events taking in account the market environment and competing entities. Several new concepts associated with wide-area measurements and controls, networked sensors, and adaptive self healing are used to reconfigure the network to minimize the system vulnerability. Approaches developed in this research will provide important solutions for power systems and other interconnected networks of the future.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121801840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern power systems have grown both in size and complexity. Various constraints, such as security, economy and environmental regulations, are forcing power systems to operate closer to their design capabilities and security margins. Here, the authors describe a system where a network topology processor groups physical buses at the substation into electrical buses, builds connectivity from electrical buses to the network branches, and analyzes electrical network connectivity for islands.
{"title":"Object-oriented network topology processor [power system automation]","authors":"S. Pandit, S. Soman, S. Khaparde","doi":"10.1109/67.917585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.917585","url":null,"abstract":"Modern power systems have grown both in size and complexity. Various constraints, such as security, economy and environmental regulations, are forcing power systems to operate closer to their design capabilities and security margins. Here, the authors describe a system where a network topology processor groups physical buses at the substation into electrical buses, builds connectivity from electrical buses to the network branches, and analyzes electrical network connectivity for islands.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129497269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of optimization strategies for distribution networks is the subject of the innovative Edison project, which is being supported by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. There are 16 partners from industry and research working together on the project, and real distribution networks are being used as examples. This article reports on the progress achieved so far by the Edison project. By 2003, it is expected that new concepts for distributed network structures, including communication systems and the economic use of distributed power generation, will have been developed and tested on actual networks.
{"title":"Optimizing power distribution networks","authors":"C. Nietsch, D. Povh","doi":"10.1109/67.917580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.917580","url":null,"abstract":"The development of optimization strategies for distribution networks is the subject of the innovative Edison project, which is being supported by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. There are 16 partners from industry and research working together on the project, and real distribution networks are being used as examples. This article reports on the progress achieved so far by the Edison project. By 2003, it is expected that new concepts for distributed network structures, including communication systems and the economic use of distributed power generation, will have been developed and tested on actual networks.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116928722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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