This paper argues that when consumers are heterogeneous in group-buying costs, a monopolist seller may practice price discrimination through inducing certain consumers to participate in group buying. In contrast to the standard model, the optimal quantity/quality level for low valuation consumers without group buying is further distorted downward, whereas the levels for other consumers are socially optimal. Inducing group buying is more favorable when the proportion of high valuation consumers is higher, or the valuation differential is larger. We also discuss two extensions: one allowing for consumersʼ arbitrage behavior and the other one allowing for more potential group buying consumers.
{"title":"PRICE DISCRIMINATION THROUGH GROUP BUYING","authors":"ChienHsing Wu, Hsien-hung Chiu","doi":"10.15057/27942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27942","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that when consumers are heterogeneous in group-buying costs, a monopolist seller may practice price discrimination through inducing certain consumers to participate in group buying. In contrast to the standard model, the optimal quantity/quality level for low valuation consumers without group buying is further distorted downward, whereas the levels for other consumers are socially optimal. Inducing group buying is more favorable when the proportion of high valuation consumers is higher, or the valuation differential is larger. We also discuss two extensions: one allowing for consumersʼ arbitrage behavior and the other one allowing for more potential group buying consumers.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"57 1","pages":"27-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baomin Dong, Guixia Guo, Xiaolin Qian, Frank Yong Wang
In this paper, we show that the "Merger Paradox" (Salant, Switzer and Reynolds, 1983) is mitigated when capacity constraint is considered. This is because outside firms who do not participate in a merger cannot expand their output beyond their existing capacity, and therefore, Stigler type of free riding is alleviated. When overcapacity is socially costly, it is also shown that a pro-merger fiscal policy may discourage ex ante capacity investment and hence alleviate overcapacity, if capacity building is not too costly. Furthermore, it can be shown that the optimal pro-merger subsidy is always welfare improving when it discourages capacity building.
{"title":"CAPACITY CONSTRAINT, MERGER PARADOX AND WELFARE-IMPROVING PRO-MERGER POLICY","authors":"Baomin Dong, Guixia Guo, Xiaolin Qian, Frank Yong Wang","doi":"10.15057/27944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27944","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we show that the \"Merger Paradox\" (Salant, Switzer and Reynolds, 1983) is mitigated when capacity constraint is considered. This is because outside firms who do not participate in a merger cannot expand their output beyond their existing capacity, and therefore, Stigler type of free riding is alleviated. When overcapacity is socially costly, it is also shown that a pro-merger fiscal policy may discourage ex ante capacity investment and hence alleviate overcapacity, if capacity building is not too costly. Furthermore, it can be shown that the optimal pro-merger subsidy is always welfare improving when it discourages capacity building.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"57 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper analyzes an ex-ante contracting with limited liability constraints when agents feel envious of others' higher wages. We show that depending on the degree of limited liability constraints, the principal requires various distortions in output at both the top and bottom productivity levels for agent's type. Compared to the result without envy, the output gap between efficient and inefficient agents is less spread out. Moreover, when the degree of envy is sufficiently large, bunching can always occur. Hence, the first-best solutions for both types of agent are never obtained with envy regardless of the burden of limited liability.
{"title":"A Note On Envy And Earnings Inequality Under Limited Liability Contracts","authors":"Kangsik Choi","doi":"10.15057/27940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27940","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes an ex-ante contracting with limited liability constraints when agents feel envious of others' higher wages. We show that depending on the degree of limited liability constraints, the principal requires various distortions in output at both the top and bottom productivity levels for agent's type. Compared to the result without envy, the output gap between efficient and inefficient agents is less spread out. Moreover, when the degree of envy is sufficiently large, bunching can always occur. Hence, the first-best solutions for both types of agent are never obtained with envy regardless of the burden of limited liability.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"57 1","pages":"91-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, competition authorities use merger simulation tools to predict the effects of a merger on price, consumer welfare and social welfare. However, since standard merger simulation tools are developed to predict those effects in a closed economy, they do not consider the role of exports in evaluating merger effects. In an open economy or export-oriented economy, a typical manufacturing industry exhibits quite high shares of export volumes. The welfare effects of merger could be quite different between an open economy and a closed economy. In an open economy, we need to consider exports in evaluating merger effects, and this article provides a framework on how to incorporate the role of exports in a standard Cournot merger simulation model.
{"title":"Merger simulation in an open economy","authors":"J. Choi, Jae Nahm","doi":"10.15057/27939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27939","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, competition authorities use merger simulation tools to predict the effects of a merger on price, consumer welfare and social welfare. However, since standard merger simulation tools are developed to predict those effects in a closed economy, they do not consider the role of exports in evaluating merger effects. In an open economy or export-oriented economy, a typical manufacturing industry exhibits quite high shares of export volumes. The welfare effects of merger could be quite different between an open economy and a closed economy. In an open economy, we need to consider exports in evaluating merger effects, and this article provides a framework on how to incorporate the role of exports in a standard Cournot merger simulation model.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"82 1","pages":"53-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we estimate the income effects of over-education and horizontal education-job mismatch jointly by quantile regressions using a data set of Korean college graduates. We find that over-education and horizontal mismatch are positively correlated. Thus, the income loss by over-education (horizontal mismatch) is overestimated if it is estimated ignoring horizontal mismatch (over-education). This overestimation problem is particularly prevalent for workers at low and near-median deciles of the conditional income distribution. We also find that the income penalty on over-education is prevalent for most all quantiles, whereas the income penalty on horizontal mismatch is significant for lower quantiles.
{"title":"THE INCOME PENALTY OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL EDUCATION-JOB MISMATCHES IN THE KOREAN YOUTH LABOR MARKET: A QUANTILE REGRESSION APPROACH","authors":"Hong-kyun Kim, Seung C. Ahn, Jihye Kim","doi":"10.15057/27941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27941","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we estimate the income effects of over-education and horizontal education-job mismatch jointly by quantile regressions using a data set of Korean college graduates. We find that over-education and horizontal mismatch are positively correlated. Thus, the income loss by over-education (horizontal mismatch) is overestimated if it is estimated ignoring horizontal mismatch (over-education). This overestimation problem is particularly prevalent for workers at low and near-median deciles of the conditional income distribution. We also find that the income penalty on over-education is prevalent for most all quantiles, whereas the income penalty on horizontal mismatch is significant for lower quantiles.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"57 1","pages":"67-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uniform pricing in the motion-picture industry is puzzling in light of the potential profitability of prices that vary with demand characteristics. Considering a model a la Hotelling in which moviegoers form their beliefs about movie quality through pricing schemes to which an exhibitor commits, we characterize the conditions under which committing to uniform pricing is more profitable than committing to variable pricing. Some extensions of the model are discussed as well.
{"title":"A NOTE ON UNIFORM PRICING IN THE MOTION-PICTURE INDUSTRY","authors":"H. Chung","doi":"10.15057/27597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27597","url":null,"abstract":"Uniform pricing in the motion-picture industry is puzzling in light of the potential profitability of prices that vary with demand characteristics. Considering a model a la Hotelling in which moviegoers form their beliefs about movie quality through pricing schemes to which an exhibitor commits, we characterize the conditions under which committing to uniform pricing is more profitable than committing to variable pricing. Some extensions of the model are discussed as well.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"56 1","pages":"231-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper estimates change of happiness of Malaysian graduates who are in the stage of transition from university to labour market and tests the voluntary unemployment hypothesis using a happiness approach. It is found that a substantial deterioration in the graduate's happiness occurs during the transition. The change in happiness of unemployed graduates are not differ significantly from graduates who are self-employed, part-time or full-time employed with employment that does not commensurate with qualification. Thus, we could not reject the voluntary unemployment hypothesis and the graduates could be partially blamed for their unemployment.
{"title":"SHOULD WE BLAME THE GRADUATES FOR THEIR UNEMPLOYMENT? A HAPPINESS APPROACH","authors":"H. Lim, Hongbo Duan","doi":"10.15057/27602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27602","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates change of happiness of Malaysian graduates who are in the stage of transition from university to labour market and tests the voluntary unemployment hypothesis using a happiness approach. It is found that a substantial deterioration in the graduate's happiness occurs during the transition. The change in happiness of unemployed graduates are not differ significantly from graduates who are self-employed, part-time or full-time employed with employment that does not commensurate with qualification. Thus, we could not reject the voluntary unemployment hypothesis and the graduates could be partially blamed for their unemployment.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"56 1","pages":"243-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study applies the three stage Super-SBM model, which combines the approaches of Fried et al. (2002) and Tone (2002), to analyze the influence of banks' internationalization and risk on efficiency. Most former works focused on the effects of risk, but they seldom emphasize the impact of internationalization. Therefore, in addition to the modification of the empirical model, this study also considers internationalization as an external factor into the efficiency measurement. The results show Taiwan's commercial banks could increase its degree of internationalization to improve efficiency, whether by using the strategy of foreign direct investment or increasing foreign shareholding. This study also evidences that several banks have a fine management capacity, but they are easily affected by external factors to be defined as inefficient units.
本研究采用三阶段Super-SBM模型，结合Fried et al.(2002)和Tone(2002)的方法，分析银行国际化和风险对效率的影响。以往的研究大多侧重于风险的影响，但很少强调国际化的影响。因此，本研究除了对实证模型进行修正外，还将国际化作为外部因素纳入效率测度。研究结果显示，台湾商业银行无论是采用外商直接投资策略，还是增加外资持股，都可以提高国际化程度以提高效率。本研究也证明了一些银行具有良好的管理能力，但它们容易受到外部因素的影响而被定义为低效单位。
{"title":"USING A THREE STAGE SUPER-SBM MODEL TO ANALYZE THE INFLUENCE OF BANK'S INTERNATIONALIZATION AND RISK ON THE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY","authors":"Hsiang-Hsi Liu, Chin-Wei Huang, Yung‐ho Chiu, Hsiao-Chun Huang","doi":"10.15057/27599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27599","url":null,"abstract":"This study applies the three stage Super-SBM model, which combines the approaches of Fried et al. (2002) and Tone (2002), to analyze the influence of banks' internationalization and risk on efficiency. Most former works focused on the effects of risk, but they seldom emphasize the impact of internationalization. Therefore, in addition to the modification of the empirical model, this study also considers internationalization as an external factor into the efficiency measurement. The results show Taiwan's commercial banks could increase its degree of internationalization to improve efficiency, whether by using the strategy of foreign direct investment or increasing foreign shareholding. This study also evidences that several banks have a fine management capacity, but they are easily affected by external factors to be defined as inefficient units.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"56 1","pages":"213-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ambiguity of the effect of prenatal medical care on the health status of newborns may originate from the fact that individual decision-making of purchasing care is not fully considered, and this in turn may cause an endogeneity issue in the estimation process. This paper aims to empirically examine the effect of prenatal medical care by controlling the endogeneity issue in estimation process. We employed the Two Step Least Square method using appropriate instrumental variables. The estimation results suggest prenatal medical care use has a positive effect on birth outcomes. Additionally, the results were strengthened by performing a robustness test
{"title":"REVISIT THE EFFECT OF THE PRENATAL MEDICAL CARE USE ON THE BIRTH OUTCOME OF NEWBORN BABY","authors":"Young Eun Choi, Hyung Serk Ha, J. Lim, E. Lee","doi":"10.15057/27603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27603","url":null,"abstract":"The ambiguity of the effect of prenatal medical care on the health status of newborns may originate from the fact that individual decision-making of purchasing care is not fully considered, and this in turn may cause an endogeneity issue in the estimation process. This paper aims to empirically examine the effect of prenatal medical care by controlling the endogeneity issue in estimation process. We employed the Two Step Least Square method using appropriate instrumental variables. The estimation results suggest prenatal medical care use has a positive effect on birth outcomes. Additionally, the results were strengthened by performing a robustness test","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"56 1","pages":"155-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using 2004-2007 firm-level micro data for enterprises in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Re gion of China, weinve stigatethere lativeimportanceof bank loans and tradecre dit in promoting enterprise performance. We find statistical evidence that access to bank loans plays a significant role in improving enterprise productivity, but it has a significantly negative impact on profitability; the result continues to hold when taking into account the ethnicity effect. Moreover, there is no evidence of an ethnicity gap for the effect of receiving bank loans on enterprise performance. We also cannot find strong evidence that trade credit influences productivity or profitability.
{"title":"FINANCE AND ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE: DOES ETHNICITY MAKE A DIFFERENCE?","authors":"Junfang Sun, Go Yano","doi":"10.15057/27596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27596","url":null,"abstract":"Using 2004-2007 firm-level micro data for enterprises in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Re gion of China, weinve stigatethere lativeimportanceof bank loans and tradecre dit in promoting enterprise performance. We find statistical evidence that access to bank loans plays a significant role in improving enterprise productivity, but it has a significantly negative impact on profitability; the result continues to hold when taking into account the ethnicity effect. Moreover, there is no evidence of an ethnicity gap for the effect of receiving bank loans on enterprise performance. We also cannot find strong evidence that trade credit influences productivity or profitability.","PeriodicalId":43705,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics","volume":"56 1","pages":"197-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66731178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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