Abstract Hydrogen has gained significant attention in recent years as a clean and sustainable energy source, with the potential to revolutionize the energy industry. However, one of the challenges associated with hydrogen as an energy source is its storage and transportation. Hydrogen is a highly compressible gas, making it difficult to store and transport in its natural state. The study presents different varieties of hydrogen tanks that are used for the storage and transportation of hydrogen gas. The methods for compressing hydrogen are described, with a focus on their advantages and disadvantages. The study concludes by comparing different methods for compressing hydrogen and discussing the factors that influence the choice of method for a specific application. The importance of continued research and development in this area is emphasised, as the efficient compression of hydrogen is crucial for the widespread adoption of hydrogen as a clean and renewable energy source. Life cycle cost analysis can evaluate the economic feasibility of using different hydrogen compressor technologies by estimating the total cost of owning and operating the compressors over their entire lifespan.
{"title":"Compression of Hydrogen Gas for Energy Storage: A Review","authors":"S. Orlova, N. Mezeckis, V. Vasudev","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hydrogen has gained significant attention in recent years as a clean and sustainable energy source, with the potential to revolutionize the energy industry. However, one of the challenges associated with hydrogen as an energy source is its storage and transportation. Hydrogen is a highly compressible gas, making it difficult to store and transport in its natural state. The study presents different varieties of hydrogen tanks that are used for the storage and transportation of hydrogen gas. The methods for compressing hydrogen are described, with a focus on their advantages and disadvantages. The study concludes by comparing different methods for compressing hydrogen and discussing the factors that influence the choice of method for a specific application. The importance of continued research and development in this area is emphasised, as the efficient compression of hydrogen is crucial for the widespread adoption of hydrogen as a clean and renewable energy source. Life cycle cost analysis can evaluate the economic feasibility of using different hydrogen compressor technologies by estimating the total cost of owning and operating the compressors over their entire lifespan.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"4 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45710820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Solar activity could have significant impacts on various Earth and near-Earth space systems, such as satellite communication and power grid systems. The prediction of solar activity and active solar events plays a major role when preparing for these disturbances. Various satellite-based instruments constantly observe the Sun. However, only a few ground-based solar instruments could provide versatile enough information for the space weather prediction. Metsähovi Radio Observatory of Aalto University (Finland) has a unique collection of millimetre (8 mm) solar radio maps over the past 40 years, and even denser observational solar radio data catalogue since 2011. About 75–80 % days yearly are covered nowadays. This gives opportunity to make statistical estimation of solar flare occurrence based on solar radio maps. In this study, we had 2253 days when both solar radio map and GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) classified solar flare were observed. In this work, we used solar flare classification done by the Space Weather Centre (SWC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The data were observed between 1 January 2011 and 12 September 2022. Our study shows that the maximum intensity of radio brightenings is a good indicator to tell which kind of GOES classified solar flare could be expected to happen. The article presents that intense radio brightening is needed to produce a certain GOES classified solar flare.
{"title":"The Predicition of Solar Flares Using Millimeter Radio Brightenings","authors":"J. Kallunki","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Solar activity could have significant impacts on various Earth and near-Earth space systems, such as satellite communication and power grid systems. The prediction of solar activity and active solar events plays a major role when preparing for these disturbances. Various satellite-based instruments constantly observe the Sun. However, only a few ground-based solar instruments could provide versatile enough information for the space weather prediction. Metsähovi Radio Observatory of Aalto University (Finland) has a unique collection of millimetre (8 mm) solar radio maps over the past 40 years, and even denser observational solar radio data catalogue since 2011. About 75–80 % days yearly are covered nowadays. This gives opportunity to make statistical estimation of solar flare occurrence based on solar radio maps. In this study, we had 2253 days when both solar radio map and GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) classified solar flare were observed. In this work, we used solar flare classification done by the Space Weather Centre (SWC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The data were observed between 1 January 2011 and 12 September 2022. Our study shows that the maximum intensity of radio brightenings is a good indicator to tell which kind of GOES classified solar flare could be expected to happen. The article presents that intense radio brightening is needed to produce a certain GOES classified solar flare.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"43 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44533657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The introduction of hydrogen and natural gas blends in existing gas transportation and distribution networks would ensure faster and more efficient decarbonization of energy sector, but, at the same time, this process would request solution of many practical and technical problems. This paper explores thermodynamics of hydrogen and natural gas blend combustion products and estimates the amount of condensate and latent energy recovery from flue gas as a function of condensing temperature. The efficient energy recovery depends on network return temperature, and it is possible to overcome this limitation by implementation of heat pump for extraction of low temperature heat from flue gases. The case study considers operation of heat only boiler and flue gas condenser with integrated cascade of heat pumps, which consist of absorption lithium bromide-water chiller (in heat pump mode) and vapour compression unit. Presented results of energy recovery hence are limited by data collected from the natural gas combustion for district heating network energy supply. However, previous thermodynamic consideration allows extending the obtained results for case of hydrogen and natural gas blend combustion. A proof of concept of heat recovery by combination of flue gas condenser supported by a cascade of heat pumps demonstrates the efficiency in case of hydrogen and natural gas blend combustion.
{"title":"Efficient Heat Recovery from Hydrogen and Natural Gas Blend Combustion Products","authors":"D. Rusovs, L. Jansons, N. Zeltiņš, I. Geipele","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The introduction of hydrogen and natural gas blends in existing gas transportation and distribution networks would ensure faster and more efficient decarbonization of energy sector, but, at the same time, this process would request solution of many practical and technical problems. This paper explores thermodynamics of hydrogen and natural gas blend combustion products and estimates the amount of condensate and latent energy recovery from flue gas as a function of condensing temperature. The efficient energy recovery depends on network return temperature, and it is possible to overcome this limitation by implementation of heat pump for extraction of low temperature heat from flue gases. The case study considers operation of heat only boiler and flue gas condenser with integrated cascade of heat pumps, which consist of absorption lithium bromide-water chiller (in heat pump mode) and vapour compression unit. Presented results of energy recovery hence are limited by data collected from the natural gas combustion for district heating network energy supply. However, previous thermodynamic consideration allows extending the obtained results for case of hydrogen and natural gas blend combustion. A proof of concept of heat recovery by combination of flue gas condenser supported by a cascade of heat pumps demonstrates the efficiency in case of hydrogen and natural gas blend combustion.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"31 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42602817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Meeting the challenges of the energy sector relies on data – in particular sharing it internally and externally with a wide range of partners. Unfortunately, this valuable data often cannot be obtained from real objects due to location specifics or privacy concerns, although accurate, open-source data are a priority to provide researchers and energy experts with the information needed to accelerate the energy transition. In recent years, many studies have focused on the development of energy communities, using different methods to create data for case studies; however, these methods are often too broad and do not correlate with conditions in real locations. This work aims to identify the challenges associated with creating realistic datasets for energy community studies, as well as highlight the methods of defining input data, considering the factors that make energy community studies a very complex task, and discuss the flaws of commonly used methods.
{"title":"Reliable Data Profiling for Energy Communities – Review of Open-Source Approaches","authors":"E. Kairisa, A. Mutule","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Meeting the challenges of the energy sector relies on data – in particular sharing it internally and externally with a wide range of partners. Unfortunately, this valuable data often cannot be obtained from real objects due to location specifics or privacy concerns, although accurate, open-source data are a priority to provide researchers and energy experts with the information needed to accelerate the energy transition. In recent years, many studies have focused on the development of energy communities, using different methods to create data for case studies; however, these methods are often too broad and do not correlate with conditions in real locations. This work aims to identify the challenges associated with creating realistic datasets for energy community studies, as well as highlight the methods of defining input data, considering the factors that make energy community studies a very complex task, and discuss the flaws of commonly used methods.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"17 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46793658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Mizers, V. Gerbreders, M. Krasovska, I. Mihailova, A. Bulanovs, Ē. Sļedevskis
Abstract Hydrogen peroxide is present naturally in any living cell. Although hydrogen peroxide concentration in cell is strictly regulated during normal metabolism, several human diseases lead to increased hydrogen peroxide concentration in body fluids. It is beneficial to monitor hydrogen peroxide levels in human body for early disease diagnostics. This can be done by creation of electronic device, which will use electrochemical sensor in order to perform automated hydrogen peroxide concentration measurement in a sample. The aim of the research is to use printed circuit board (PCB) technology in order to create a replaceable electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor that could be cheaply mass-produced to enable further development of automated health diagnostics device.
{"title":"Cheap and Mass-Producible Electrochemical Sensor of Hydrogen Peroxide","authors":"V. Mizers, V. Gerbreders, M. Krasovska, I. Mihailova, A. Bulanovs, Ē. Sļedevskis","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hydrogen peroxide is present naturally in any living cell. Although hydrogen peroxide concentration in cell is strictly regulated during normal metabolism, several human diseases lead to increased hydrogen peroxide concentration in body fluids. It is beneficial to monitor hydrogen peroxide levels in human body for early disease diagnostics. This can be done by creation of electronic device, which will use electrochemical sensor in order to perform automated hydrogen peroxide concentration measurement in a sample. The aim of the research is to use printed circuit board (PCB) technology in order to create a replaceable electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor that could be cheaply mass-produced to enable further development of automated health diagnostics device.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"74 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42780502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Jansons, L. Zemite, N. Zeltiņš, I. Geipele, A. Backurs
Abstract Green and sustainable hydrogen has a major role in moving towards decarbonization of energy, providing viable solutions in all most challenging sectors of the national economies. It would penetrate practically all sectors of economic activity, such as long-haul transport, steel and chemical industries, power generation and energy storage. Green and sustainable hydrogen cost competitiveness is also closely linked to developments of large-scale renewable energy sources (in case of green hydrogen; hereinafter – RES) and further commercialization of carbon dioxide (in case of sustainable hydrogen produced from natural gas; hereinafter – CO2) capture and storage (hereinafter – CCS) technologies. In the European Union (hereinafter – EU), sustainable and especially green hydrogen is gaining strong political and business momentum, emerging as one of major components in governments’ net zero plans within the European Green Deal and beyond. Being extremely versatile both in production and consumption sides, it is light, storable, has high energy content per unit mass and can be readily produced at an industrial scale. The key challenge comes from the fact that hydrogen is the lightest known chemical element and so has a low energy density per unit of volume, making some forms of long-distance transportation and storage complex and costly. In this paper, green and sustainable hydrogen is reviewed as a vital part of emerging European smart energy framework, which could contribute significantly to economy decarbonization agenda of the EU and Latvia in both in short- and mid-term perspective.
{"title":"Green and Sustainable Hydrogen in Emerging European Smart Energy Framework","authors":"L. Jansons, L. Zemite, N. Zeltiņš, I. Geipele, A. Backurs","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Green and sustainable hydrogen has a major role in moving towards decarbonization of energy, providing viable solutions in all most challenging sectors of the national economies. It would penetrate practically all sectors of economic activity, such as long-haul transport, steel and chemical industries, power generation and energy storage. Green and sustainable hydrogen cost competitiveness is also closely linked to developments of large-scale renewable energy sources (in case of green hydrogen; hereinafter – RES) and further commercialization of carbon dioxide (in case of sustainable hydrogen produced from natural gas; hereinafter – CO2) capture and storage (hereinafter – CCS) technologies. In the European Union (hereinafter – EU), sustainable and especially green hydrogen is gaining strong political and business momentum, emerging as one of major components in governments’ net zero plans within the European Green Deal and beyond. Being extremely versatile both in production and consumption sides, it is light, storable, has high energy content per unit mass and can be readily produced at an industrial scale. The key challenge comes from the fact that hydrogen is the lightest known chemical element and so has a low energy density per unit of volume, making some forms of long-distance transportation and storage complex and costly. In this paper, green and sustainable hydrogen is reviewed as a vital part of emerging European smart energy framework, which could contribute significantly to economy decarbonization agenda of the EU and Latvia in both in short- and mid-term perspective.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"24 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42732707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. P. Gandreddi, A. Kromanis, J. Lungevičs, E. Jost
Abstract Machining of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is a challenging task for the industry; however, there are some solutions to overcome these difficulties. One of those is optimizing the machining parameters. Machining of Ti6Al4V made by additive manufacturing is an emerging future and is even more difficult when comparing to standard Ti6Al4V alloy. There is lot of invention on Ti6AL4V 3D printed samples, but influence of machining post-printing is lacking. In additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy, it is necessary to make a finishing operation to improve the surface quality and to ensure precise geometry tolerances. During this process, it may affect the workpiece properties such as microhardness, microstructure, internal defect distribution, internal stresses. During printing there are lots of stresses created, heat treatment is done to normalize the parts. Machining (using milling machine) also causes internal stresses which can damage the surface and part itself. Optimisation of machining parameters and printing parameters can solve this issue. This study gives an overview of selection of machining parameters by considering all the previous relevant research.
{"title":"Overview of Machinability of Titanium Alloy (Ti6Al4V) and Selection of Machining Parameters","authors":"J. P. Gandreddi, A. Kromanis, J. Lungevičs, E. Jost","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Machining of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is a challenging task for the industry; however, there are some solutions to overcome these difficulties. One of those is optimizing the machining parameters. Machining of Ti6Al4V made by additive manufacturing is an emerging future and is even more difficult when comparing to standard Ti6Al4V alloy. There is lot of invention on Ti6AL4V 3D printed samples, but influence of machining post-printing is lacking. In additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy, it is necessary to make a finishing operation to improve the surface quality and to ensure precise geometry tolerances. During this process, it may affect the workpiece properties such as microhardness, microstructure, internal defect distribution, internal stresses. During printing there are lots of stresses created, heat treatment is done to normalize the parts. Machining (using milling machine) also causes internal stresses which can damage the surface and part itself. Optimisation of machining parameters and printing parameters can solve this issue. This study gives an overview of selection of machining parameters by considering all the previous relevant research.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"52 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46293801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Remez, A. Dychko, T. Hrebeniuk, A. Kraychuk, S. Kraychuk, N. Ostapchuk
Abstract Main pipelines as long linear objects are vulnerable to dangerous natural and man-made influences. One of the technogenic sources is large-scale explosions, which cause a sharp fluctuations of soil and cause serious damage to underground pipelines. When calculating the strength of pipeline systems, it is assumed that the damage occurs mainly due to additional axial stretching. However, the destruction and damage of pipelines can occur during seismic impacts directed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline. To assess the impact of longitudinal and transverse waves on the underground pipeline during seismic action a software-calculation module is developed. It implements a model of dynamic strength analysis, which allows estimating the magnitude of longitudinal and trans-verse seismic loads on the underground pipeline to establish safe parameters of seismic loads and geometric dimensions of the protected object. The final system of equations of motion of N nodes of a discrete system for a single length of the pipeline is presented as a system of 4N equations of the first order. The efforts on the internal nodes are determined by the strain stresses at the displacement of the nodes of the adjacent rods. The efforts on the nodes of the pipe contour are the diffraction interaction of seismic waves in the soil with the pipe. The system of equations is supplemented by the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The dependences of the inflow of longitudinal and transverse pressure of explosive seismic pressure on the pipeline are established. The dependences of stresses in the pipeline of the diameter, thickness and type of soil are researched.
{"title":"Interaction Behaviors of Longitudinal and Transverse Seismic Waves with Underground Geoengineering Objects","authors":"N. Remez, A. Dychko, T. Hrebeniuk, A. Kraychuk, S. Kraychuk, N. Ostapchuk","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Main pipelines as long linear objects are vulnerable to dangerous natural and man-made influences. One of the technogenic sources is large-scale explosions, which cause a sharp fluctuations of soil and cause serious damage to underground pipelines. When calculating the strength of pipeline systems, it is assumed that the damage occurs mainly due to additional axial stretching. However, the destruction and damage of pipelines can occur during seismic impacts directed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline. To assess the impact of longitudinal and transverse waves on the underground pipeline during seismic action a software-calculation module is developed. It implements a model of dynamic strength analysis, which allows estimating the magnitude of longitudinal and trans-verse seismic loads on the underground pipeline to establish safe parameters of seismic loads and geometric dimensions of the protected object. The final system of equations of motion of N nodes of a discrete system for a single length of the pipeline is presented as a system of 4N equations of the first order. The efforts on the internal nodes are determined by the strain stresses at the displacement of the nodes of the adjacent rods. The efforts on the nodes of the pipe contour are the diffraction interaction of seismic waves in the soil with the pipe. The system of equations is supplemented by the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The dependences of the inflow of longitudinal and transverse pressure of explosive seismic pressure on the pipeline are established. The dependences of stresses in the pipeline of the diameter, thickness and type of soil are researched.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"3 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45324478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Nowadays autonomous measurement systems are applied for the determination of the cinematic parameters of object motion. The principle of operation of such systems is based on the measurement of the object motion acceleration with the further integration of the accelerometer’s signal. These measurement systems are called inertial systems. Platform-less inertial systems are widely used for these purposes. Their specific property is an installation of the primary information sensors directly on the constructive elements of the object case. The inertial measurement systems have also a negative feature to accumulate constantly the errors of the system.
{"title":"The Physical Processes of the Errors Accumulation in Measurement Systems","authors":"R. Ramane, P. Trifinovs-Bogdanovs, A. Zhiravetska","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nowadays autonomous measurement systems are applied for the determination of the cinematic parameters of object motion. The principle of operation of such systems is based on the measurement of the object motion acceleration with the further integration of the accelerometer’s signal. These measurement systems are called inertial systems. Platform-less inertial systems are widely used for these purposes. Their specific property is an installation of the primary information sensors directly on the constructive elements of the object case. The inertial measurement systems have also a negative feature to accumulate constantly the errors of the system.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"12 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42296732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Measures on increasing energy efficiency is a way for ensuring sustainable energy supply, reducing emission of gases causing the greenhouse effect, improving safety of energy supply, decreasing dependence on import of energy and promoting the EU competitiveness. Improvement of energy performance of buildings as a direction of activities is provided in national policy planning documents of major importance such as the National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021–2030 and the Strategy of Latvia for the Achievement of Climate Neutrality by 2050. Residential buildings form a considerable part of the total Latvian housing stock – 27 % according to the number of buildings and 44 % according to their area. Therefore, the increase of energy performance of residential buildings is very significant for achieving the national energy saving targets, i.e. a cumulative savings of final energy consumption of about 6 PJ by 2030. The research analyses the sector of residential buildings, their statistical data, the energy consumption and requirements of the energy performance standards. To characterise this sector more comprehensively, information has been evaluated on energy performance certificates of residential buildings issued during the period from 2016 to 2021, allowing the authors to make general conclusions on the energy performance level of residential buildings and to provide proposals for increasing their energy efficiency.
{"title":"Energy Performance Aspects of Residential Buildings in Latvia","authors":"A. Kundziņa, I. Geipele, M. Auders, S. Lapuķe","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Measures on increasing energy efficiency is a way for ensuring sustainable energy supply, reducing emission of gases causing the greenhouse effect, improving safety of energy supply, decreasing dependence on import of energy and promoting the EU competitiveness. Improvement of energy performance of buildings as a direction of activities is provided in national policy planning documents of major importance such as the National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021–2030 and the Strategy of Latvia for the Achievement of Climate Neutrality by 2050. Residential buildings form a considerable part of the total Latvian housing stock – 27 % according to the number of buildings and 44 % according to their area. Therefore, the increase of energy performance of residential buildings is very significant for achieving the national energy saving targets, i.e. a cumulative savings of final energy consumption of about 6 PJ by 2030. The research analyses the sector of residential buildings, their statistical data, the energy consumption and requirements of the energy performance standards. To characterise this sector more comprehensively, information has been evaluated on energy performance certificates of residential buildings issued during the period from 2016 to 2021, allowing the authors to make general conclusions on the energy performance level of residential buildings and to provide proposals for increasing their energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"39 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41870747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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