The power crisis in California from the summer of 2000 to the spring of 2001 caused great interest and concern in the power industry about deregulation and liberalization of the wholesale power market. In response to this interest, EPRI has developed a prototype computer simulation model to study alternative wholesale power market structures. The results were presented at a workshop organized jointly by the California Energy Commission and EPRI on 7 November 2001 in Sacramento, California. This article is based on that presentation and represents work in progress. There are four objectives of developing and applying the EPRI Long Term Power Market Simulation Model (LTPMS): improve the understanding of how a competitive power market works in the long term; study the potential price volatility and boom-bust cycles of the power market; study alternative market designs and the role of a power authority to complement the market; and compare the long-term impacts of various market structures on the end-users and society.
{"title":"Simulation model explores alternative wholesale power market structures","authors":"S. T. Lee","doi":"10.1109/67.993757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.993757","url":null,"abstract":"The power crisis in California from the summer of 2000 to the spring of 2001 caused great interest and concern in the power industry about deregulation and liberalization of the wholesale power market. In response to this interest, EPRI has developed a prototype computer simulation model to study alternative wholesale power market structures. The results were presented at a workshop organized jointly by the California Energy Commission and EPRI on 7 November 2001 in Sacramento, California. This article is based on that presentation and represents work in progress. There are four objectives of developing and applying the EPRI Long Term Power Market Simulation Model (LTPMS): improve the understanding of how a competitive power market works in the long term; study the potential price volatility and boom-bust cycles of the power market; study alternative market designs and the role of a power authority to complement the market; and compare the long-term impacts of various market structures on the end-users and society.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123619097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2002.993762
M. Shahidehpour, M. Alomoush
The electric power industry is in the midst of a major restructuring in which electric energy would be traded as a commodity, electric power markets would foster open access to all suppliers of electric power, discrimination against any user of the transmission system would be reduced or eliminated, a competitive wholesale market at the national level would be fostered to reduce prices, and a competitive retail market at the state level would be encouraged to provide customer choice and competition in service and reliability. Ultimately, small customers will be able to choose their electric supplier much as they currently select their long-distance telephone carrier. For decades the electric utilities monopolized the way power was generated, transmitted, and distributed to customers in their service territories. Utilities were vertically integrated and provided generation, transmitted power in bulk from generating stations to load centers, and distributed power to customers. Although these three components remained the same, where restructuring brought on by deregulation has occurred, the three services were unbundled. Furthermore, coordination and rules were established to guarantee competition and nondiscriminatory open access to all users in the interconnection. These changes were brought about by a series of FERC Orders that progressively changed the environment in response to how the industry responded and how FERC felt it measured up to its objectives for a competitive, efficient marketplace. The energy shortages and rolling blackouts in California and elsewhere suggest that the evolution from a monopolistic to a competitive marketplace has not always been smooth. Restructured Electric Power Systems: Operation, Trading, and Volatility provides the reader with information without taking any position for or against any of these FERC Orders. It provides rational pro and con arguments made as these FERC Orders were discussed prior to implementation and the reasons that FERC gave for issuing the orders in their final form. The authors provide unbiased reporting of background information. Fortunately for the reader, they selected a self-consistent set of topics that could be covered in a book about operation under a restructured electric power system environment. The book covers the following developments: A competitive marketplace needed new trading-based methods for scheduling which generators and services would be provided for whom and by whom. This was carried out in detail for various restructured systems. A second level of concern existed, regarding what level of generation and what level of service each of the scheduled generators and control devices would provide based on the marketplace trading. This was also carried out for several restructured systems. The transactions and limitations of the trading marketplace-based operation process must be transparent in order to bolster customer and supplier confidence. Thus, the Open Access Same-T
{"title":"Restructured Electric Power Systems: Operation, Trading, and Volatility [Book Review]","authors":"M. Shahidehpour, M. Alomoush","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2002.993762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2002.993762","url":null,"abstract":"The electric power industry is in the midst of a major restructuring in which electric energy would be traded as a commodity, electric power markets would foster open access to all suppliers of electric power, discrimination against any user of the transmission system would be reduced or eliminated, a competitive wholesale market at the national level would be fostered to reduce prices, and a competitive retail market at the state level would be encouraged to provide customer choice and competition in service and reliability. Ultimately, small customers will be able to choose their electric supplier much as they currently select their long-distance telephone carrier. For decades the electric utilities monopolized the way power was generated, transmitted, and distributed to customers in their service territories. Utilities were vertically integrated and provided generation, transmitted power in bulk from generating stations to load centers, and distributed power to customers. Although these three components remained the same, where restructuring brought on by deregulation has occurred, the three services were unbundled. Furthermore, coordination and rules were established to guarantee competition and nondiscriminatory open access to all users in the interconnection. These changes were brought about by a series of FERC Orders that progressively changed the environment in response to how the industry responded and how FERC felt it measured up to its objectives for a competitive, efficient marketplace. The energy shortages and rolling blackouts in California and elsewhere suggest that the evolution from a monopolistic to a competitive marketplace has not always been smooth. Restructured Electric Power Systems: Operation, Trading, and Volatility provides the reader with information without taking any position for or against any of these FERC Orders. It provides rational pro and con arguments made as these FERC Orders were discussed prior to implementation and the reasons that FERC gave for issuing the orders in their final form. The authors provide unbiased reporting of background information. Fortunately for the reader, they selected a self-consistent set of topics that could be covered in a book about operation under a restructured electric power system environment. The book covers the following developments: A competitive marketplace needed new trading-based methods for scheduling which generators and services would be provided for whom and by whom. This was carried out in detail for various restructured systems. A second level of concern existed, regarding what level of generation and what level of service each of the scheduled generators and control devices would provide based on the marketplace trading. This was also carried out for several restructured systems. The transactions and limitations of the trading marketplace-based operation process must be transparent in order to bolster customer and supplier confidence. Thus, the Open Access Same-T","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128738571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Texas Electric Choice Act, signed in 1999, cleared the way for the deregulation state's electricity market. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) has slated 1 January 2002 for the opening of Texas' electric power market to full retail competition. The pilot market was opened on 31 July, with wholesale deregulation and retail access allowed for 5% of the total retail market. Presently, there are 30 firms certified as qualified scheduling entities (QSE) to participate in the restructured Texas market. Each of these companies faces a variety of IT requirements for communications, analysis, and operations in order to do business in ERCOT's territory. This article focuses on identifying these needs and discusses the IT solutions that must be deployed to meet them.
1999年签署的《德州电力选择法案》(Texas Electric Choice Act)为该州放松电力市场管制扫清了道路。德州电力可靠性委员会(ERCOT)已定于2002年1月1日开放德州电力市场，以进行全面的零售竞争。试点市场于7月31日开放，批发市场放松管制，零售市场准入占零售市场总量的5%。目前，有30家公司被认证为合格调度实体(QSE)，可以参与重组后的德克萨斯州市场。为了在ERCOT的领域内开展业务，这些公司中的每一个都面临着通信、分析和操作方面的各种IT需求。本文着重于识别这些需求，并讨论必须部署以满足这些需求的IT解决方案。
{"title":"IT strategy in the Texas energy market","authors":"V. Janardhan, B. Fesmire, J. Chapman","doi":"10.1109/67.976992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.976992","url":null,"abstract":"The Texas Electric Choice Act, signed in 1999, cleared the way for the deregulation state's electricity market. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) has slated 1 January 2002 for the opening of Texas' electric power market to full retail competition. The pilot market was opened on 31 July, with wholesale deregulation and retail access allowed for 5% of the total retail market. Presently, there are 30 firms certified as qualified scheduling entities (QSE) to participate in the restructured Texas market. Each of these companies faces a variety of IT requirements for communications, analysis, and operations in order to do business in ERCOT's territory. This article focuses on identifying these needs and discusses the IT solutions that must be deployed to meet them.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127310417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2002.1018820
K. Swarup, P. B. Corthis
Large interconnected power systems with dispersed and geographically isolated generators and load constitute a majority of the power network. Present-day power systems are dynamic in nature, where the network topology frequently changes with load demand. With increase in load, the power system network is loaded to its limits, making it susceptible to collapse even under minor disturbances. In order to operate the power system economically, the current operating state of the system must be identified as either secure or insecure. An artificial neural network (ANN) aided method for security assessment is proposed and illustrated for a model six-bus power system. The work demonstrates the feasibility of classification of load patterns for power system static security assessment using a Kohonen self-organizing feature map. The most important aspect of this network is its generalization property. Using 15 different line-loading patterns for training, the network successfully classifies the unknown loading patterns. This powerful and versatile feature is especially useful for power system operation. Research is in progress to include contingency analysis in the security assessment program.
{"title":"ANN approach assesses system security","authors":"K. Swarup, P. B. Corthis","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2002.1018820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2002.1018820","url":null,"abstract":"Large interconnected power systems with dispersed and geographically isolated generators and load constitute a majority of the power network. Present-day power systems are dynamic in nature, where the network topology frequently changes with load demand. With increase in load, the power system network is loaded to its limits, making it susceptible to collapse even under minor disturbances. In order to operate the power system economically, the current operating state of the system must be identified as either secure or insecure. An artificial neural network (ANN) aided method for security assessment is proposed and illustrated for a model six-bus power system. The work demonstrates the feasibility of classification of load patterns for power system static security assessment using a Kohonen self-organizing feature map. The most important aspect of this network is its generalization property. Using 15 different line-loading patterns for training, the network successfully classifies the unknown loading patterns. This powerful and versatile feature is especially useful for power system operation. Research is in progress to include contingency analysis in the security assessment program.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129101576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The control of a substation is a very complex task due to the great number of related problems and, therefore, the decision variables that can influence the substation performance. Under such circumstances, the use of learning control systems can be very useful. The difficulties associated with the application of artificial intelligence techniques include: selection of the magnitudes to be controlled; definition and implementation of the soft techniques; and elaboration of a programming tool to execute the control. The interest of the present work is to expose the obtained results and to present them for discussion. The objective is to show that it is possible to control the status of circuit breakers (CB) in a substation making use of a knowledge base that relates some of the operation magnitudes, mixing status variables with time variables and fuzzy sets. Even when all the magnitudes to be controlled cannot be included in the analysis (mostly due to the great number of measurements and status variables of the substation and, therefore, to the rules that would be required by the controller), it is possible to control the desired status while supervising some important magnitudes as the voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion, as well as the present status.
{"title":"AI automates substation control","authors":"G. Botura","doi":"10.1109/67.976991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.976991","url":null,"abstract":"The control of a substation is a very complex task due to the great number of related problems and, therefore, the decision variables that can influence the substation performance. Under such circumstances, the use of learning control systems can be very useful. The difficulties associated with the application of artificial intelligence techniques include: selection of the magnitudes to be controlled; definition and implementation of the soft techniques; and elaboration of a programming tool to execute the control. The interest of the present work is to expose the obtained results and to present them for discussion. The objective is to show that it is possible to control the status of circuit breakers (CB) in a substation making use of a knowledge base that relates some of the operation magnitudes, mixing status variables with time variables and fuzzy sets. Even when all the magnitudes to be controlled cannot be included in the analysis (mostly due to the great number of measurements and status variables of the substation and, therefore, to the rules that would be required by the controller), it is possible to control the desired status while supervising some important magnitudes as the voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion, as well as the present status.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129695427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/MCAP.2002.1018819
B. Fardanesh
To buy time for online computations needed for central coordination and to attain wider-area objectives for optimum operation, one has had to resort to decomposition and, therefore, multilevel hierarchical control schemes. This article looks into the future state of power system operations and control based on a number of assumptions and provides an analysis of the direction that this area might take over the next 25 years. Issues related to development of techniques and requirements for fully coordinated, high-bandwidth, and robust controls for power systems are discussed, and some methodologies are suggested. Proceeding toward this ultimate goal, system-wide automatic voltage control (SAVC), system-wide automatic power control (SAPC), and the integrated system-wide automatic control (SAC) concepts are introduced for coordination of injection (shunt) and routing (series) controllers for both real and reactive power.
{"title":"Future trends in power system control","authors":"B. Fardanesh","doi":"10.1109/MCAP.2002.1018819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAP.2002.1018819","url":null,"abstract":"To buy time for online computations needed for central coordination and to attain wider-area objectives for optimum operation, one has had to resort to decomposition and, therefore, multilevel hierarchical control schemes. This article looks into the future state of power system operations and control based on a number of assumptions and provides an analysis of the direction that this area might take over the next 25 years. Issues related to development of techniques and requirements for fully coordinated, high-bandwidth, and robust controls for power systems are discussed, and some methodologies are suggested. Proceeding toward this ultimate goal, system-wide automatic voltage control (SAVC), system-wide automatic power control (SAPC), and the integrated system-wide automatic control (SAC) concepts are introduced for coordination of injection (shunt) and routing (series) controllers for both real and reactive power.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117070014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the power business is moving into new territory with market deregulation, there is a need for expressing a view on financial and physical risks. By means of an example published earlier in this magazine, we discuss what could be appropriate measures of risk for a producer. In the article by M.V.F. Pereira, et al. "Managing Risk in the New Power Business," (see ibid., p.18-24, April 2000), management in the deregulated power markets is discussed. The article is valuable, both in its reflection on risk and its description of market issues. However, a central theme that resonates throughout the article involves the use of min-max regret as a method for controlling risk in the decision-making process. We have observed that the use of this measure is, itself, a "risky" prospect, largely because its conclusions can be so sensitive to the manner in which the problem is posed. In response to this observation, we suggest alternative approaches to risk management.
{"title":"Managing risk in the new power business: a sequel","authors":"J. Higle, S. Wallace","doi":"10.1109/67.993754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.993754","url":null,"abstract":"As the power business is moving into new territory with market deregulation, there is a need for expressing a view on financial and physical risks. By means of an example published earlier in this magazine, we discuss what could be appropriate measures of risk for a producer. In the article by M.V.F. Pereira, et al. \"Managing Risk in the New Power Business,\" (see ibid., p.18-24, April 2000), management in the deregulated power markets is discussed. The article is valuable, both in its reflection on risk and its description of market issues. However, a central theme that resonates throughout the article involves the use of min-max regret as a method for controlling risk in the decision-making process. We have observed that the use of this measure is, itself, a \"risky\" prospect, largely because its conclusions can be so sensitive to the manner in which the problem is posed. In response to this observation, we suggest alternative approaches to risk management.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115086635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demand for electricity is known to vary by the time of the day, week, month, temperature, and usage habits of the consumers. Though usage habit is not directly observable, it may be implied in the patterns of usage that have occurred in the past. A short-term load-forecasting (STLF) program that uses an integrated artificial neural network (ANN) approach is capable of predicting load for basic generation scheduling functions, assessing power system security, and providing timely dispatcher information. How well training data is chosen in an ANN is the defining factor in how well the network's output will match the event being modeled.
{"title":"Integrated ANN approach to forecast load","authors":"K. Swarup, B. Satish","doi":"10.1109/67.993760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.993760","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for electricity is known to vary by the time of the day, week, month, temperature, and usage habits of the consumers. Though usage habit is not directly observable, it may be implied in the patterns of usage that have occurred in the past. A short-term load-forecasting (STLF) program that uses an integrated artificial neural network (ANN) approach is capable of predicting load for basic generation scheduling functions, assessing power system security, and providing timely dispatcher information. How well training data is chosen in an ANN is the defining factor in how well the network's output will match the event being modeled.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123359926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the deregulated environment, information is the key to secure operation, profitability, customer retention, market advantage, and growth for the power industry. The rapid development of the Internet and distributed computing have opened the door for feasible and cost-effective solutions. This article describes and demonstrates a unique Internet-based application in a substation automation system that is implemented based on the existing system control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and very large-scale integration (VLSI) information technologies (IT). The user can view the real-time data superimposed on one-line diagrams generated automatically using VLSI placement and routing techniques. In addition, the user can also control the operation of the substation at the server site. The choice of Java technologies, such as Java Native Interface (JNI), Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI), and Enterprise Java Bean (EJB), offers unique and powerful features, such as zero client installation, on-demand access, platform independence, and transaction management for the design of the online SCADA display system.
{"title":"Internet-based SCADA display system","authors":"B. Qiu, H. Gooi, Yilu Liu, E. Chan","doi":"10.1109/67.976986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/67.976986","url":null,"abstract":"In the deregulated environment, information is the key to secure operation, profitability, customer retention, market advantage, and growth for the power industry. The rapid development of the Internet and distributed computing have opened the door for feasible and cost-effective solutions. This article describes and demonstrates a unique Internet-based application in a substation automation system that is implemented based on the existing system control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and very large-scale integration (VLSI) information technologies (IT). The user can view the real-time data superimposed on one-line diagrams generated automatically using VLSI placement and routing techniques. In addition, the user can also control the operation of the substation at the server site. The choice of Java technologies, such as Java Native Interface (JNI), Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI), and Enterprise Java Bean (EJB), offers unique and powerful features, such as zero client installation, on-demand access, platform independence, and transaction management for the design of the online SCADA display system.","PeriodicalId":435675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Applications in Power","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124609341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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