Cryptocurrencies have grown to be very significant during the past two decades. Starting off at the way cryptocurrencies, specifically Bitcoin, operate, we move forward towards the discussion on their nature as currency and their disruptiveness. We navigate through the political character of Bitcoin over the years, the potential of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to threaten a state’s sovereignty and an overview of state responses to cryptocurrency. Finally, there is a number of speculations and suggestions on how Bitcoin could grow and gain a less controversial position in the global economy.
{"title":"Cryptocurrencies and the State: Can They Become Disruptive Enough to Overthrow the Status-Quo?","authors":"Erofili Smyrniotaki","doi":"10.12681/jpentai.31234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/jpentai.31234","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptocurrencies have grown to be very significant during the past two decades. Starting off at the way cryptocurrencies, specifically Bitcoin, operate, we move forward towards the discussion on their nature as currency and their disruptiveness. We navigate through the political character of Bitcoin over the years, the potential of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to threaten a state’s sovereignty and an overview of state responses to cryptocurrency. Finally, there is a number of speculations and suggestions on how Bitcoin could grow and gain a less controversial position in the global economy.","PeriodicalId":436908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127282189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dimitrios Fylatos, Iris-Panagiota Efthymiou, Symeon Sidiropoulos, Alkinoos Emmanouil-Kalos, A. Vozikis
The EU National Recovery and Resilience Plan "Greece 2.0" includes, among other priorities, a framework to promote and reform the health system, with a focus on digitalization of health and the use of information technology applications. Greece 2.0 may offer a chance to address the current scarcity of high-quality, reliable data sources, which is limiting the spread and impact of health economics and outcomes research (HEOR). We also suspect that the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in HEOR will play an important role in Greece's health-care reform and that it will be critical for making real-world data-driven decisions, reducing policy uncertainty. Greece has a once-in-a-lifetime chance to start from scratch and potentially build data-centric AI systems that prioritise data quality over quantity and are built on scalable, flexible, and governable data collection. This commentary explains and critically considers the significance of developing and funding an innovative plan for using AI in HEOR as part of the Greece 2.0 framework. It also discusses ethical issues and the larger role of HEOR in health-care reform.
{"title":"Greece 2.0, Health Economics and Outcome Research and the Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Another Missed Opportunity or it's Time for Brilliance?","authors":"Dimitrios Fylatos, Iris-Panagiota Efthymiou, Symeon Sidiropoulos, Alkinoos Emmanouil-Kalos, A. Vozikis","doi":"10.12681/jpentai.31452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/jpentai.31452","url":null,"abstract":"The EU National Recovery and Resilience Plan \"Greece 2.0\" includes, among other priorities, a framework to promote and reform the health system, with a focus on digitalization of health and the use of information technology applications. Greece 2.0 may offer a chance to address the current scarcity of high-quality, reliable data sources, which is limiting the spread and impact of health economics and outcomes research (HEOR). We also suspect that the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in HEOR will play an important role in Greece's health-care reform and that it will be critical for making real-world data-driven decisions, reducing policy uncertainty. Greece has a once-in-a-lifetime chance to start from scratch and potentially build data-centric AI systems that prioritise data quality over quantity and are built on scalable, flexible, and governable data collection. This commentary explains and critically considers the significance of developing and funding an innovative plan for using AI in HEOR as part of the Greece 2.0 framework. It also discusses ethical issues and the larger role of HEOR in health-care reform.","PeriodicalId":436908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI","volume":"53 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125026349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) has grown substantially over the past decades, becoming an essential part of the modern world. FOSS refers to software that preserves the user’s freedom to read the program’s source code, make modifications and redistribute it. Since the source code is open and accessible to everyone, the user is not only permitted, but also encouraged to make modifications to the software to fill specific needs. Corporations utilize that capability to get access to specifically tailored software for their needs, while proprietary software fails to meet that promise due to providing a standardized package of the software, adopting a one-size-fits-all approach. Therefore, FOSS allows for a more efficient fulfillment of software needs. Additionally, FOSS can play an important role in the protection of human rights in the digital realm, particularly in the case of the right to privacy. Because of its transparent nature, FOSS is more respectful towards the user’s privacy, compared to proprietary software, since the latter restricts the user from knowing the program’s under the hood functionality. With closed source software, arises a problem of asymmetric information between the software company and the consumer. FOSS offers a solution to this information asymmetry, by allowing users to obtain information about the inner workings of the program they rely upon. Through FOSS, the imbalance of power between the developer and the user disintegrates.
{"title":"Free and Open-Source Software: Freedom, Transparency and Efficiency in the Digitalization Era","authors":"Emmanouil Prokakis","doi":"10.12681/jpentai.31230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/jpentai.31230","url":null,"abstract":"Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) has grown substantially over the past decades, becoming an essential part of the modern world. FOSS refers to software that preserves the user’s freedom to read the program’s source code, make modifications and redistribute it. Since the source code is open and accessible to everyone, the user is not only permitted, but also encouraged to make modifications to the software to fill specific needs. Corporations utilize that capability to get access to specifically tailored software for their needs, while proprietary software fails to meet that promise due to providing a standardized package of the software, adopting a one-size-fits-all approach. Therefore, FOSS allows for a more efficient fulfillment of software needs. Additionally, FOSS can play an important role in the protection of human rights in the digital realm, particularly in the case of the right to privacy. Because of its transparent nature, FOSS is more respectful towards the user’s privacy, compared to proprietary software, since the latter restricts the user from knowing the program’s under the hood functionality. With closed source software, arises a problem of asymmetric information between the software company and the consumer. FOSS offers a solution to this information asymmetry, by allowing users to obtain information about the inner workings of the program they rely upon. Through FOSS, the imbalance of power between the developer and the user disintegrates.","PeriodicalId":436908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130534340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This policy paper offers a brief overview of the hazards for digital democracy stemming from AI and digital tools and how the EU tackled online disinformation social media ahead of the 2019 European Parliament elections. The advent and introduction of social media into the political sphere has had a profound and substantial effect on Europe’s electoral processes affecting both voting behavior and the underlying factors that influence it. Whereas malicious actors often participating in disinformation have led to growing calls for reforms, this phenomenon has been most pronounced in the 2019 European parliament elections which saw an unprecedented reliance on digital media within the political process. Specifically, the European actors faced negative stemming from the scale of the vote and the algorithms and the attention-based business models used by the social media platforms. To meet these challenges, the EU not only employed legal and social means (e.g., the 2019 Action Plan Against Disinformation) but also created new initiatives focused on tackling disinformation (e.g., the Rapid Alert System). Notably, in an unprecedented manner, the EU also included the private sector in the process. As the paper argues, although its limitations, AI is an important tool for aiding the democratic process and tackling disinformation; however, a self-regulating approach favors the success of these endeavors.
{"title":"Digital Democracy and Disinformation: The European Approach to Disinformation on Social Media in the Case of 2019 European Parliament Elections","authors":"Dawid Aristotelis Fusiek, Angeliki Elli Stougiannou, Theoharris-William Efthymiou–Egleton","doi":"10.12681/jpentai.31215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/jpentai.31215","url":null,"abstract":"This policy paper offers a brief overview of the hazards for digital democracy stemming from AI and digital tools and how the EU tackled online disinformation social media ahead of the 2019 European Parliament elections. The advent and introduction of social media into the political sphere has had a profound and substantial effect on Europe’s electoral processes affecting both voting behavior and the underlying factors that influence it. Whereas malicious actors often participating in disinformation have led to growing calls for reforms, this phenomenon has been most pronounced in the 2019 European parliament elections which saw an unprecedented reliance on digital media within the political process. Specifically, the European actors faced negative stemming from the scale of the vote and the algorithms and the attention-based business models used by the social media platforms. To meet these challenges, the EU not only employed legal and social means (e.g., the 2019 Action Plan Against Disinformation) but also created new initiatives focused on tackling disinformation (e.g., the Rapid Alert System). Notably, in an unprecedented manner, the EU also included the private sector in the process. As the paper argues, although its limitations, AI is an important tool for aiding the democratic process and tackling disinformation; however, a self-regulating approach favors the success of these endeavors.","PeriodicalId":436908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121182799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past, a number of methodologies and approaches have been created to evaluate the development of e-Government and the public sector's digital transformation. Numerous e-Government maturity models have been created to close this gap. The variety of models, though, has come under criticism from several academics. The purpose of this research is to examine whether e-Government maturity models can still be regarded as relevant through the examination of 39 e-Government maturity models that have been established throughout the year. The results indicate that due to the numerous internal and external relevant inflectional factors that have not been taken into consideration by the models under study, e-Government maturity models have a limited ability to represent the growth of e-Government.
{"title":"A Review of the e-Government Maturity Models: Are They Still Relevant?","authors":"Z. Patergiannaki, Y. Pollalis","doi":"10.12681/jpentai.30872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/jpentai.30872","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, a number of methodologies and approaches have been created to evaluate the development of e-Government and the public sector's digital transformation. Numerous e-Government maturity models have been created to close this gap. The variety of models, though, has come under criticism from several academics. The purpose of this research is to examine whether e-Government maturity models can still be regarded as relevant through the examination of 39 e-Government maturity models that have been established throughout the year. The results indicate that due to the numerous internal and external relevant inflectional factors that have not been taken into consideration by the models under study, e-Government maturity models have a limited ability to represent the growth of e-Government.","PeriodicalId":436908,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI","volume":"23 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125998523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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