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Application of FWM-Based OFC for DWDM Optical Communication System with Embedded FBG Sensor Network 基于fwm的OFC在嵌入式光纤光栅传感器网络DWDM光通信系统中的应用
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0025
J. Braunfelds, K. Zvirbule, U. Seņkāns, R. Murnieks, I. Lyashuk, J. Porins, S. Spolitis, V. Bobrovs
Abstract Four-wave mixing optical frequency comb fibre-based setups (FWM-OFCs) have the potential to improve the combined dense wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (DWDM-PON) and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensors network providing easier application, broader technological opportunities for network development, and energy efficiency by substituting a power-demanding laser array. In this research, OFCs are generated for the purpose of combined network application of DWDM-PON and FBG optical sensors. The paper also investigates compatibility scenarios with OFCs in such systems. The mathematical simulation model has been developed and the performance of FWM-OFC based 8-channel 50 GHz spaced non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) modulated DWDM-PON transmission system, operating at 50 km single-mode fibre (SMF) with a bit rate of at least 10 Gbps embedded with 7 FBG optical temperature sensors, has been studied. As it is shown, FWM application results in OFC source that has fluctuations of the individual comb tones of less than 3 dB in power, and with an extinction ratio of about 33 dB for operation range of 192.9–193.25 THz, acting as a unified light source for all the data transmission channels. Embedded FBG optical sensors network causes negligible 0.3 dB power penalty.
基于光纤的四波混频光梳装置(FWM-OFCs)有可能改善密集波分多路无源光网络(DWDM-PON)和光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)温度传感器网络的组合,为网络发展提供更容易的应用和更广泛的技术机会,并通过取代功率要求高的激光阵列提高能源效率。在本研究中,ofc是为了DWDM-PON和FBG光传感器的联合网络应用而产生的。本文还研究了在这种系统中与OFCs的兼容情况。建立了数学仿真模型,并研究了基于FWM-OFC的8通道50 GHz间隔非归零键控(NRZ-OOK)调制DWDM-PON传输系统的性能,该系统在50 km单模光纤(SMF)下运行,比特率至少为10 Gbps,嵌入7个光纤光栅光学温度传感器。如图所示,采用FWM得到的OFC光源,在192.9-193.25 THz工作范围内,单个梳状音调的波动功率小于3db,消光比约为33db,作为所有数据传输通道的统一光源。嵌入式光纤光栅光传感器网络造成可忽略不计的0.3 dB功率损失。
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引用次数: 1
Calculations of Basic Geometric Parameters for Mobile Space Environment Simulation Facility “Metamorphosis” 移动空间环境模拟设备“变形”的基本几何参数计算
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0017
J. Gutans, N. Mozga, V. Šestakovs, R. Kubulins, M. Kleinhofs
Abstract The article presents the results of the analysis of approaches to designing a mobile vacuum system for simulation of space environment, which could help provide services of testing space objects at the request of the customers at a place and time acceptable to them, which allows saving time and assets in the development of space objects, their elements, including satellites. Such a system under a conditional name METAMORPHOSIS is developed at Riga Technical University (RTU). As a result of the conducted analysis, the methodological approaches to the determination of the structure of the vacuum system were determined and a description of the main systems which should be included in the designed mobile simulator of space environment, as well as the methods for assessment of characteristics of its structural elements were given. The results obtained allow deciding on using a cylindrical vacuum chamber with a horizontal structure type for the designed simulator, since the weight of test equipment in this case is minimal, and determining its main dimensions, which are also specified in the article.
摘要本文介绍了对设计用于模拟空间环境的移动真空系统的方法的分析结果,该系统可以帮助根据客户的要求在客户可以接受的地点和时间提供测试空间物体的服务,从而节省开发空间物体及其元件(包括卫星)的时间和资产。里加技术大学(RTU)开发了这样一个条件名称为METAMORPHOSIS的系统。根据所进行的分析,确定了确定真空系统结构的方法,并对设计的空间环境移动模拟器中应包括的主要系统进行了描述,以及评估其结构元件特性的方法。所获得的结果允许决定将具有水平结构类型的圆柱形真空室用于所设计的模拟器,因为在这种情况下测试设备的重量是最小的,并确定其主要尺寸,这也在文章中规定。
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引用次数: 0
Study of the Performance of a Photovoltaic Solar Panel by Using a Nanofluid as a Cooler 使用纳米流体作为冷却器的光伏太阳能电池板性能研究
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0018
R. Abdeldjebar, M. Elmir, M. Douha
Abstract In this paper, we study by numerical simulation, the cooling of a solar photovoltaic panel using a nanofluid as a cooler. The solar panel is subjected to a hot temperature that character-ises the climate of the city of Bechar located in southwestern Algeria. The nanofluid (Al2O3-water) is introduced in the cavity with a constant horizontal speed and subjected to the ambient (cold) temperature. The equations governing the hydrodynamics of the flow and the heat transfer are described by the Navier-Stockes and energy equations. The finite element method is used to solve the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) based on the Galerkin method. We consider the effect of solid volume fraction and form factor for different values of Reynolds number on the results in the form of isotherms, streamlines, temperature, velocity, average Nusselt numbers and solar panel efficiency.
摘要本文采用数值模拟的方法,研究了纳米流体作为冷却剂对太阳能光伏板的冷却效果。太阳能电池板受到高温的影响,这是阿尔及利亚西南部贝查尔市的气候特征。纳米流体(al2o3 -水)以恒定的水平速度引入腔体并经受环境(冷)温度。控制流体动力学和传热的方程由Navier-Stockes方程和能量方程描述。采用有限元法求解基于伽辽金法的偏微分方程组。我们考虑了不同雷诺数下固体体积分数和形状因子对等温线、流线、温度、速度、平均努塞尔数和太阳能电池板效率的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Agriculture Electrification, Emerging Technologies, Trends and Barriers: A Comprehensive Literature Review 农业电气化、新兴技术、趋势和障碍:文献综述
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0015
J. Stakens, A. Mutule, R. Lazdins
Abstract On a global scale, the agriculture sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and this holds true for the European Union as well. While a shift to renewable energy sources could reduce reliance on fossil fuels and enable electrified agriculture, there are significant challenges to overcome. These include the high initial costs and inconsistent energy output of renewable sources, as well as issues with acceptance and cost related to electric tractor technology and load-balancing batteries. To explore potential solutions and future prospects for electrifying agriculture, a literature review is conducted to identify emerging technologies and research trends in areas such as agrovoltaics, semi-transparent photovoltaic panels, energy storage systems and electric tractors. The review conducted will provide a valuable insight into future research and the implementation of emerging technologies, thus addressing the challenges faced by the agriculture sector during its transition to electrification based on renewable energy sources.
摘要在全球范围内,农业部门是温室气体排放的主要贡献者,欧盟也是如此。虽然向可再生能源的转变可以减少对化石燃料的依赖,并使农业实现电气化,但仍有重大挑战需要克服。其中包括可再生能源的高初始成本和不一致的能源输出,以及与电动拖拉机技术和负载平衡电池相关的验收和成本问题。为了探索农业电气化的潜在解决方案和未来前景,进行了文献综述,以确定农业光伏、半透明光伏板、储能系统和电动拖拉机等领域的新兴技术和研究趋势。所进行的审查将为未来的研究和新兴技术的实施提供宝贵的见解,从而解决农业部门在向基于可再生能源的电气化过渡期间面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Heat Pump Operation in a Single-Family House 单户住宅热泵运行评价
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0019
A. Zajacs, K. Lebedeva, R. Bogdanovičs
Abstract Since decarbonization of the energy sector is among the top priorities in the EU, with ambitious targets of carbon neutrality until 2050, the energy efficiency of the building stock and the use of renewables are those directions, which can bring the most considerable input towards the achievement of these goals. However, it is not always obvious how to efficiently combine different aspects of low energy demand, availability of renewables, part load operation conditions etc. The results of dynamic IDA ICE simulations highlight that the introduction of renewable low-carbon energy sources should be thoroughly coupled with building energy systems and only their full compatibility can give a high efficiency of the entire energy supply system of the building. Analysing simulation data, it was concluded that for low-energy buildings, heat pumps would not always show higher COP values, compared to buildings with higher energy demand. Ground source heat pump (GSHP) will not always be more efficient than air source heat pump (ASHP). If the ground/groundwater temperature is lower than 10 °C, for GSHP it will be almost impossible to over-compete ASHP within the same system. While COP with radiators and underfloor heating differs only by 10 %, both for ASHP and GSHP.
摘要由于能源部门的脱碳是欧盟的首要任务之一,其雄心勃勃的目标是到2050年实现碳中和,因此建筑存量的能源效率和可再生能源的使用是这些方向,这可以为实现这些目标带来最可观的投入。然而,如何有效地结合低能源需求、可再生能源可用性、部分负荷运行条件等不同方面并不总是显而易见的。IDA ICE动态模拟的结果强调,可再生低碳能源的引入应与建筑能源系统彻底结合,只有它们的完全兼容性才能使建筑的整个能源供应系统达到高效率。通过分析模拟数据,得出的结论是,与能源需求较高的建筑相比,对于低能耗建筑,热泵并不总是显示出较高的COP值。地源热泵(GSHP)并不总是比空气源热泵(ASHP)更高效。如果地面/地下水温度低于10°C,对于GSHP来说,在同一系统内几乎不可能超过ASHP。而带散热器和地暖的COP仅相差10%,无论是ASHP还是GSHP。
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引用次数: 2
Development of Unified Hybrid WDM-PON With Spectrally Hidden Data Channel System and FBG Optical Sensor Network 具有光谱隐藏数据信道系统和FBG光传感器网络的统一混合WDM-PON的开发
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0020
U. Seņkāns, J. Braunfelds, K. Rubuls, I. Murans, J. Porins, V. Bobrovs, S. Spolitis
Abstract As the demand for fiber optical data transmission systems and other type of applications, which require optical media, like optical sensing increases, the unauthorized parties are becoming increasingly interested in such systems. Also, with such demand, more complex optical systems are required; thus, the network infrastructure is becoming more crowded. It is vital to economize on the available resources and infrastructure to ensure the needs of all interested business, governmental or end-user sides. Therefore, the present research focuses on the development of a unified hybrid optical system. The developed hybrid optical transmission system adds additional protection to the channels, allows for the unification of standard optical data transmission channels, optical sensors and spectrally hidden data transmission channel systems, and increases the efficiency of the optical components used.
摘要随着对光纤数据传输系统和其他类型的应用(如光学传感)的需求增加,未经授权的各方对此类系统越来越感兴趣。此外,随着这种需求,需要更复杂的光学系统;因此,网络基础设施变得更加拥挤。节约可用资源和基础设施至关重要,以确保所有相关企业、政府或最终用户的需求。因此,目前的研究重点是开发一种统一的混合光学系统。所开发的混合光学传输系统为信道增加了额外的保护,允许标准光学数据传输信道、光学传感器和光谱隐藏数据传输信道系统的统一,并提高了所用光学组件的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Experimental Data from Household Off-Grid System in Latvia 拉脱维亚家庭离网系统实验数据分析
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0014
O. Linkevičs, E. Vesperis, K. Gičevskis, V. Osadcuks, A. Pecka, A. Galiņš
Abstract Autonomous off-grid systems might be seen as a favourable option when it comes to high grid connection fees and for a sustainable electric system in transition to a low-carbon, renewable-based decentralized system. To ensure such a system, accurate analysis of different scenarios is required to determine the optimal energy source mix and sizing of the off-grid system. Software computing techniques or mathematical models can help solve this task, but, unfortunately, it is unpredictable how actually such systems will perform in real life. There are not so many publications, where the real data and off-grid systems are analysed and compared to simulation results. Thus, this paper examines an experimental stand-alone electrical off-grid solution in Latvia. The operational data of real autonomous off-grid system are obtained for the off-grid system performance and control strategy analysis, which is highly relevant for the planning and dimensioning of affordable renewable off-grid systems.
摘要当涉及到高电网连接费用和向低碳、可再生能源分散系统过渡的可持续电力系统时,自主离网系统可能被视为一个有利的选择。为了确保这样一个系统,需要对不同场景进行准确分析,以确定离网系统的最佳能源组合和规模。软件计算技术或数学模型可以帮助解决这一任务,但不幸的是,这类系统在现实生活中的实际表现是不可预测的。没有那么多出版物对真实数据和离网系统进行分析,并将其与模拟结果进行比较。因此,本文研究了拉脱维亚的一种实验性独立电力离网解决方案。获得了真实的自主离网系统的运行数据,用于离网系统性能和控制策略分析,这与经济适用的可再生离网系统规划和规模确定高度相关。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Overview of the Europen and Baltic Landscape for Hydrogen Applications and Innovations 欧洲和波罗的海地区氢应用和创新概况
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0016
L. Zemite, A. Backurs, A. Starikovs, A. Laizāns, L. Jansons, L. Vempere, I. Bode, A. Broks
Abstract Hydrogen has been widely recognised as a versatile and environmentally-friendly energy carrier, with a broad range of potential applications across various sectors. The abundance of hydrogen in the universe and its high energy content makes it an attractive alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Moreover, the utilization of hydrogen does not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants that contribute to air pollution and climate change. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing and deploying hydrogen technologies for a sustainable energy future. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the potential of hydrogen as a clean energy source in different sectors, such as transportation, energy storage, power generation, industry, buildings, maritime transport, and aviation. The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the current state of hydrogen applications in Europe and the Baltic States, including examples of ongoing projects and initiatives, and to assess the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen technologies in different sectors. The main results of the paper highlight that hydrogen has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality targets. However, the deployment of hydrogen technologies also faces various challenges such as high production costs, lack of infrastructure, and safety concerns. The tasks of the paper are to provide an insight into the potential of hydrogen, identify the challenges and limitations, and highlight ongoing research and development efforts in this field. The paper concludes that the widespread adoption of hydrogen technologies is a long-term goal that requires the cooperation of various stakeholders and the development of innovative and cost-effective solutions. Despite the challenges, the current state of hydrogen applications and ongoing projects in Europe and the Baltic States demonstrate that hydrogen has the potential to play a significant role in the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon future.
氢已被广泛认为是一种多功能和环保的能源载体,在各个领域具有广泛的潜在应用。宇宙中丰富的氢和它的高能量含量使它成为传统化石燃料的一个有吸引力的替代品。此外,氢的利用不会产生温室气体或其他导致空气污染和气候变化的污染物。近年来,人们对开发和部署氢技术以实现可持续能源的未来越来越感兴趣。本文深入探讨了氢作为清洁能源在不同领域的潜力,如交通运输、储能、发电、工业、建筑、海运和航空。本文的目的是概述氢在欧洲和波罗的海国家的应用现状,包括正在进行的项目和倡议的例子,并评估氢技术在不同部门的优缺点。该论文的主要结果强调,氢具有显著减少温室气体排放和实现碳中和目标的潜力。然而,氢技术的部署也面临着各种挑战,如生产成本高、基础设施缺乏和安全问题。本文的任务是深入了解氢的潜力,确定挑战和限制,并强调该领域正在进行的研究和开发工作。该报告的结论是,氢技术的广泛采用是一个长期目标,需要各利益相关者的合作,并开发创新和具有成本效益的解决方案。尽管面临挑战,但欧洲和波罗的海国家目前的氢应用状况和正在进行的项目表明,氢在向可持续和低碳未来过渡的过程中具有发挥重要作用的潜力。
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引用次数: 2
Air Flow Analysis for Protective Clothing Ventilation Elements with and Without Constant Cross-Section Area Opening 具有和不具有等截面开口的防护服通风元件的气流分析
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0012
A. Janushevskis, S. Vejanand, A. Gulevskis
Abstract In this paper a ventilation element is designed with the constant cross-sectional area of 3.14 mm2 with the outer ring, to study the efficiency of ventilation at three different inlet air velocities (2, 5 and 8 m/s). There are five different cases analysed in the study, in which four cases are with different coordinate values of outer ring and core while the fifth case is studied with ventilation element without outer ring. The results of all five cases are analysed and compared to see the efficiency of ventilation element design. These ventilation elements are attached at ventilation hole at the inner part of the protective jacket. The attached ventilation element increases mechanical strength of the clothing by covering ventilation hole and restricting direct access of insects to the body. Moreover, ventilation elements permit smooth flow of air inside jacket. The objective is to determine which element’s geometrical configuration results in the minimum flow energy losses in the cell flow channel from the inlet to the outlet, which are represented by the pressure difference. Flow energy losses increase with increasing pressure difference (ΔP), and the body cooling reduces if the flow is weakened or there is of lost energy. SolidWorks Flow Simulation is used to calculate the pressure, temperature, and heat flux for the simplified elliptical model of the human body with a protective jacket. The obtained results are compared and analysed to study the concept of constant cross-sectional area in the design of ventilation elements with and without outer ring. The pressure and temperature difference for each case are calculated for the comparison and the obtained results show that the element design without outer ring provides better overall results and less flow energy loss in the cell flow channel than that of element design with outer ring.
摘要:本文设计了一种带外圈的恒截面积为3.14 mm2的通风元件,研究了3种不同进气速度(2、5和8 m/s)下的通风效率。本研究分析了五种不同的情况,其中四种情况具有不同的外圈与核心的坐标值,而第五种情况研究了没有外圈的通风元件。对所有五个案例的结果进行了分析和比较,以了解通风元件设计的效率。所述通风元件安装在防护套内侧的通气孔处。所附的通风元件通过覆盖通风孔和限制昆虫直接进入人体来增加服装的机械强度。此外,通风元件允许空气在夹套内顺畅流动。目标是确定哪个元件的几何结构导致从入口到出口的槽道中流动能量损失最小,这由压差表示。流动能量损失随着压差的增加而增加(ΔP),如果流动减弱或有能量损失,身体冷却会减少。利用SolidWorks Flow Simulation对穿防护服的人体简化椭圆模型进行压力、温度和热流密度的计算。通过对所得结果的比较分析,探讨了带外圈和不带外圈通风元件设计中等截面积的概念。计算了不同工况下的压差和温差进行了对比,结果表明,不带外圈的单元设计比带外圈的单元设计整体效果更好,槽道内流动能量损失更小。
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引用次数: 0
Radio Measurements of Coronal Magnetic Fields in Fan-Spine Configurations on the Sun 太阳扇形脊结构中日冕磁场的无线电测量
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/lpts-2023-0011
B. Ryabov, A. Vrublevskis
Abstract Recent interest of solar physicists in the analysis of the coronal mass ejections and circular solar flares in fan-spine magnetic configurations (FSCs) necessitates measurements of the corresponding coronal magnetic fields. A dominant sunspot with the circumjacent magnetic flux of opposite polarity produces a specific coronal region of the quasi-transverse (QT-) propagation of microwaves. We make use of the theory of QT-propagation to evaluate the strengths of coronal magnetic fields in the active regions NOAA 11579, 12242, and 12488 while they are non-flaring. Microwave polarization changes were observed with the RATAN-600 radio telescope, the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope, and the Nobeyama Radioheliograph. Changes in the sign of circular radio polarization provide the strengths of coronal fields in a QT-region if the coronal plasma density Ne and the length scale of magnetic field divergence Ld are known. We evaluate the length scale by means of the potential-field source-surface (PFSS) model and the coronal density from the Gaussian inversion of the differential emission measure (from the Solar Dynamics Observatory observational data), obtaining Ne Ld = (0.46–0.64)×1010 m−2. The resulting coronal fields of 1.4×10−3 T and 2.34×10−3 T are attributed to the heights of 100 Mm and 50.2 Mm. We discuss the validity and consistency of the involved values to draw conclusions on the feasibility of coronal radio magnetography of FSCs.
摘要太阳物理学家最近对扇形脊磁构型中的日冕物质抛射和圆形太阳耀斑的分析感兴趣,这就需要测量相应的日冕磁场。具有相反极性的周围磁通量的主导太阳黑子产生微波准横向(QT)传播的特定日冕区域。我们利用QT传播理论来评估NOAA 11579、12242和12488活动区在非燃烧时的日冕磁场强度。使用RATAN-600射电望远镜、西伯利亚太阳射电望远镜和Nobeyama日射图观测了微波偏振变化。如果已知冠状等离子体密度Ne和磁场发散的长度尺度Ld,则圆形无线电极化的符号的变化提供QT区域中的冠状场的强度。我们通过位场源表面(PFSS)模型和差分发射测量的高斯反演的日冕密度(来自太阳动力学天文台的观测数据)来评估长度尺度,获得Ne-Ld=(0.46–0.64)×1010 m−2。由此产生的1.4×10−3T和2.34×10−3T的日冕场归因于100 Mm和50.2 Mm的高度。我们讨论了所涉及值的有效性和一致性,以得出FSCs日冕射电磁图的可行性结论。
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引用次数: 0
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Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences
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