Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-011
M. Groten
{"title":"Phantoms of Remembrance und hochmittelalterlicher Mentalitätswandel","authors":"M. Groten","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116383350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117082193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-005
M. Kelly
In Phantoms of Remembrance, Patrick Geary states that “[t]hose who could control the past could direct the future.”1 Echoing Walter Benjamin’s dictum that the past has meaning according to the chain of significations into which it is put and RG Collingwood’s encapsulation theory, Geary shows that medieval writers selected elements of the past, discarded others, and organized the material into cognitively mnemonic historiographies, using false plots of comprehensiveness to misdirect historical enquiry. Embracing Geary’s interpretative paradigm, this chapter illustrates how early medieval Iberian authors were attuned to the functions of history-writing and employed mnemonic techniques. The exemplar for this is the fascinating story of the reign of the Visigothic King Gundemar (r. ad 610–612), as created by Isidore, bishop of Seville (c. ad 600–636). The following reading reveals what the silences and the whispers of Gundemar across Isidore’s texts suppress, suggests why they do so, and demonstrates the medieval historiographical legacy of Isidore’s attempt to erase Gundemar from historical existence – and thus from all future relevance.
{"title":"Gundemar the Ghost, Isidore the Historian: Rethinking Visigothic History from the Whispers of its Literature","authors":"M. Kelly","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-005","url":null,"abstract":"In Phantoms of Remembrance, Patrick Geary states that “[t]hose who could control the past could direct the future.”1 Echoing Walter Benjamin’s dictum that the past has meaning according to the chain of significations into which it is put and RG Collingwood’s encapsulation theory, Geary shows that medieval writers selected elements of the past, discarded others, and organized the material into cognitively mnemonic historiographies, using false plots of comprehensiveness to misdirect historical enquiry. Embracing Geary’s interpretative paradigm, this chapter illustrates how early medieval Iberian authors were attuned to the functions of history-writing and employed mnemonic techniques. The exemplar for this is the fascinating story of the reign of the Visigothic King Gundemar (r. ad 610–612), as created by Isidore, bishop of Seville (c. ad 600–636). The following reading reveals what the silences and the whispers of Gundemar across Isidore’s texts suppress, suggests why they do so, and demonstrates the medieval historiographical legacy of Isidore’s attempt to erase Gundemar from historical existence – and thus from all future relevance.","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129119599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-004
I. Wood
Writing Merovingian history has traditionally been a little like crossing a river using stepping stones (Trittsteine): one moves from one source to the next in as straight a line as one can manage. Rarely is one offered the luxury of an alternative route. The sixth-century stone is Gregory of Tours. For the first half of the seventh we have Fredegar, although even in his own independent composition, the so-called Book IV, he incorporates earlier material, including a Life of Desiderius of Vienne and Jonas’s Vita Columbani.Of course,we all know that this is not a very safe way of proceeding. Gregory’s narrative, in particular, has been challenged in recent years.1 Careful scrutiny of the bishop of Tours’s own modus operandi, alongside other sources, not least the poems of Venantius Fortunatus, as well as the lawcodes, Church canons, and some hagiography, to which on occasion we can add archaeological evidence, has allowed us to come to a greater awareness of what Gregory did with his material. We know that his view of the past was selective, and his carefully structured presentation of events was intended to provide a particular interpretation – one that has dominated all subsequent readings.We have advanced far less in our understanding of Fredegar’s aims, and he still seems to be used predominantly as a repository of information.2 The intentions of Jonas of Bobbio, who supplies Fredegar with one particularly well-known chapter,3 are potentially more accessible. Yet because there is little that can be used as a control when we read Jonas, there is still a tendency to take his narrative at face value – even though there are at least two occasions where we can be sure that he is misleading. In what follows I want to problematise Jonas, and to suggest that his representation of the past has very deliberate aims, which need to be linked to specific circumstances. Others, of course, have also raised questions about Jonas’ hagiography, especially in recent years,4 but their main focus has been on the problem of Columbanian spirituality, rather than on issues of representation and misrepresentation. In order to do so I will take not just the Vita Columbani, but also the Lives of Vedast and
{"title":"The Selective Memory of Jonas of Bobbio","authors":"I. Wood","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-004","url":null,"abstract":"Writing Merovingian history has traditionally been a little like crossing a river using stepping stones (Trittsteine): one moves from one source to the next in as straight a line as one can manage. Rarely is one offered the luxury of an alternative route. The sixth-century stone is Gregory of Tours. For the first half of the seventh we have Fredegar, although even in his own independent composition, the so-called Book IV, he incorporates earlier material, including a Life of Desiderius of Vienne and Jonas’s Vita Columbani.Of course,we all know that this is not a very safe way of proceeding. Gregory’s narrative, in particular, has been challenged in recent years.1 Careful scrutiny of the bishop of Tours’s own modus operandi, alongside other sources, not least the poems of Venantius Fortunatus, as well as the lawcodes, Church canons, and some hagiography, to which on occasion we can add archaeological evidence, has allowed us to come to a greater awareness of what Gregory did with his material. We know that his view of the past was selective, and his carefully structured presentation of events was intended to provide a particular interpretation – one that has dominated all subsequent readings.We have advanced far less in our understanding of Fredegar’s aims, and he still seems to be used predominantly as a repository of information.2 The intentions of Jonas of Bobbio, who supplies Fredegar with one particularly well-known chapter,3 are potentially more accessible. Yet because there is little that can be used as a control when we read Jonas, there is still a tendency to take his narrative at face value – even though there are at least two occasions where we can be sure that he is misleading. In what follows I want to problematise Jonas, and to suggest that his representation of the past has very deliberate aims, which need to be linked to specific circumstances. Others, of course, have also raised questions about Jonas’ hagiography, especially in recent years,4 but their main focus has been on the problem of Columbanian spirituality, rather than on issues of representation and misrepresentation. In order to do so I will take not just the Vita Columbani, but also the Lives of Vedast and","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122536228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-003
P. Geary
{"title":"Remembering and Forgetting Phantoms of Remembrance: Social Memory and Oblivion in Medieval History after Twenty Years","authors":"P. Geary","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115717560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-010
J. Sonntag
An analytical investigation like this presents the historian with two main challenges. On the one hand, religious life is a very heterogeneous research field that is truly difficult to address in all its facets, and indeed full of phantoms of remembrance. On the other hand, ‘memory’ possesses a no less multidimensional nature, and has received particular attention in recent decades. The literature on medieval ‘memory’ has become almost impossible to handle.1 Today, it is a well-known fact that people – consciously or not – create their past again and again. The ongoing transformation of knowledge by changing, adding, omitting or ‘simply’ forgetting facts is questioned by nobody. It is also clear that such phenomena are embedded in manifold cultural circumstances more or less shaped by crisis, concurrence and reforms in politics, economy and belief. Sometimes they are just shaped by coincidence. In light of these two challenges, there are two main approaches for my study on monastic phantoms of remembrance. The first option is to underpin those wellknown phenomena of historiography by adding some paradigmatic case studies: Robert of Molesme († 1111), for instance, who left his Benedictine monastery in 1098 and founded Cîteaux, the motherhouse of the Cistercian Order, was nearly forgotten in the Order historiography until the end of the 12 century. Since the Benedictine tradition of the Cistercians had to be re-emphasized and Bernard of Clairvaux († 1153) had become a rather European saint no more exclusive to the Cistercians, however, Robert was ‘discovered’ again.2 Bruno of Cologne († 1101), the founder of the Carthusian Order, offers a similar, but even more significant example. He was promoted intensively in the 16 century. The monks of Cologne were right to recog-
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Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-006
Ph Depreux
„Ich habe Dich bei Deinem Namen gerufen“ (Jes 43,1). Nicht nur in der Bibel ist die namentliche Nennung einer Person von großer Bedeutung. Auch in der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft spielt der namentliche Ausruf oder die Niederschrift des Namens von Menschen eine wichtige Rolle. Dies ist zum Beispiel der Fall in der liturgischen Praxis der Erinnerung an die Verstorbenen und Lebenden, die sowohl in Diptychen1 als auch in Büchern2 festgehalten wurde, und woraus Historiker aufschlussreiche Informationen über den Zusammenhalt der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft gewinnen können.3 Ebenfalls in anderen Bereichen ist die Nennung der Wirkenden von großer Relevanz – beispielsweise in Urkunden: Dort geht es nicht nur um den namentlichen Hinweis auf Personen, die am Beurkundungsvorgang beteiligt wurden, um Rechtssicherheit zu gewährleisten,4 sondern auch um das Schweigen über bestimmte Akteure, denn der Verzicht auf eine Nennung ist in politischer Hinsicht von großer Bedeutung.5 Der Ansatz, den ich hier verfolgen möchte, betrifft die narrativen Quellen aus der Karolingerzeit: Zum einen geht es darum zu verstehen, aus welchem Grund bestimmte Leute in diesem oder jenem Zusammenhang genannt werden und zum anderen darum nachzuvollziehen, warum die zu erwartende Nennung einer Person umgangen wird.
{"title":"In ornamento totius palatii? Selektive Wahrnehmung der königlichen Entourage in frühmittelalterlichen Quellen","authors":"Ph Depreux","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-006","url":null,"abstract":"„Ich habe Dich bei Deinem Namen gerufen“ (Jes 43,1). Nicht nur in der Bibel ist die namentliche Nennung einer Person von großer Bedeutung. Auch in der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft spielt der namentliche Ausruf oder die Niederschrift des Namens von Menschen eine wichtige Rolle. Dies ist zum Beispiel der Fall in der liturgischen Praxis der Erinnerung an die Verstorbenen und Lebenden, die sowohl in Diptychen1 als auch in Büchern2 festgehalten wurde, und woraus Historiker aufschlussreiche Informationen über den Zusammenhalt der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft gewinnen können.3 Ebenfalls in anderen Bereichen ist die Nennung der Wirkenden von großer Relevanz – beispielsweise in Urkunden: Dort geht es nicht nur um den namentlichen Hinweis auf Personen, die am Beurkundungsvorgang beteiligt wurden, um Rechtssicherheit zu gewährleisten,4 sondern auch um das Schweigen über bestimmte Akteure, denn der Verzicht auf eine Nennung ist in politischer Hinsicht von großer Bedeutung.5 Der Ansatz, den ich hier verfolgen möchte, betrifft die narrativen Quellen aus der Karolingerzeit: Zum einen geht es darum zu verstehen, aus welchem Grund bestimmte Leute in diesem oder jenem Zusammenhang genannt werden und zum anderen darum nachzuvollziehen, warum die zu erwartende Nennung einer Person umgangen wird.","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127547179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-002
S. Scholz, G. Schwedler
There is neither the capacity nor a necessity to store everything that can be known. Information about the past in particular cannot be retained in its entirety.In order to be used and made fruitful in new circumstances it has to be organized, arranged and above all: selected. Data from the past accumulates in every generation until it is no longer manageable and understandable; the past becomes a burden. In this sense, the process of selection must be regarded as the fundamental moment – the Urszene – of making History, that is, the selection and transformation of an incoherent series of data from the past into coherent historical narratives. Yet selection is not only a rational and intentional process that reduces information: it also implies the unlikely survival of the most condensed texts. Above all, the process of selection depends on many incalculable factors, such as the author who takes decisions to reduce and arrange information, the audiences being guided by their own interests and the media and material transmission. In all three fields, creativity plays an important role, when details from the past are chosen to form part of the reservoir of knowledge for the next generation. The Middle Ages present an especially extensive field of examples, where contemporary authors and political decision-makers used historical memory for their own purposes. They reduced the material available in order to make the vast ‘halls of memory’ manageable and manoeuvrable for their own times. In selecting, they made arguments from the past more effective and convincing: less is more. However, selection was many faceted, as it was used to defend or define tradition, consolidate or challenge power, validate or question perspectives, create or deconstruct legitimizing links to the past that have an impact on the future. The right selection of elements could be used as an argumentative base for one side or another. The handling of historic details by medieval authors has always attracted interest. Authors’manipulation of the past has been analysed as well as their authenticity and reliability, their narrative strategies and even qualities as managers of collective memories and forgers. In 1994, however, a new perspective was established with Patrick Geary’s Phantoms of Remembrance. His book was an attempt to understand the complex process of constructing memory through non-linear, irrational and subjective means, to “retrieve all sorts of information that together provide the referential field within which to experience and evaluate their daily experiences and to prepare for the future.”1 Various authors and genres have since been reassessed in the light of
{"title":"Less is More. Medieval Memory as Process of Creative Selection. An Introduction","authors":"S. Scholz, G. Schwedler","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-002","url":null,"abstract":"There is neither the capacity nor a necessity to store everything that can be known. Information about the past in particular cannot be retained in its entirety.In order to be used and made fruitful in new circumstances it has to be organized, arranged and above all: selected. Data from the past accumulates in every generation until it is no longer manageable and understandable; the past becomes a burden. In this sense, the process of selection must be regarded as the fundamental moment – the Urszene – of making History, that is, the selection and transformation of an incoherent series of data from the past into coherent historical narratives. Yet selection is not only a rational and intentional process that reduces information: it also implies the unlikely survival of the most condensed texts. Above all, the process of selection depends on many incalculable factors, such as the author who takes decisions to reduce and arrange information, the audiences being guided by their own interests and the media and material transmission. In all three fields, creativity plays an important role, when details from the past are chosen to form part of the reservoir of knowledge for the next generation. The Middle Ages present an especially extensive field of examples, where contemporary authors and political decision-makers used historical memory for their own purposes. They reduced the material available in order to make the vast ‘halls of memory’ manageable and manoeuvrable for their own times. In selecting, they made arguments from the past more effective and convincing: less is more. However, selection was many faceted, as it was used to defend or define tradition, consolidate or challenge power, validate or question perspectives, create or deconstruct legitimizing links to the past that have an impact on the future. The right selection of elements could be used as an argumentative base for one side or another. The handling of historic details by medieval authors has always attracted interest. Authors’manipulation of the past has been analysed as well as their authenticity and reliability, their narrative strategies and even qualities as managers of collective memories and forgers. In 1994, however, a new perspective was established with Patrick Geary’s Phantoms of Remembrance. His book was an attempt to understand the complex process of constructing memory through non-linear, irrational and subjective means, to “retrieve all sorts of information that together provide the referential field within which to experience and evaluate their daily experiences and to prepare for the future.”1 Various authors and genres have since been reassessed in the light of","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128872613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-008
Michael R. Eber, Stefan Esders, D. Ganz, Till Stüber
For anyone interested in the period of late antiquity it seems all too familiar that law, legal texts and legal knowledge are subject to highly complex processes of selecting materials, extracting individual passages, interpreting them and adding commentaries. Both the Theodosian Code and the Justinianic codification projects provide ample evidence of how collecting individual decrees, jurists’ commentaries and general regulations and assembling them within one codex allowed for the systematization of the material contained therein. At the same time, a codification of law would lead to a suppression of alternative norms.1 Much of this work was carried out by jurists commissioned by the state or indeed the ruler. This still holds true for the first official redaction of the Theodosian Code with its novels and additions, the so-called Breviarium Alaricianum or Lex Romana Visigothorum, compiled under the Visigothic King Alaric II in Southwestern Gaul shortly after 500.2 However, when tracing the numerous compilations and epitomes that were produced on the basis of the Theodosian Code and Alaric’s breviary in the post-Roman West between the 6 and 8 centuries (such as the Epitome Aegidii, the Epitome Parisina or the Epitome
对于任何对古代晚期感兴趣的人来说，法律，法律文本和法律知识都受制于高度复杂的过程，包括选择材料，提取单个段落，解释它们并添加注释，这似乎太熟悉了。狄奥多西法典和查士丁尼法典编纂项目都提供了充分的证据，证明如何收集个别法令，法学家的注释和一般法规，并将它们汇编在一个法典中，从而使其中所包含的材料系统化。同时，法律的编纂将导致对其他规范的压制这些工作大多是由国家或统治者委托的法学家完成的。公元500年之后不久，西哥特国王阿拉里克二世在高卢西南部编纂了《狄奥多西法典》及其小说和增编，即所谓的《阿拉里克短典》(Breviarium Alaricianum)或Lex Romana Visigothorum。然而，当追踪6至8世纪后罗马时期西方以《狄奥多西法典》和阿拉里克短典为基础制作的众多汇编和概要时(例如《狄奥多西短典》)，巴黎缩影或缩影
{"title":"Selection and Presentation of Texts in Early Medieval Canon Law Collections: Approaching the Codex Remensis (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1743)*","authors":"Michael R. Eber, Stefan Esders, D. Ganz, Till Stüber","doi":"10.1515/9783110757279-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110757279-008","url":null,"abstract":"For anyone interested in the period of late antiquity it seems all too familiar that law, legal texts and legal knowledge are subject to highly complex processes of selecting materials, extracting individual passages, interpreting them and adding commentaries. Both the Theodosian Code and the Justinianic codification projects provide ample evidence of how collecting individual decrees, jurists’ commentaries and general regulations and assembling them within one codex allowed for the systematization of the material contained therein. At the same time, a codification of law would lead to a suppression of alternative norms.1 Much of this work was carried out by jurists commissioned by the state or indeed the ruler. This still holds true for the first official redaction of the Theodosian Code with its novels and additions, the so-called Breviarium Alaricianum or Lex Romana Visigothorum, compiled under the Visigothic King Alaric II in Southwestern Gaul shortly after 500.2 However, when tracing the numerous compilations and epitomes that were produced on the basis of the Theodosian Code and Alaric’s breviary in the post-Roman West between the 6 and 8 centuries (such as the Epitome Aegidii, the Epitome Parisina or the Epitome","PeriodicalId":436102,"journal":{"name":"Creative Selection between Emending and Forming Medieval Memory","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129562299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110757279-014
W. Pohl
After more than a quarter of a century, it is time to acknowledge the lasting importance of Patrick Geary’s Phantoms of Remembrance.1 In the context of many works on social and cultural memory in the Middle Ages, a few published before and many after it, it still stands out as an exemplary study of the ways in which the past was subtly transformed to fit the needs of the present.2 It reads almost as fresh as when it was written: avoiding the use of loaded terms, wide-ranging in the well-chosen examples, and precise in their interpretation. The book, which appeared in 1994, introduced the “creative process of reforming the relationship between past and present” to early medieval studies.3 Taking as an example forged Merovingian charters on papyrus, the Chronicle of Novalesa or the memories of Pannonian dragons by Arnold of St Emmeram in Regensburg, Geary focused on the way in which memories could be transformed in the context of the manuscript transmission of a text. His observation was that around 1000 many earlier texts were selected, copied, reworked or obliterated, and thus, the lasting memory of the earlier period was reshaped. Most significantly, the book moved the subject beyond the black-and-white world of established dichotomies: “First, historians of memory have focused too much, I think, on the putative dichotomy between individual and collective memory and collective memory and history. Second, historians and anthropologists have overstressed the distinction between oral and written remembering. Finally, previous studies have focused primarily on the formation of conscious narrative memory rather than on the structures by which memories of all sorts are transmitted and created.”4 Indeed, the study of memory and history has created a surprising number of dichotomies through which humanities and social sciences scholars have tried to get a better grip on a phenomenon to which many of them owed their material. After the Enlightenment and in the process of professionalization of the historical disciplines, generations of scholars tried to establish the superiority of their discipline over naive, non-academic attempts to write or narrate history. Historical memory should go through a progressively-refined set of filters to ensure that nothing could pass as
四分之一个多世纪过去了，是时候承认帕特里克·吉尔里的《记忆的幻影》的持久重要性了。在许多关于中世纪社会和文化记忆的著作的背景下，一些在它之前出版，许多在它之后出版，它仍然是一个典型的研究，表明过去是如何巧妙地转变以适应现在的需要的它读起来几乎和刚写的时候一样新鲜:避免使用过多的术语，精心挑选的例子内容广泛，解释准确。这本书于1994年出版，向早期中世纪研究介绍了“改革过去与现在关系的创造性过程”Geary以纸莎草上伪造的墨洛温王朝宪章、《诺瓦莱萨编年史》(Chronicle of Novalesa)或雷根斯堡圣埃默拉姆的阿诺德(Arnold of St Emmeram)关于潘诺尼亚龙的记忆为例，重点研究了在文本手稿传播的背景下，记忆是如何被转化的。他的观察是，大约有1000个早期的文本被选择、复制、修改或删除，因此，早期的持久记忆被重塑了。最重要的是，这本书让这个主题超越了非黑即白的二分法:“首先，我认为，研究记忆的历史学家过于关注个人记忆与集体记忆、集体记忆与历史之间假定的二分法。第二，历史学家和人类学家过分强调口头记忆和书面记忆的区别。最后，以前的研究主要集中在有意识的叙事记忆的形成，而不是各种记忆的传播和创造的结构。的确，对记忆和历史的研究创造了数量惊人的二分法，人文和社会科学学者试图通过这种二分法来更好地把握一种现象，他们中的许多人都把这种现象归功于他们的材料。启蒙运动之后，在历史学科专业化的过程中，一代又一代的学者试图确立他们的学科相对于幼稚的、非学术的历史书写或叙述的优越性。历史记忆应该经过一组逐步改进的过滤器，以确保没有任何东西可以作为
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