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Which Jobs are Unlucky against the Biologic and the Economic Risks Caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic? 哪些工作与新冠肺炎大流行造成的生物和经济风险不符?
IF 0.9 Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_85_22
Merve D Atik, Duygu Lüleci, Aylin G Çifci, Gökçen A Demiral, Yücel Demiral

Context: Beyond the biological impact of the pandemic in working life, socioeconomic consequences is also important for workers. This study aimed to investigate both biologic and economic impacts of the pandemic.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a structured questionnaire were applied by telephone to 233 workers who were diagnosed with coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) at hospital. A pretest was applied before the data collection. The outcomes of the study were work-related Covid-19 transmission (WRCT) and pandemic-related economic worsening (PREW). Descriptive statistics is presented. Chi-square test is used in comparison of proportions.

Results: Of the 233 workers, 52% were male (n = 120) and the mean age was 37.7 (±9.2) years. WRCT was observed in 73% of health care workers. PREW was 6.7 times higher in private sector (95% confidence interval = 3.1-14.5), especially in self-employed and small business owners. Drivers and sales workers were the unluckiest. Because they were affected in terms of both the WRCT and PREW.

Conclusions: Within the framework of occupational health, the economic destructive effects of the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the biological impacts should be considered with a holistic perspective. Protective policies should be developed especially for economically fragile groups against the pandemic such as self-employed, small business owners, and private sector workers.

背景:除了疫情对工作生活的生物学影响外,社会经济后果对工人也很重要。这项研究旨在调查新冠疫情对生物和经济的影响。方法:在这项横断面研究中,通过电话对233名在医院诊断为2019冠状病毒病(新冠肺炎)的工人进行结构化问卷调查。在数据收集之前进行了预测试。研究结果为与工作相关的新冠肺炎传播(WRCT)和与流行病相关的经济恶化(PREW)。介绍了描述性统计。卡方检验用于比较比例。结果:233名工人中,52%为男性(n=120),平均年龄37.7(±9.2)岁。在73%的医护人员中观察到WRCT。私营部门的PREW高出6.7倍(95%置信区间=3.1-14.5),尤其是个体经营者和小企业主。司机和销售人员是最不幸的。因为他们受到了WRCT和PREW的影响。结论:在职业健康的框架内,应该从整体的角度考虑新冠肺炎大流行的经济破坏性影响以及生物影响。应制定保护政策,特别是针对经济脆弱的群体,如个体经营者、小企业主和私营部门工人,以抵御疫情。
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引用次数: 0
Occupational Health in Practice: Heart Rate Profile of the Lathe Machine Workers. 实践中的职业健康:车床工人的心率概况。
IF 0.9 Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_108_22
Alok Ghosh Chaudhuri, Shatabdi Ghosh, Bithin Kumar Maji, Rajib Biswas

Context: Lathe machine work is an important unorganized sector in India. However, to date, no work physiological studies have been conducted among these workers to evaluate the physical strain involved in this work.

Aim: The present study aims to determine the workload in different lathe machine tasks from working heart rates (HRs) and certain cardiac indices.

Settings and design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 38 full-time male workers aged between 21 and 60 years.

Methods and materials: The HR was measured directly during the productive work phase, additional work phase, and work pauses. Two cardiac strain indices, viz., net cardiac cost and relative cardiac cost were derived. The workload was also judged according to some standard acceptable criteria of physical strain.

Statistical analysis used: Mean and standard deviation were obtained for different categories of HR. Intergroup comparisons were conducted through one-way analysis of variance and the t-test.

Results: The mean working HR was found to be 99 beats per minute. A maximal working HR of 105 ± 6.1 beats per minute with a corresponding relative cardiac cost of 26% was obtained during the additional work phase.

Conclusions: The overall workload appeared to be moderate in nature. An acceptable criterion of cardiac cost of 30% appeared to be the most sensitive index in detecting workers experiencing a higher level of physical strain.

背景:车床加工是印度一个重要的无组织部门。然而,到目前为止,还没有对这些工人进行工作生理学研究来评估这项工作所涉及的身体压力。目的:本研究旨在通过工作心率和某些心脏指标来确定不同车床任务的工作量。设置和设计:对38名年龄在21至60岁之间的全职男性工人进行了一项横断面研究。方法和材料:在生产工作阶段、额外工作阶段和工作暂停期间直接测量HR。推导了两个心脏应变指标,即净心脏成本和相对心脏成本。工作量也是根据一些标准可接受的物理应变标准来判断的。使用统计分析:获得不同类别HR的平均值和标准差。通过单向方差分析和t检验进行组间比较。结果:平均工作HR为每分钟99次。在额外工作阶段,获得了每分钟105±6.1次的最大工作心率,相应的相对心脏成本为26%。结论:总体工作量似乎是中等性质的。30%的心脏成本这一可接受的标准似乎是检测工人经历更高水平身体压力的最敏感指标。
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引用次数: 0
Tobacco use and Oral Premalignant Lesions among Auto-Rickshaw Drivers in Belagavi, North Karnataka. 北卡纳塔克邦Belagavi地区汽车人力车司机的烟草使用和口腔癌前病变。
IF 0.9 Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_163_22
Amaresh P Patil, S Yogeshkumar

Background: Auto-rickshaw drivers (ARDs) are under constant physical and mental pressure due to illiteracy, poverty, lack of awareness about hazards of addictions, and other factors that lead to various habits majority being tobacco use. Studies have found that tobacco use is very prevalent among ARDs in comparison to general population. Tobacco use is commonly associated with cancers. Oral Pre-Malignant Lesions (OPMLs) are the strongest risk factor for majority of oral cancers. We studied the prevalence of OPML among ARDs of Belagavi and their association with tobacco use.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted among 600 regular ARDs of Belagavi City during January to December 2016. We selected two ARDs that were the last in line from 300 major auto-rickshaw stands. We adapted the questionnaire from Global Adult Tobacco Survey questionnaire. After getting informed consent, we collected the data by personal interview and performed an oral visual examination for OPML for all the study participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study.

Results: Prevalence of tobacco was 62.17%. One-third of participants (30.17%) had OPMLs. Leukoplakia (62.43%) was the most common lesion. OPMLs were significantly associated with tobacco use and duration of tobacco use.

Conclusions: About 30% of ARDs had an OPML. Chewing tobacco, gutkha, lime with tobacco, and cigarette were significantly associated with OPML.

背景:由于文盲、贫困、缺乏对成瘾危害的认识,以及其他导致各种习惯的因素(主要是吸烟),人力车司机一直承受着身心压力。研究发现,与普通人群相比,吸烟在ARDs中非常普遍。吸烟通常与癌症有关。口腔癌前病变(OPML)是大多数口腔癌的最强危险因素。我们研究了OPML在Belagavi ARDs中的患病率及其与烟草使用的关系。方法:这是一项横断面研究,于2016年1月至12月在贝拉加维市的600名常规ARD患者中进行。我们从300个主要的人力车停车位中选出了两个排在最后的ARD。我们根据全球成人烟草调查问卷改编了该问卷。在获得知情同意后,我们通过个人访谈收集数据,并对所有研究参与者进行OPML的口头视觉检查。使用SPSS软件对数据进行分析。机构伦理委员会批准了这项研究。结果:烟草的患病率为62.17%,三分之一(30.17%)的受试者患有OPML。白斑(62.43%)是最常见的病变。OPML与烟草使用和烟草使用持续时间显著相关。结论:约30%的ARDs有OPML。咀嚼烟草、gutkha、带烟酸橙和香烟与OPML显著相关。
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引用次数: 0
Strategies of Iranian Psychiatric Nurses to Deal with Moral Distress. 伊朗精神科护士应对道德困境的策略。
IF 0.9 Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_172_22
Nahid Tavakol, Zahra Molazem, Mahnaz Rakhshan, Omid Asemani

Context: Moral distress is a common phenomenon in nurses that causes feelings of anger, fatigue, reduced quality of patient care, and leaving the nursing profession. To reduce the negative effects of this phenomenon, it is necessary to study the strategies and mechanisms to deal with it.

Aims: It has been less studied in psychiatric nurses, so this study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms and strategies of psychiatric nurses in dealing with situations of moral distress.

Settings and design: This qualitative study was conducted based on a conventional content analysis of 12 psychiatric nurses selected by a purposive sampling method in the 2020 winter in Shiraz, Iran, considering the maximum diversity. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with participants for an average of 40-60 minutes per interview until data saturation.

Results: We obtained strategies for dealing with moral distress in psychiatric nurses in four categories. The categories included "Coping strategies," "Establish therapeutic and professional communication," "Managerial support for nurses," and "Commitment to religious beliefs."

Conclusions: Psychiatric nurses use personal, team, and management strategies to reduce moral distress in themselves and their colleagues and reduce its adverse effects on patients. Management support and organizational cooperation are necessary for the better implementation of these strategies.

背景:道德困境是护士中常见的现象,会导致愤怒、疲劳、患者护理质量下降以及离开护理行业。为了减少这种现象的负面影响,有必要研究应对这种现象的策略和机制。目的:精神科护士对这种现象的研究较少,因此本研究旨在探讨精神科护士应对道德困境的机制和策略。设置和设计:这项定性研究是基于对2020年冬天在伊朗设拉子通过有目的的抽样方法选择的12名精神科护士的常规内容分析进行的,考虑到最大的多样性。数据是通过对参与者的半结构化访谈收集的,每次访谈平均40-60分钟,直到数据饱和。结果:我们获得了四类精神科护士处理道德困扰的策略。这些类别包括“应对策略”、“建立治疗和专业沟通”、“对护士的管理支持”和“对宗教信仰的承诺”。结论:精神科护士使用个人、团队和管理策略来减少自己和同事的道德痛苦,并减少其对患者的不利影响。管理支助和组织合作对于更好地执行这些战略是必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Metabolic syndrome among female school teachers: A sedentary occupational sector 女教师代谢综合征:一个久坐不动的职业领域
Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_261_22
SarahJane Monica, Sheila John, R Madhanagopal
Background: Dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and abdominal obesity are important determinants of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Ample studies provide statistical data on the prevalence of MetS among the general public. Conversely, there is a paucity of data on the risk of MetS among different sedentary occupational groups. Objective: To assess the risk of MetS among female school teachers and to identify factors contributing to MetS. Methodology: The study was conducted among 256 female school teachers residing in Chennai city. A questionnaire was used to elicit information on the socio-demographic profile, diet pattern, physical fitness, and genetic history of lifestyle diseases. Anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical parameters were measured using standard methods. MetS was diagnosed using the harmonizing definition. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Results: Results evince that 39.45% of female school teachers were diagnosed with MetS, of which 26.56% had three components, 9.77% had four components, and 3.12% had all components of MetS. Abdominal obesity (99%) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (96.04%) were the most predominant components. The least common component was diastolic hypertension (32.67%). MetS components were high among school teachers aged 36–45 years and 46–55 years. Age, fasting hyperglycemia, paternal history of hypertension, physical inactivity, eating out, and consumption of refined cereals significantly contributed to MetS (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Results highlight the need to identify high-risk individuals and promote a healthy lifestyle through various intervention programs.
背景:血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗、高血压和腹部肥胖是代谢综合征(MetS)的重要决定因素。大量的研究提供了MetS在普通公众中流行的统计数据。相反,关于不同久坐职业群体的MetS风险的数据缺乏。目的:评价学校女教师发生MetS的危险性,并探讨引起MetS的因素。方法:以居住在金奈市的256名女教师为调查对象。通过问卷调查获得社会人口统计资料、饮食模式、身体健康和生活方式疾病的遗传史等信息。采用标准方法测量人体测量、生化和临床参数。使用协调定义诊断met。数据分析采用Statistical Package for Social Sciences软件。结果:39.45%的女教师被诊断为met,其中三成分占26.56%,四成分占9.77%,全部成分占3.12%。腹部肥胖(99%)和低水平高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)(96.04%)是最主要的成分。最不常见的是舒张期高血压(32.67%)。在36-45岁和46-55岁的学校教师中,met成分较高。年龄、空腹高血糖、父亲高血压史、缺乏运动、外出就餐和食用精制谷物对MetS有显著影响(P < 0.05)。结论:研究结果强调需要识别高危人群,并通过各种干预方案促进健康的生活方式。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator on Venous Blood Carbon Dioxide Levels and Hemodynamic Changes in Health Care Workers. N95过滤面罩对医护人员静脉血二氧化碳水平和血液动力学变化的影响。
IF 0.9 Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_170_22
Sana Yasmin Hussain, Samiksha Khanuja, Pratibha Panjiar, Dhruv Jain, Kharat Mohammad Batt

Background: N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) are used by health care workers for prevention of airborne infection, and its use has increased manifolds during COVID-19 pandemic. Prolonged use may result in carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation, affect hemodynamics, and blood gas values. Although arterial blood gas values accurately measure the blood CO2 levels, venous blood gas values also show acceptable correlation.

Aim: To evaluate the physiological impact of N95 FFRs on health care workers, including hemodynamic changes and venous blood levels of CO2 during a period of 6 h.

Settings and design: Prospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: The study was conducted on 30 health care workers who performed routine duties while wearing N95 FFR. Venous blood gas values (CO2, pH, and bicarbonate) and vitals (respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and saturation) were noted at baseline, 2 (T2), and 6 h (T6) after wearing the mask. Discomfort level was also measured on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of 1-10.

Statistical analysis: Repeated measures analysis was done using repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman's test. Group comparisons for continuously distributed data were made using independent sample "t" test or Wilcoxon test.

Results and conclusion: Hemodynamic and blood gas values did not change over time. The VAS for discomfort because of respirator use was 1.33 (1.42) at T2 and 2.77 (1.91) at T6. This was a significant increase in discomfort over time (P = 0.001). About 80% of participants experienced discomfort during this period. N95 FFR did not lead to significant alteration in hemodynamics or change in blood gas values after 6 h of continuous usage. However, discomfort significantly increased over time.

背景:N95过滤面罩呼吸器(FFR)被医护人员用于预防空气传播感染,在新冠肺炎大流行期间,其使用增加了歧管。长期使用可能导致二氧化碳(CO2)积聚,影响血流动力学和血气值。尽管动脉血气值准确地测量血液CO2水平,但静脉血气值也显示出可接受的相关性。目的:评估N95 FFR对医护人员的生理影响,包括6小时内的血液动力学变化和静脉血CO2水平。设置和设计:三级护理医院的前瞻性观察性研究。方法:对30名戴N95 FFR执行日常工作的医护人员进行研究。在基线、戴口罩后2小时(T2)和6小时(T6)记录静脉血气值(CO2、pH和碳酸氢盐)和生命体征(呼吸频率、心率、血压和饱和度)。不适程度也采用1-10的视觉模拟量表(VAS)进行测量。统计分析:使用重复测量ANOVA或Friedman检验进行重复测量分析。使用独立样本“t”检验或Wilcoxon检验对连续分布数据进行分组比较。结果和结论:血液动力学和血气值没有随时间变化。T2时使用呼吸器引起的不适VAS为1.33(1.42),T6时为2.77(1.91)。随着时间的推移,不适感显著增加(P=0.001)。大约80%的参与者在这段时间内感到不适。连续使用6小时后,N95 FFR未导致血流动力学或血气值的显著变化。然而,随着时间的推移,不适感明显增加。
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引用次数: 0
Fitness to Work Assessment for Oil Palm Fruits Harvest Workers Diagnosed with Color Blindness using Color Blind Test Media Based on the Color of Oil Palm Fruit. 基于油棕榈果实颜色的色盲测试介质对诊断为色盲的油棕榈果实收获工人的工作适应性评估。
IF 0.8 Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_147_22
Prayogi Kramy, Sudjoko Kuswadji

Color blindness or color vision deficiency (CVD) is a disease that makes recognizing colors difficult or impossible. A person with color blindness may find it challenging to obtain employment, particularly in positions that need the ability to distinguish or see colors accurately. As the world's largest producer of palm oil, Indonesia employs a vast number of people in this industry. To discern between ripe and unripe oil palm fruit, harvesting jobs for oil palms is one of the occupations that require excellent color recognition skills. In the lack of a practical test method to determine the eligibility of a color blind oil palm fruit harvester, a simple yet effective test that can be modified for each enterprise is required.

色盲或色觉缺陷(CVD)是一种使识别颜色变得困难或不可能的疾病。色盲患者可能会发现就业很有挑战性,尤其是在需要准确辨别或看到颜色的职位上。作为世界上最大的棕榈油生产国,印尼在该行业雇佣了大量员工。为了区分成熟和未成熟的油棕榈果实,油棕榈的收割工作是需要出色的颜色识别技能的职业之一。由于缺乏一种实用的测试方法来确定色盲油棕榈果收割机的合格性,因此需要一种简单而有效的测试方法,每个企业都可以进行修改。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of the prevalence of occupational exposure to biological fluids among anesthesiologists: A survey study 估计麻醉师职业接触生物液体的流行程度:一项调查研究
Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_339_22
Sonali Opneja, Roopesh Sureshan, C Jashma, P Joona, D Namratha, RohiniV Pai, Deependra Kambli, M Riyas
Background and Aims: Percutaneous injuries caused by sharps and exposure to biological fluids are a serious concern for anesthesiologists and pose a significant risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of exposure to biological fluids among anesthesiologists. A questionnaire designed initially was validated after it was sent to 10 anesthesiologists with more than 5 years’ experience. The validated questionnaire was then administered using Google Forms and the link was circulated electronically (e-mail, WhatsApp, and Telegram). This self-administered questionnaire was completed by 100 anesthesiologists. The various types and methods of body fluid years of exposure were also identified. Results: The prevalence of occupational exposure to body fluids was 100%. Exposure to either blood or cerebrospinal fluids by sharps was seen in 82%. Majority of the pricks were encountered during recapping of used needles followed by pricks during intravenous cannulation. Body fluid exposure onto the bare skin most frequently encountered was blood, mostly obtained during intravenous cannulation. There were 8% patients who had exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B or C patients for which they had taken postexposure prophylaxis. Conclusion: Prevalence of exposure to biological fluids among anesthesiologists is alarmingly high. This poses a high risk for transmission of diseases. The use of protective gears and changing our casual attitude can prevent majority of the exposures. The practice of recapping of used needles should be stopped.
背景和目的:由利器和接触生物液体引起的经皮损伤是麻醉师严重关注的问题,并具有传播血源性病原体的重大风险。材料和方法:本研究的目的是估计麻醉师接触生物液体的流行程度。最初设计的问卷在发给10名具有5年以上经验的麻醉师后得到验证。然后使用谷歌表单管理经过验证的问卷,并以电子方式(电子邮件、WhatsApp和Telegram)传播链接。本问卷由100名麻醉医师自行填写。还确定了体液暴露年的各种类型和方法。结果:职业性体液暴露率为100%。82%的人接触过利器的血液或脑脊液。大多数刺痛是在重新包扎用过的针头时遇到的,其次是在静脉插管时遇到的。暴露在裸露皮肤上最常见的体液是血液,主要是在静脉插管时获得的。有8%的患者暴露于人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和乙型或丙型肝炎患者,他们采取了暴露后预防措施。结论:麻醉师接触生物液体的发生率高得惊人。这就造成了疾病传播的高风险。使用防护装备和改变我们随意的态度可以防止大部分的暴露。应停止用过的针复盖的做法。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Cytogenetic Damage in Flexographic Workers: Micronucleus Assay in Exfoliated Buccal Epithelial Cells. 柔印工人细胞遗传损伤的评估:脱落颊上皮细胞的微核测定。
IF 0.9 Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_106_22
Parvatareddy Naveen Kumar, Bernard A Reginald, Basireddy Siva Reddy, Meda Samatha

Background and objective: Literature review revealed that chemicals used in the printing industry show an association between genotoxicity and occupational exposure. Flexography is one type of printing technique recently becoming popular because of its fast, cost-efficient, and high-quality label printing. The micronucleus (MN) is considered to be a reliable marker for genotoxic damage, and it has a close association with cancer incidences by determining the presence and the extent of the chromosomal damage. Because there are no studies on flexographic workers (FWs), this study was intended to analyze and evaluate the effect of occupational exposure on the MN frequency of buccal epithelial cells.

Materials and methods: The study comprised 100 FWs and 100 age-matched healthy controls with and without smoking habits. Buccal epithelial cells were collected from all subjects by using a cytobrush, followed by staining with Feulgen fast green. The MN frequency was recorded for each individual using the Tolbert et al. criteria. Data was statistically analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and the posthoc test.

Results: FWs with smoking habits showed a significant increase in MN frequency (1.86 ± 1.77) than workers without the habit (1.02 ± 1.08) and controls (with the habit 1.26 ± 1.33 and without the habit 0.62 ± 0.92). However, there was no significant increase of MN in FWs without the habit when compared with controls.

Conclusion: This study observed the cytogenetic damage in FWs and concludes that these workers are at greater risk for genotoxicity, and the MN assay can serve as a useful biomarker.

背景和目的:文献综述显示,印刷业中使用的化学品显示出遗传毒性和职业暴露之间的联系。柔性版印刷是最近流行的一种印刷技术,因为它具有快速、经济高效和高质量的标签印刷。微核(MN)被认为是遗传毒性损害的可靠标志物,通过确定染色体损伤的存在和程度,它与癌症发病率密切相关。由于没有关于柔性版印刷工人(FWs)的研究,本研究旨在分析和评估职业暴露对口腔上皮细胞MN频率的影响。材料和方法:该研究包括100名FW和100名有吸烟习惯和无吸烟习惯的年龄匹配的健康对照。使用细胞刷从所有受试者收集颊上皮细胞,然后用Feulgen快绿染色。使用Tolbert等人的标准记录每个个体的MN频率。采用单因素方差分析和事后检验对数据进行统计分析。结果:有吸烟习惯的FWs的MN频率(1.86±1.77)显著高于无吸烟习惯的工人(1.02±1.08)和对照组(有吸烟习惯1.26±1.33和无吸烟习惯0.62±0.92)。结论:本研究观察了FWs的细胞遗传学损伤,并得出结论,这些工人的遗传毒性风险更大,MN检测可以作为一种有用的生物标志物。
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引用次数: 0
Prevention of gender-based violence and harassment at workplace in India 印度在工作场所预防基于性别的暴力和骚扰
Q4 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_234_23
NancyAngeline Gnanaselvam, Bobby Joseph
Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Targets 5.1 and 5.2 of goal 5 aim to end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere and eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation. These spheres include the workplace as well.[1] All persons in India are equal before the law, and the state does not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of sex and provides liberty for all as per Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the constitution of India.[2] It is important to understand that the state does not discriminate against individuals based on the social construct of gender or biological sex. India ratifies the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and adopts measures to achieve full equality between men and women.[3] Over recent years, many measures have been undertaken by different ministries and sectors to achieve gender equality. However, the country ranks 122 in the Global Gender Inequality Index and 135 in the Global Gender Gap Index.[4] Female empowerment and economic participation are crucial to achieve a better rank in these composite indices. The public health issue of gender-based violence (GBV) is deeply rooted in gender inequality. GBV can occur to any individual because of their gender. This includes women, men, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI+) individuals. Women suffer disproportionately from the GBV. Violence against women is any act of violence based on gender that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women. These acts could include threats of acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty in public or private life.[5] Domestic violence occurring in families or between intimate partners can be physical, psychological, emotional, economic, or sexual. Sexual harassment is a type of violence against women under the sexual violence category. When it occurs at the workplace, it is called workplace sexual harassment (WSH). When it occurs in public places, it is called street harassment. As per the International Labour Organization, WSH contains the following important elements – Quid pro quo: Any physical, verbal, or nonverbal conduct of a sexual nature and other conduct based on sex affecting the dignity of women and men, which is unwelcome, unreasonable and offensive to the recipient, and a person’s rejection of, or submission to, such conduct is used explicitly or implicitly as a basis for a decision which affects the person’s job and Hostile working environment: Conduct that creates an intimidating, hostile or humiliating working environment for the recipient.[6] Women’s labor participation is increasing at the cost of double the burden of paid work at the workplace and unpaid domestic chor
可持续发展目标的目标5旨在实现性别平等,增强所有妇女和女童的权能。目标5的具体目标5.1和5.2旨在消除世界各地对所有妇女和女童的一切形式歧视,消除公共和私人领域对所有妇女和女童的一切形式暴力,包括贩运、性剥削和其他形式的剥削。这些领域也包括工作场所印度所有人在法律面前一律平等,国家不以性别为由歧视任何公民,并根据印度宪法第14、15和21条为所有人提供自由重要的是要明白,国家不会基于社会性别或生理性别来歧视个人。印度批准了《联合国消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(CEDAW),并采取措施实现男女完全平等近年来,各部委和部门为实现性别平等采取了许多措施。然而,该国在全球性别不平等指数中排名122,在全球性别差距指数中排名135女性赋权和经济参与对于提高在这些综合指数中的排名至关重要。基于性别的暴力的公共卫生问题深深植根于性别不平等。性别暴力可能发生在任何一个人身上,因为他们的性别。这包括女性、男性、女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、变性人、酷儿和双性人(LGBTQI+)。妇女遭受的性别暴力不成比例。对妇女的暴力行为是指对妇女造成或可能造成身体、性或精神伤害或痛苦的任何基于性别的暴力行为。这些行为可包括威胁行为、胁迫或任意剥夺公共或私人生活中的自由发生在家庭或亲密伴侣之间的家庭暴力可以是身体、心理、情感、经济或性暴力。性骚扰是性暴力范畴下针对妇女的一种暴力。当它发生在工作场所,它被称为工作场所性骚扰(WSH)。当它发生在公共场所时,它被称为街头骚扰。根据国际劳工组织的规定,WSH包含以下重要要素-交换条件:任何身体、语言或非语言的性行为和其他基于性的影响男女尊严的行为,这些行为对接受者来说是不受欢迎的、不合理的和冒犯的,一个人拒绝或服从这种行为被明确或暗示地用作影响其工作和敌对工作环境的决定的依据;给收件人制造恐吓、敌意或侮辱性工作环境的行为妇女的劳动参与率正在提高,但代价是工作场所的有偿工作负担和家庭中无报酬的家务和抚养子女的责任增加了一倍职业妇女可以被认为是被赋予权力的;然而,由于性别分工,女性面临着这种双重负担。该国只有大约三分之一的妇女参加劳动力,如果这些人口在工作中经历了妇女暴力,就会损害体面工作的实现,而体面工作的目标是实现公平收入、安全的工作场所、社会保护、个人分享其关切的自由以及不分性别的平等机会和待遇由于工作场所和整个社会的性别动态导致了工作场所的沉默文化,因此对WSH流行程度的评估是一项挑战。定性和定量的研究方法或混合方法都可以在工作场所进行评估,以准确估计这个问题。在低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)的各个部门,当以询问方法进行卫生健康调查时,患病率为0.6-26.1%。然而,如果把带有色情色彩的评论、不恰当的凝视、不受欢迎的触摸和猫叫等行为包括在内,患病率在14.5-98.8%之间。WSH的受害者-幸存者通常忽视、抵制或容忍这一问题由于这个问题的耻辱,研究人员应该与工人建立信任,并使用参与性方法来评估患病率。在印度,WSH患病率约为33-53%,在所有部门和所有指定的妇女中普遍存在。年轻人和流动人口更容易受到伤害。[10,11]在这两个群体中,集体谈判都面临挑战,而在移民中,语言问题和移民所在国缺乏社会保护可能构成威胁。一项针对维洛尔市零售商店女工的研究发现,其中50%的人经历过各种形式的WSH。在这项研究中,女性经历的WSH的常见行为是男性用亲昵的话语称呼她们。 [12]目前,在网络或数字空间中,也发生了对妇女的网络欺凌、未经同意的性短信和涉及公开发布私人信息的色情行为。与针对妇女的任何形式的暴力行为类似,妇女暴力对身体、精神和社会福祉都有影响。在极端情况下,媒体还报道了对工人的强奸和谋杀。生殖健康后果,如意外怀孕和性传播感染也可能发生。女性清洁后精神和情感健康的影响是长期的。创伤和压力反应、挫折以及与WSH相关的被动会导致低自尊,从而导致抑郁。WSH经历会影响大脑功能,影响记忆、注意力和集中力。经历过WSH的人抑郁程度更高,这对成年后的抑郁症状有长期影响WSH与抑郁症发生率增加呈剂量反应关系;报告次数越多,患抑郁症的几率越高即使在女性化的职业,如护士,WSH的患病率也可高达71%,并与抑郁、焦虑和压力有关女性化的职业,如服装行业,并没有提供任何保护,因为权力掌握在可以骚扰女性的高级职位的男性或女性手中。在瑞典进行的一项队列研究已经观察到WSH、非法任务(那些被认为是不必要的任务,因为违反了员工被合理期望执行的规范)和倦怠和抑郁之间的联系在人道主义工作者中进行的一项研究发现,WSH会增加抑郁和焦虑症状在无组织的部门,性工作者遭受暴力的风险很高。目前在性工作者中预防性传播感染的有针对性的干预措施,以及根据《不道德交通预防法》将该工作非刑事化,不足以解决她们从客户那里遭受的暴力。根据《2013年工作场所对妇女的性骚扰(预防、禁止和补救)法》,必须由每个雇主组成一个内部委员会,由一名高级女雇员担任主席,至少有两名工作场所雇员和一名外部非政府组织成员。为了无组织部门的利益,每个地区都有一个地方委员会(LC),由地区负责人(通常是一名地区收集器)协调,并由国家妇女委员会监督任何受害妇女均可在事件发生后三个月内以书面形式提出投诉。在对投诉进行调查后,雇主应根据委员会的建议采取行动,根据服务规则,性骚扰行为必须被视为不当行为。然而,由于对组织缺乏信任、其补救机制、缺乏法律意识、职业受害、报复和污名化,大多数妇女没有报告WSH。此外,人们还担心失业工作场所是复杂的环境,发现、预防和减轻不利的人权影响非常重要。这可以通过对人权的尽职调查来实现。其中一个重要的方面是在发现工作场所的风险后采取行动,利用责任和行动,减轻风险,并为工人进行补救在目前的框架中,无法解决为水卫生问题提供补救措施的这些复杂问题。遭受骚扰的妇女需要基本服务,包括保健和司法。虽然工作场所的国际社会如果有效运作,可以解决正义、安全和保护妇女的问题,但应通过以幸存者为中心的服务来避免再次受害,以打破反复出现的暴力循环遭受骚扰的妇女有着复杂多样的需求,而作为暴力基础的结构性不平等可能加剧脆弱性。通过使用交叉镜头来理解各种压迫和歧视经历如何共同作用,使弱势妇女的WSH后果和发生恶化,可以更好地理解这一点。工作场所的性别平等和社会正义方针具有变革性潜力,可全面改善妇女的健康工作场所的卫生保健工作者可以为遭受暴力的妇女提供的第一道支持线是“生命”,即带着同情而不加评判地倾听、询问需求和关切、确认暴力经历、加强安全和支持以与服务联系。 这应该遵循一种交叉的方法,以确保人们理解,由于性别、种姓、民族、种族、性取向、残疾、阶级和其他形式的歧视而产生的其他不平等可以交叉,从而产生不同的脆弱性和影响生命提供可以由护士、医生、福利官员、人力资源专业人员或受过训练的外行执行。这将为妇女提供心理支持。问题管理Plus是一种可扩展的心理干预,是认知行为疗法的一种可行版本,可以促进心理健康和心理健康,减轻抑郁、焦虑和压力的症状这种培训可由精神卫生专业人员向工作场所的主要雇员提供,除了大多数精神卫生问题外,卫生与健康问题可通过这种干预措施在工作场所的初级预防一级得到解决。这也可以建立转诊网络,以确保妇女得到适当的专业精神保健。健康活动计划,一个6-8次的行为
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Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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