1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)最新文献
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692535
K. Srinivasan
The deregulation of the electric power industry raises new concerns for equitable attribution of harmonics, between the private power producers and the rest of the power network. This paper presents a concept for sharing the responsibility for harmonics. The sharing is based solely on measurements during the operation and at the point of connection. The concept is also applicable to other types of steady-state power quality deterioration, namely repetitive RMS fluctuations, waveform distortion and three-phase unbalance.
{"title":"Attributing harmonics in private power production","authors":"K. Srinivasan","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692535","url":null,"abstract":"The deregulation of the electric power industry raises new concerns for equitable attribution of harmonics, between the private power producers and the rest of the power network. This paper presents a concept for sharing the responsibility for harmonics. The sharing is based solely on measurements during the operation and at the point of connection. The concept is also applicable to other types of steady-state power quality deterioration, namely repetitive RMS fluctuations, waveform distortion and three-phase unbalance.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114971213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692528
J. Daley
Changes in the profile of critical loads challenge the traditional concept of load transfer, the double throw switch. Concerns have been raised over the suitability of this concept for reliable transfer of running motors and other inrush loads. A position is taken that these loads must be shut down for transfer between live sources to avoid power system disturbances and equipment damage. Such actions are counterproductive and disruptive to industrial facility operations. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the characteristics of inrush electrical loads in a load transfer strategy. It verifies the validity of the traditional transfer concept.
{"title":"Load transfer strategies for machine and other inrush loads","authors":"J. Daley","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692528","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the profile of critical loads challenge the traditional concept of load transfer, the double throw switch. Concerns have been raised over the suitability of this concept for reliable transfer of running motors and other inrush loads. A position is taken that these loads must be shut down for transfer between live sources to avoid power system disturbances and equipment damage. Such actions are counterproductive and disruptive to industrial facility operations. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the characteristics of inrush electrical loads in a load transfer strategy. It verifies the validity of the traditional transfer concept.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131342201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692553
M. Kinsler
A lightning strike to an overhead structure will cause a brief arc through the soil from its lightning ground to any nearby grounded metal utility line such as a gas pipe, sewer line, or communications cable. A limited amount of damage to the buried line may result from such a stroke. However, if the overhead structure happens to be an energized conductor of an electric power line, the situation becomes dangerous: the lightning impulse will establish a conductive path across the power line insulator, down the pole and through the soil to the buried utility line. In a significant number of cases, this conductive path will allow the establishment of a large, long-duration power fault current from the lightning struck power conductor to the buried utility line. This power arc will terminate on the grounded pipe or cable shield, causing rupture and failure. The existence of this damage mechanism was confirmed in the laboratory with a full scale mock-up of a utility right-of-way. The phenomenon of lightning-triggered arc establishment through soil was then examined more closely with a high resolution apparatus in which most parameters could be tightly controlled. Artificial lightning impulses from 0.3 MV to 2.8 MV and 60 Hz power line voltages from 6.24 kV to 15.71 kV were used. Soil condition, electrode spacing, power line voltage, lightning impulse voltage and geometry were found to govern the probability of a lightning-initiated fault current arc through the soil in a predictable manner. For soil of 500000 /spl Omega/-cm resistivity, the distance between a simulated power system lightning ground and a buried cable at which a fault current arc is not initiated was found to be about 40 cm. This safe distance was proportional to the geometric mean of the power line voltage and the peak lightning impulse voltage.
{"title":"A damage mechanism: lightning-initiated fault-current area to communication cables buried beneath overhead electric power lines","authors":"M. Kinsler","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692553","url":null,"abstract":"A lightning strike to an overhead structure will cause a brief arc through the soil from its lightning ground to any nearby grounded metal utility line such as a gas pipe, sewer line, or communications cable. A limited amount of damage to the buried line may result from such a stroke. However, if the overhead structure happens to be an energized conductor of an electric power line, the situation becomes dangerous: the lightning impulse will establish a conductive path across the power line insulator, down the pole and through the soil to the buried utility line. In a significant number of cases, this conductive path will allow the establishment of a large, long-duration power fault current from the lightning struck power conductor to the buried utility line. This power arc will terminate on the grounded pipe or cable shield, causing rupture and failure. The existence of this damage mechanism was confirmed in the laboratory with a full scale mock-up of a utility right-of-way. The phenomenon of lightning-triggered arc establishment through soil was then examined more closely with a high resolution apparatus in which most parameters could be tightly controlled. Artificial lightning impulses from 0.3 MV to 2.8 MV and 60 Hz power line voltages from 6.24 kV to 15.71 kV were used. Soil condition, electrode spacing, power line voltage, lightning impulse voltage and geometry were found to govern the probability of a lightning-initiated fault current arc through the soil in a predictable manner. For soil of 500000 /spl Omega/-cm resistivity, the distance between a simulated power system lightning ground and a buried cable at which a fault current arc is not initiated was found to be about 40 cm. This safe distance was proportional to the geometric mean of the power line voltage and the peak lightning impulse voltage.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117317031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations, the National Electrical Code (NEC), and several other nationally recognized Standards and Recommended Practices, indicate that electrical equipment must be inspected tested and evaluated to ensure that it is essentially free of hazards. Manufacturer-supplied standard lines containing "approved" components and manufacturer-supplied assemblies that are "listed" by a "Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL)", are acceptable to the OSHA. When no NRTL accepts, certifies, lists or labels a particular piece of equipment, or determines if to be safe, special actions, involving the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), are required to assure that the equipment complies with regulations. Such equipment would include custom-made one-of-a-kind equipment, equipment made "in-house" for research or other special purposes and equipment manufactured outside of the United States. This paper gives guidance towards ensuring that electrical equipment meets the safety intention of present-day regulations, codes and standards.
{"title":"Ensuring that electrical equipment is safe for its intended use","authors":"J. Andrews, L. Mcclung, T. J. White","doi":"10.1109/2943.838040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2943.838040","url":null,"abstract":"The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations, the National Electrical Code (NEC), and several other nationally recognized Standards and Recommended Practices, indicate that electrical equipment must be inspected tested and evaluated to ensure that it is essentially free of hazards. Manufacturer-supplied standard lines containing \"approved\" components and manufacturer-supplied assemblies that are \"listed\" by a \"Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL)\", are acceptable to the OSHA. When no NRTL accepts, certifies, lists or labels a particular piece of equipment, or determines if to be safe, special actions, involving the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), are required to assure that the equipment complies with regulations. Such equipment would include custom-made one-of-a-kind equipment, equipment made \"in-house\" for research or other special purposes and equipment manufactured outside of the United States. This paper gives guidance towards ensuring that electrical equipment meets the safety intention of present-day regulations, codes and standards.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126898688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692537
S. Talati, J. Bednarz
If changes proposed by the public utility commissions of California, Massachusetts, New York, New Hampshire, and many others are accepted by the US FERC, consumers in these states are going to see some radical changes in their electricity services. Monopoly power will fall away and consumers will be free to choose new electricity suppliers. The potential market value for this emerging sector of power industry is unknown; however, leading trade magazines and other industry analysts expect the market value of power transactions to reach $200 billion. Net cost savings for the end-use customers may range anywhere between $5 billion to $20 billion. However, this saving would be for those customers who will exercise their choice. This paper presents a case study which suggests ways that large industrial customers can better manage their electricity purchase price in a competitive power industry. It also emphasis the requirement of comprehensive consideration of electricity costs and rate tariff, understanding of necessary tools to predict future price transmission and generation data, and through regulatory changes, projections, understanding of plant process.
{"title":"Deregulation and opportunities for industrial customers","authors":"S. Talati, J. Bednarz","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692537","url":null,"abstract":"If changes proposed by the public utility commissions of California, Massachusetts, New York, New Hampshire, and many others are accepted by the US FERC, consumers in these states are going to see some radical changes in their electricity services. Monopoly power will fall away and consumers will be free to choose new electricity suppliers. The potential market value for this emerging sector of power industry is unknown; however, leading trade magazines and other industry analysts expect the market value of power transactions to reach $200 billion. Net cost savings for the end-use customers may range anywhere between $5 billion to $20 billion. However, this saving would be for those customers who will exercise their choice. This paper presents a case study which suggests ways that large industrial customers can better manage their electricity purchase price in a competitive power industry. It also emphasis the requirement of comprehensive consideration of electricity costs and rate tariff, understanding of necessary tools to predict future price transmission and generation data, and through regulatory changes, projections, understanding of plant process.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"4058 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127556393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692533
G. Gregory, G. W. Scott
The arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) is beginning to emerge as a new product in residential power system applications in the United States to protect against conditions that may cause fire. This paper provides some of the background regarding its emergence as a product and the function it is intended to provide. The evolving technology may also lend itself to industrial applications, as the potential applications become sufficiently well understood.
{"title":"The arc-fault circuit interrupter, an emerging product","authors":"G. Gregory, G. W. Scott","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692533","url":null,"abstract":"The arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) is beginning to emerge as a new product in residential power system applications in the United States to protect against conditions that may cause fire. This paper provides some of the background regarding its emergence as a product and the function it is intended to provide. The evolving technology may also lend itself to industrial applications, as the potential applications become sufficiently well understood.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130415456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692531
E. Fennell, K. Koźmiński, M. Bajpai, S. Easterday-McPadden, W. Elmore, C. Fromen, J. Gardell, W. Hartmann, J. Hurley, P. Kerrigan, K. Khunkhun, C. Mozina, G. Nail, S. Patel, G. Pence, A. Pierce, D. Smaha, S. Usman, P. Waudby, M. Yalla
The practice of tripping the generator breakers immediately following a boiler/turbine trip exposes a steam turbine generator to a potentially damaging overspeed operating condition. This paper describes the use of the sequential trip mode as a means of minimizing the exposure to possible unit damage following a boiler/turbine trip. Included is a comparison of the application of devices used by several major steam turbine generator manufacturers in accomplishing sequential tripping of the unit. This paper also discusses the differences in the devices used in implementing the tripping scheme and those applied as backup motoring protection. Additionally, the paper provides guidance in the selection of which functions should and should not be used to initiate sequential tripping.
{"title":"Sequential tripping of steam turbine generators","authors":"E. Fennell, K. Koźmiński, M. Bajpai, S. Easterday-McPadden, W. Elmore, C. Fromen, J. Gardell, W. Hartmann, J. Hurley, P. Kerrigan, K. Khunkhun, C. Mozina, G. Nail, S. Patel, G. Pence, A. Pierce, D. Smaha, S. Usman, P. Waudby, M. Yalla","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692531","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of tripping the generator breakers immediately following a boiler/turbine trip exposes a steam turbine generator to a potentially damaging overspeed operating condition. This paper describes the use of the sequential trip mode as a means of minimizing the exposure to possible unit damage following a boiler/turbine trip. Included is a comparison of the application of devices used by several major steam turbine generator manufacturers in accomplishing sequential tripping of the unit. This paper also discusses the differences in the devices used in implementing the tripping scheme and those applied as backup motoring protection. Additionally, the paper provides guidance in the selection of which functions should and should not be used to initiate sequential tripping.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132469567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692557
J. Andrews, J. A. Marshall
Even with appropriate lockouts in place for the job being done, a fully trained and qualified electrician received a severe electrical shock, third degree burns and lacerations when he made contact with an energized 480 volt cable lug attached to a circuit breaker terminal. Although he had to be hospitalized for two days, the electrician survived and was able to contribute to the incident investigation. The investigation showed that a variety of deficiencies, related to electrical safety, combined to allow the injury to occur. This paper describes the results of the detailed investigation of the incident and identifies the variety of accident contributors, which, had they been recognized and addressed, might have prevented the injury. These potential contributors are items that should be addressed in everyone's electrical safety program.
{"title":"A detailed investigation of an electrical shock and burn injury","authors":"J. Andrews, J. A. Marshall","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692557","url":null,"abstract":"Even with appropriate lockouts in place for the job being done, a fully trained and qualified electrician received a severe electrical shock, third degree burns and lacerations when he made contact with an energized 480 volt cable lug attached to a circuit breaker terminal. Although he had to be hospitalized for two days, the electrician survived and was able to contribute to the incident investigation. The investigation showed that a variety of deficiencies, related to electrical safety, combined to allow the injury to occur. This paper describes the results of the detailed investigation of the incident and identifies the variety of accident contributors, which, had they been recognized and addressed, might have prevented the injury. These potential contributors are items that should be addressed in everyone's electrical safety program.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128427466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692556
C. D. Hughes, E.C. Strycula
This paper addresses the sizing of equipment grounding conductors (EGCs) in solidly-grounded electrical power systems, where separate ground fault protection is not used and EGCs are run inside conduits or other raceways. It is shown that using only Table 250-95 or the NEC can result in inadequate sizing of the EGC. An example is presented which illustrates how an EGC can be damaged, or completely destroyed, before an upstream overcurrent device can operate to clear a fault. It is demonstrated that the use of thermal damage curves for EGCs can provide a simple, but effective, way to evaluate the adequacy of a ground fault circuit design.
{"title":"Sizing of equipment grounding conductors based on thermal damage curves","authors":"C. D. Hughes, E.C. Strycula","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692556","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the sizing of equipment grounding conductors (EGCs) in solidly-grounded electrical power systems, where separate ground fault protection is not used and EGCs are run inside conduits or other raceways. It is shown that using only Table 250-95 or the NEC can result in inadequate sizing of the EGC. An example is presented which illustrates how an EGC can be damaged, or completely destroyed, before an upstream overcurrent device can operate to clear a fault. It is demonstrated that the use of thermal damage curves for EGCs can provide a simple, but effective, way to evaluate the adequacy of a ground fault circuit design.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"106 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127458287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-05-03DOI: 10.1109/ICPS.1998.692526
M. R. Qader, M. Bollen, R. Allan
In this paper we discuss two stochastic assessment methods for voltage sags and apply them to a 98-bus model of the 400 kV National Grid of England and Wales. The method of fault positions is most suitable for implementation in a software tool. It has been used to get exposed areas and sag frequencies for each bus. The results are resented in different ways, including a so-called voltage sag map showing the variation of the sag frequency through the network. The method of critical distances is more suitable for hand calculations, as both the amount of data and the complexity of the calculations are very limited. It has been used to obtain sag frequencies for a number of buses. A comparison with the results obtained by using the method of fault positions, shows that the method of critical distances is an acceptable alternative were software or system data are not available for a more accurate analysis.
{"title":"Stochastic prediction of voltage sags in a large transmission system","authors":"M. R. Qader, M. Bollen, R. Allan","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1998.692526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1998.692526","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we discuss two stochastic assessment methods for voltage sags and apply them to a 98-bus model of the 400 kV National Grid of England and Wales. The method of fault positions is most suitable for implementation in a software tool. It has been used to get exposed areas and sag frequencies for each bus. The results are resented in different ways, including a so-called voltage sag map showing the variation of the sag frequency through the network. The method of critical distances is more suitable for hand calculations, as both the amount of data and the complexity of the calculations are very limited. It has been used to obtain sag frequencies for a number of buses. A comparison with the results obtained by using the method of fault positions, shows that the method of critical distances is an acceptable alternative were software or system data are not available for a more accurate analysis.","PeriodicalId":436140,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122822577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1998 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36202)
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