Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0197693117753333
Alex Jansen
The Chesapeake Bay has an archaeological record that dates from the Paleoindian period to the early 20th century. In this paper, the research and analysis of artifact technologies recovered from six radiocarbon (14C) dated shell middens located at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Maryland is provided. This paper demonstrates the ways in which the use of artifact analysis and 14C dating can provide information on human use of coastal resources, settlement-subsistence patterns, and serve as a tool to document sites threatened by coastal processes. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the ways in which the analysis of technologies from shell midden sites can be used to help guide contemporary oyster and other fisheries and natural resources management, restoration, conservation, and sustainability issues in the Chesapeake and other coastal areas.
{"title":"Shell middens and human technologies as a historical baseline for the Chesapeake Bay, USA","authors":"Alex Jansen","doi":"10.1177/0197693117753333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693117753333","url":null,"abstract":"The Chesapeake Bay has an archaeological record that dates from the Paleoindian period to the early 20th century. In this paper, the research and analysis of artifact technologies recovered from six radiocarbon (14C) dated shell middens located at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Maryland is provided. This paper demonstrates the ways in which the use of artifact analysis and 14C dating can provide information on human use of coastal resources, settlement-subsistence patterns, and serve as a tool to document sites threatened by coastal processes. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the ways in which the analysis of technologies from shell midden sites can be used to help guide contemporary oyster and other fisheries and natural resources management, restoration, conservation, and sustainability issues in the Chesapeake and other coastal areas.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"74 1","pages":"25 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80818202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0197693117749659
David Palmer, C. Dillian
Brookgreen Gardens, Georgetown County, South Carolina, includes the remains of Brookgreen Plantation and other historic rice plantations. The property contains archeological resources associated with enslaved African, African-American, and Native American people. Visitors are told that the piers and chimneys of the homes of the enslaved were made of local brick, from clay dug, processed, and fired on-site. The clay mining allegedly formed the ponds and water features still visible today. To test that assertion, the authors conducted experiments, including collecting and geochemically analyzing local clays from these water features, to better understand the brick-making practices of Brookgreen's enslaved workers. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, we determined that these ponds were not the source of clay used for bricks. Instead, a deposit of clay located closer to the historic rice fields, where much of the work on the plantation occurred, was geochemically consistent with the archeological bricks.
{"title":"Preliminary investigations into the source of brick clay, Brookgreen Plantation, Georgetown County, South Carolina","authors":"David Palmer, C. Dillian","doi":"10.1177/0197693117749659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693117749659","url":null,"abstract":"Brookgreen Gardens, Georgetown County, South Carolina, includes the remains of Brookgreen Plantation and other historic rice plantations. The property contains archeological resources associated with enslaved African, African-American, and Native American people. Visitors are told that the piers and chimneys of the homes of the enslaved were made of local brick, from clay dug, processed, and fired on-site. The clay mining allegedly formed the ponds and water features still visible today. To test that assertion, the authors conducted experiments, including collecting and geochemically analyzing local clays from these water features, to better understand the brick-making practices of Brookgreen's enslaved workers. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, we determined that these ponds were not the source of clay used for bricks. Instead, a deposit of clay located closer to the historic rice fields, where much of the work on the plantation occurred, was geochemically consistent with the archeological bricks.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"44 1","pages":"24 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90482765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0197693117727396
Marlin F. Hawley
The impact of the New Deal has been a topic of ongoing historical investigation, with, in the past few decades, substantive research in New Deal relief programs on Americanist archaeology by disciplinary historians. The application of resources newly available through relief programs varied considerably geographically however, and this article uses Kansas as a case study of a state in which there was no federal New Deal archaeology. The article explores archaeological research conducted in the state during this era by the Smithsonian Institution as well as an attempt to secure funding for systematic investigations by the University of Kansas. The article highlights several factors that forestalled use of relief funding for archaeology.
新政的影响一直是历史调查的一个主题，在过去的几十年里，学科历史学家对新政救济计划对美国考古学的实质性研究。然而，通过救济计划新获得的资源的应用在地理上有很大的不同，本文以堪萨斯州为例，研究一个没有联邦新政考古的州。这篇文章探讨了史密森学会(Smithsonian Institution)在这个时期在该州进行的考古研究，以及堪萨斯大学(University of Kansas)为系统调查争取资金的尝试。这篇文章强调了几个阻碍考古救济资金使用的因素。
{"title":"No deal","authors":"Marlin F. Hawley","doi":"10.1177/0197693117727396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693117727396","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the New Deal has been a topic of ongoing historical investigation, with, in the past few decades, substantive research in New Deal relief programs on Americanist archaeology by disciplinary historians. The application of resources newly available through relief programs varied considerably geographically however, and this article uses Kansas as a case study of a state in which there was no federal New Deal archaeology. The article explores archaeological research conducted in the state during this era by the Smithsonian Institution as well as an attempt to secure funding for systematic investigations by the University of Kansas. The article highlights several factors that forestalled use of relief funding for archaeology.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"41 1","pages":"327 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73620281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.1177/0197693117727392
Paul A. Ewonus
Zooarchaeological analysis is employed to determine the nature of social relationships within a Pacific Northwest Coast post-and-beam house dated to c. AD 200–650. Evaluation of faunal distribution patterns indicates that House 2 at the Dionisio Point site was occupied by a social group characterized by relative equality, rather than marked status differences. This provides an alternative, with a shift in emphasis, to initial interpretations. The implications include a House 2 household consisted of comparatively egalitarian, likely multi-lineage families that were members of an aggregate village. In the context of regional village settlement, these findings support the interpretation of site inhabitation focused on early spring to summer. The Dionisio Point data reflect the variation in Northwest Coast household composition. For studies of social organization within large households in other periods and places, the indication is that variability may exist but remain hidden from view until several sources of material evidence become available.
{"title":"Assessing internal household relationships and site use","authors":"Paul A. Ewonus","doi":"10.1177/0197693117727392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693117727392","url":null,"abstract":"Zooarchaeological analysis is employed to determine the nature of social relationships within a Pacific Northwest Coast post-and-beam house dated to c. AD 200–650. Evaluation of faunal distribution patterns indicates that House 2 at the Dionisio Point site was occupied by a social group characterized by relative equality, rather than marked status differences. This provides an alternative, with a shift in emphasis, to initial interpretations. The implications include a House 2 household consisted of comparatively egalitarian, likely multi-lineage families that were members of an aggregate village. In the context of regional village settlement, these findings support the interpretation of site inhabitation focused on early spring to summer. The Dionisio Point data reflect the variation in Northwest Coast household composition. For studies of social organization within large households in other periods and places, the indication is that variability may exist but remain hidden from view until several sources of material evidence become available.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"137 1","pages":"349 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86284673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.1177/0197693117728151
B. Hyslop, Alicia Colson
The boreal forest is a vast region. Therefore, the archaeological record, like anywhere else in the globe, is subject to revision as additional evidence is gathered. By conducting research in the same location over a long period of time, Hyslop was able to alter the methodological approach that he utilized while surveying the shorelines of Lac Seul. His new approach revealed that cultural material existed well into the forested interior away from the water’s edge within the Lac Seul basin in central Canada. This development requires a detailed discussion of the nature of the boreal forest, the manner in which these discoveries were made, and the possible implications for the geographical region. It is important to recognize that this discussion is concerned with the surveying techniques utilized, and not with the excavation techniques.
{"title":"It’s about time","authors":"B. Hyslop, Alicia Colson","doi":"10.1177/0197693117728151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693117728151","url":null,"abstract":"The boreal forest is a vast region. Therefore, the archaeological record, like anywhere else in the globe, is subject to revision as additional evidence is gathered. By conducting research in the same location over a long period of time, Hyslop was able to alter the methodological approach that he utilized while surveying the shorelines of Lac Seul. His new approach revealed that cultural material existed well into the forested interior away from the water’s edge within the Lac Seul basin in central Canada. This development requires a detailed discussion of the nature of the boreal forest, the manner in which these discoveries were made, and the possible implications for the geographical region. It is important to recognize that this discussion is concerned with the surveying techniques utilized, and not with the excavation techniques.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"10 1","pages":"299 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83710845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-24DOI: 10.1177/0197693117727402
Mark R Barnes
{"title":"Tobacco, Pipes, and Race in Colonial Virginia: Little Tubes of Power by Anna S Agbe-Davies","authors":"Mark R Barnes","doi":"10.1177/0197693117727402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693117727402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"13 1","pages":"394 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85474831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-01DOI: 10.1177/0197693117696531
Mark R Barnes
{"title":"Andrea E. Frohne (2015) The African Burial Ground in New York City. Memory, Spirituality, and Space","authors":"Mark R Barnes","doi":"10.1177/0197693117696531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693117696531","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"20 1","pages":"292 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74600801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0197693116681928
Gabriel M. Sanchez, J. Erlandson, Nicholas Tripcevich
In America’s Far West, chipped stone crescents dating between approximately 12,000 to 8000 cal BP are often found associated with Western Stemmed Tradition points. Crescent function is debated, but scholars have suggested that they are closely associated with wetland habitats, an association that has never been systematically investigated. Using a geographic information system-based Euclidean distance analysis, we compared a sample of 100 geolocated crescent-bearing sites in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and California with reconstructed paleoshorelines. We confirmed a strong association of crescents with wetlands—94 of the 100 sites and approximately 99% of crescents themselves were located within 10 km of reconstructed paleoshorelines. Our results provide quantitative and region-wide support for a strong association of crescents with terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene wetland habitats. The diversity of aquatic habitats crescents are associated with, along with their morphology, suggests an association with faunal rather than plant resources, possibly birds of the Pacific Flyway.
{"title":"Quantifying the association of chipped stone crescents with wetlands and paleoshorelines of western North America","authors":"Gabriel M. Sanchez, J. Erlandson, Nicholas Tripcevich","doi":"10.1177/0197693116681928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693116681928","url":null,"abstract":"In America’s Far West, chipped stone crescents dating between approximately 12,000 to 8000 cal BP are often found associated with Western Stemmed Tradition points. Crescent function is debated, but scholars have suggested that they are closely associated with wetland habitats, an association that has never been systematically investigated. Using a geographic information system-based Euclidean distance analysis, we compared a sample of 100 geolocated crescent-bearing sites in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and California with reconstructed paleoshorelines. We confirmed a strong association of crescents with wetlands—94 of the 100 sites and approximately 99% of crescents themselves were located within 10 km of reconstructed paleoshorelines. Our results provide quantitative and region-wide support for a strong association of crescents with terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene wetland habitats. The diversity of aquatic habitats crescents are associated with, along with their morphology, suggests an association with faunal rather than plant resources, possibly birds of the Pacific Flyway.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"2 1","pages":"107 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83543121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0197693116681926
Geoffrey M. Smith, D. Pattee, Madeline Ware van der Voort
Pedestrian survey in northern Warner Valley, Oregon, has provided data capable of contributing to reconstructions of prehistoric land use. Such information is complementary to data generated by recent work at the stratified LSP-1 rockshelter situated in the Northern Warner Valley Study Area (NWVSA). Here, we present results of our survey and focus on when the area was visited, how it was used, and from where visitors to the area originated and/or obtained toolstone. Our results indicate that the NWVSA saw heavy use by Paleoindians before being largely abandoned during the Middle Holocene. During the Late Holocene, groups likely operating from residential bases further south in the better-watered parts of Warner Valley returned to the NWVSA. Compared to other nearby areas, the NWVSA was utilized less intensively during much of the Holocene.
{"title":"Diachronic variability in prehistoric land use in Oregon’s Warner Valley","authors":"Geoffrey M. Smith, D. Pattee, Madeline Ware van der Voort","doi":"10.1177/0197693116681926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693116681926","url":null,"abstract":"Pedestrian survey in northern Warner Valley, Oregon, has provided data capable of contributing to reconstructions of prehistoric land use. Such information is complementary to data generated by recent work at the stratified LSP-1 rockshelter situated in the Northern Warner Valley Study Area (NWVSA). Here, we present results of our survey and focus on when the area was visited, how it was used, and from where visitors to the area originated and/or obtained toolstone. Our results indicate that the NWVSA saw heavy use by Paleoindians before being largely abandoned during the Middle Holocene. During the Late Holocene, groups likely operating from residential bases further south in the better-watered parts of Warner Valley returned to the NWVSA. Compared to other nearby areas, the NWVSA was utilized less intensively during much of the Holocene.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"13 1","pages":"183 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80647160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0197693116682082
C. Dillian
Heat treatment of silicate toolstone was performed prehistorically, which we assume was to improve characteristics desired in flintknapping, such as increased brittleness and more predictable and controlled conchoidal fracture. However, despite research into heat treatment spanning 50 years, the mechanisms by which stone was improved, and the reasons why people did it, remain unclear. In this study, experiments were designed to test two potential outcomes of heat treatment for Pennsylvania jasper. First, does heating reduce the disruptive effect of macroscopic impurities and flaws on controlled flaking? Second, does heating increase the stone’s brittleness as suggested by Crabtree and Butler in 1964? Such physical alterations would improve the quality of lithic material but may not always occur in high quality stone. The results of these experiments are used to hypothesize the expected heat treatment outcomes sought after by prehistoric flintknappers.
{"title":"Heat treatment of Pennsylvania jasper","authors":"C. Dillian","doi":"10.1177/0197693116682082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693116682082","url":null,"abstract":"Heat treatment of silicate toolstone was performed prehistorically, which we assume was to improve characteristics desired in flintknapping, such as increased brittleness and more predictable and controlled conchoidal fracture. However, despite research into heat treatment spanning 50 years, the mechanisms by which stone was improved, and the reasons why people did it, remain unclear. In this study, experiments were designed to test two potential outcomes of heat treatment for Pennsylvania jasper. First, does heating reduce the disruptive effect of macroscopic impurities and flaws on controlled flaking? Second, does heating increase the stone’s brittleness as suggested by Crabtree and Butler in 1964? Such physical alterations would improve the quality of lithic material but may not always occur in high quality stone. The results of these experiments are used to hypothesize the expected heat treatment outcomes sought after by prehistoric flintknappers.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"142 1","pages":"138 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91377300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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