Over the last decades, foreign direct investment flows to Latin America have grown dramatically. Yet, there is no consensus on whether the region has actually benefited from such trend or not. Specifically, regarding the expected positive effect of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction, empirical evidence is scant and ambiguous. In this context, this paper examines the effect of foreign direct investment on Latin America’s poverty incidence. For doing so, a panel data analysis was conducted, considering 13 economies from the region during the 2000-2014 period. We found that FDI is not significantly associated with the reduction of poverty in Latin America, in contrast with macroeconomic stability, infrastructure, human capital development and financial development which are significantly associated with the reduction of poverty in the region.
{"title":"Does foreign direct investment reduce poverty? The case of Latin America in the twenty-first century","authors":"Pablo Quiñonez, J. Saenz, J. Solorzano","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.35","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decades, foreign direct investment flows to Latin America have grown dramatically. Yet, there is no consensus on whether the region has actually benefited from such trend or not. Specifically, regarding the expected positive effect of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction, empirical evidence is scant and ambiguous. In this context, this paper examines the effect of foreign direct investment on Latin America’s poverty incidence. For doing so, a panel data analysis was conducted, considering 13 economies from the region during the 2000-2014 period. We found that FDI is not significantly associated with the reduction of poverty in Latin America, in contrast with macroeconomic stability, infrastructure, human capital development and financial development which are significantly associated with the reduction of poverty in the region.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The topic of EPF sustainability has gained considerable attentions among the governments worldwide. In the wake of growing elderly population, improving life expectancy and declining mortality rate particularly in Malaysia over the years, concerns arise on the EPF’s failure to fully commit the retirement incomes provision to the elderly population in the post-retirement periods. Specifically, this paper examines the short run and long run relationships between EPF balances and its determinants; investment earnings, nominal income, elderly population, life expectancy and mortality rate from 1960 to 2014. Of the findings, elderly population and mortality rate are unfolded to represent key deterrents of EPF balances, which acts as the proxy for the EPF sustainability, both in the short run and long run cycles. Thus, new improvements to the existing EPF scheme are recommended as means to alleviate the poverty problems among the elderly population besides addressing other economic and social fronts.
{"title":"Determinants of employees provident fund in Malaysia: Potential factors to jeopardize the EPF sustainability","authors":"Sallahuddin Hassan, Zalila Othman","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.3","url":null,"abstract":"The topic of EPF sustainability has gained considerable attentions among the governments worldwide. In the wake of growing elderly population, improving life expectancy and declining mortality rate particularly in Malaysia over the years, concerns arise on the EPF’s failure to fully commit the retirement incomes provision to the elderly population in the post-retirement periods. Specifically, this paper examines the short run and long run relationships between EPF balances and its determinants; investment earnings, nominal income, elderly population, life expectancy and mortality rate from 1960 to 2014. Of the findings, elderly population and mortality rate are unfolded to represent key deterrents of EPF balances, which acts as the proxy for the EPF sustainability, both in the short run and long run cycles. Thus, new improvements to the existing EPF scheme are recommended as means to alleviate the poverty problems among the elderly population besides addressing other economic and social fronts.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2015, an estimated 1.2 billion people, or 16% of the global population, did not have access to electricity. At the same time, solid waste generation rates have risen fast, reaching 30 million tons in 1980, 200 million tons today, and projected to exceed over 11 million tons per day by 2100. The waste from cities alone is already enough to fill a line of trash trucks 5,000 kilometers long every day. Solutions therefore must be found, with Waste to Energy (WtE) conversion a strong contender, which presently represents a $29 billion industry globally. By use of cluster sampling, a sample of 361 individuals was surveyed by use of a 63-item, 7-level, Likert type agreement scale questionnaire on the study’s four constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis was run prior to the structural equation model, with analysis undertaken by use of LISREL 9.1. All causal factors in the model were shown to have a positive influence on the creation of shared value (CSV) of the waste management power plant and the local community, with 68% of the variance of the factor affecting CSV (R2). Ranked in importance, the three latent variables were government policy (GP), the waste management power plant (WMPP), and community participation (CP), with a total score of 0.83, 0.37 and 0.36, respectively.
{"title":"Solving global problems: Waste to power while creating stakeholder shared value","authors":"Thaspong Chailertpong, Thepparat Phimolsathien","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.05","url":null,"abstract":"In 2015, an estimated 1.2 billion people, or 16% of the global population, did not have access to electricity. At the same time, solid waste generation rates have risen fast, reaching 30 million tons in 1980, 200 million tons today, and projected to exceed over 11 million tons per day by 2100. The waste from cities alone is already enough to fill a line of trash trucks 5,000 kilometers long every day. Solutions therefore must be found, with Waste to Energy (WtE) conversion a strong contender, which presently represents a $29 billion industry globally. By use of cluster sampling, a sample of 361 individuals was surveyed by use of a 63-item, 7-level, Likert type agreement scale questionnaire on the study’s four constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis was run prior to the structural equation model, with analysis undertaken by use of LISREL 9.1. All causal factors in the model were shown to have a positive influence on the creation of shared value (CSV) of the waste management power plant and the local community, with 68% of the variance of the factor affecting CSV (R2). Ranked in importance, the three latent variables were government policy (GP), the waste management power plant (WMPP), and community participation (CP), with a total score of 0.83, 0.37 and 0.36, respectively.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67082742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the role of the third and fourth moments which impact on weekly stock return for the all twenty-five emerging stock markets (featured by MSCI - Morgan Stanley Capital International) during the period from April 2005 to November 2017. We employ the traditional CAPM combined with co-skewness and co-kurtosis representing nonlinear shape in risk measurement to estimate return generating under quantile regression in descending order by sorting equally weighted portfolios. The findings show that three of premium including market premium, co-skewness premium and co-kurtosis premium has influenced stock return in each country by 1%; 5%; 10% significance level with five-quantile regression approach. Then, our models with higher co-moments have better explanation for securities in emerging markets rather than traditional CAPM. Importantly, the investors should add more co-skewness securities and eliminate co-kurtosis (or less this factor) to generate more returns among 25 developing markets.
{"title":"Higher co-moments and asset pricing on emerging stock markets by quantile regression approach","authors":"Toan Huynh Luu Duc, S. Nguyen","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the role of the third and fourth moments which impact on weekly stock return for the all twenty-five emerging stock markets (featured by MSCI - Morgan Stanley Capital International) during the period from April 2005 to November 2017. We employ the traditional CAPM combined with co-skewness and co-kurtosis representing nonlinear shape in risk measurement to estimate return generating under quantile regression in descending order by sorting equally weighted portfolios. The findings show that three of premium including market premium, co-skewness premium and co-kurtosis premium has influenced stock return in each country by 1%; 5%; 10% significance level with five-quantile regression approach. Then, our models with higher co-moments have better explanation for securities in emerging markets rather than traditional CAPM. Importantly, the investors should add more co-skewness securities and eliminate co-kurtosis (or less this factor) to generate more returns among 25 developing markets.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67082851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth (GDP) in thirteen ECOWAS countries using both time domain and frequency domain testing procedures using annual data from 1970 to 2015. The results showed that time domain is not adequate in detecting causality. The time domain detected causality in only four out of thirteen countries whilst the frequency domain detected causality at different frequencies and cycles in nine out of thirteen countries. The findings of this study indicate the importance of frequency domain causality, that it decomposes causality at different frequencies and subsequently detects causality at certain cycles lengths. The general observation that economic growth leads FDI calls for ECOWAS leaders to rethink about painful sacrifices they make to attract FDI into the region.
{"title":"Foreign direct investment and growth causal-nexus in economic community of West African States: Evidence from spectral causality","authors":"A. Adam","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.2","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth (GDP) in thirteen ECOWAS countries using both time domain and frequency domain testing procedures using annual data from 1970 to 2015. The results showed that time domain is not adequate in detecting causality. The time domain detected causality in only four out of thirteen countries whilst the frequency domain detected causality at different frequencies and cycles in nine out of thirteen countries. The findings of this study indicate the importance of frequency domain causality, that it decomposes causality at different frequencies and subsequently detects causality at certain cycles lengths. The general observation that economic growth leads FDI calls for ECOWAS leaders to rethink about painful sacrifices they make to attract FDI into the region.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The weak control environment in South Africa’s public sector has, in the past, resulted in high levels of irregular, fruitless and wasteful, and unauthorised expenditure. In order to make a contribution to the discourse of mechanisms that could be deployed to reduce high levels of irregular, fruitless and wasteful, and unauthorised expenditure, this study analysed the capabilities of the human capital deployed in South Africa’s public sector. Together with the National Treasury in the Office of the Accountant General, a questionnaire was designed and administered to the public institution’s Chief Risk Officers in the first quarter of 2017. The findings of the study are that inadequate risk management processes and ineffective practices that are partly responsible for the weak control environment in public institutions, could also be attributed to the capabilities of the human capital deployed in enterprise risk management functions. In this regard, the study found that some of the reasons for the inadequate risk management processes and ineffective practices stemmed from: the inadequate staffing of the enterprise risk management function; positions not being filled by candidates with adequate academic qualifications and experience; the time it takes to fill a vacant position; and inadequate budget allocations. When institutions address risk maturity, policies, processes, and practices, focus must simultaneously be directed to the human capabilities deployed within the risk management function.
{"title":"Analysing the human capital capabilities in the enterprise risk management function of South Africa’s public institutions","authors":"T. Moloi","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.27","url":null,"abstract":"The weak control environment in South Africa’s public sector has, in the past, resulted in high levels of irregular, fruitless and wasteful, and unauthorised expenditure. In order to make a contribution to the discourse of mechanisms that could be deployed to reduce high levels of irregular, fruitless and wasteful, and unauthorised expenditure, this study analysed the capabilities of the human capital deployed in South Africa’s public sector. Together with the National Treasury in the Office of the Accountant General, a questionnaire was designed and administered to the public institution’s Chief Risk Officers in the first quarter of 2017. The findings of the study are that inadequate risk management processes and ineffective practices that are partly responsible for the weak control environment in public institutions, could also be attributed to the capabilities of the human capital deployed in enterprise risk management functions. In this regard, the study found that some of the reasons for the inadequate risk management processes and ineffective practices stemmed from: the inadequate staffing of the enterprise risk management function; positions not being filled by candidates with adequate academic qualifications and experience; the time it takes to fill a vacant position; and inadequate budget allocations. When institutions address risk maturity, policies, processes, and practices, focus must simultaneously be directed to the human capabilities deployed within the risk management function.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism sector in Malaysia has always been one of its focal service industries not only in the past, but in the future as well in which Malaysian government has been focusing on diverting its economic activities from a resource-based to a service-based economy in its new economic model. China, a strongly emerging economy has been ranked as the third main tourist generating country for Malaysia since 2012. Hence, this study empirically identifies the macroeconomic determinants affecting the tourism demand from China to Malaysia. These determinants include real income, travel cost, exchange rate and trade openness. Particularly, real income and trade openness are evident to positively affect Chinese tourism demand while travel cost and exchange rate are found to adversely influence Chinese tourists’ decision to travel to Malaysia. Key words: International tourism, Malaysia, ARDL
{"title":"Determinants of Chinese demand for tourism in Malaysia","authors":"Chin-Hong Puah, Suk Hie Huan, F. Thien","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.36","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism sector in Malaysia has always been one of its focal service industries not only in the past, but in the future as well in which Malaysian government has been focusing on diverting its economic activities from a resource-based to a service-based economy in its new economic model. China, a strongly emerging economy has been ranked as the third main tourist generating country for Malaysia since 2012. Hence, this study empirically identifies the macroeconomic determinants affecting the tourism demand from China to Malaysia. These determinants include real income, travel cost, exchange rate and trade openness. Particularly, real income and trade openness are evident to positively affect Chinese tourism demand while travel cost and exchange rate are found to adversely influence Chinese tourists’ decision to travel to Malaysia. Key words: International tourism, Malaysia, ARDL","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67084117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Habibu A. Sani, Shazida Jan Mohd-Khan, Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor
The objective of this study is to examine the impact of Microfinance training, Trust and Social ties on the Number of loans received by small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies. The Poisson regression model is used as the method of analysis. 195 SMEs in North-Eastern Nigeria form the sample of the study based on two-stage sampling and simple random sampling technique. The results reveal that Social ties, Location, and Nature of operation have a significant positive relationship with the Number of loans receives by SMEs. Similarly, the Number of training and Trust have significant positive impact on the Number of loans received; however, they demonstrate the least impact as compared with the other variables based on the level of significance.
{"title":"Microfinance training and the number of loans received by SMEs. An empirical evidence from emerging economy","authors":"Habibu A. Sani, Shazida Jan Mohd-Khan, Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.24","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to examine the impact of Microfinance training, Trust and Social ties on the Number of loans received by small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies. The Poisson regression model is used as the method of analysis. 195 SMEs in North-Eastern Nigeria form the sample of the study based on two-stage sampling and simple random sampling technique. The results reveal that Social ties, Location, and Nature of operation have a significant positive relationship with the Number of loans receives by SMEs. Similarly, the Number of training and Trust have significant positive impact on the Number of loans received; however, they demonstrate the least impact as compared with the other variables based on the level of significance.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anatoly Kilyachkov, L. Chaldaeva, Nikolay Kilyachkov
A discrete dynamic model (DDM) is used to describe the pace of the world GDP annual change rate. The Mandelbrot set of DDM was constructed for different time intervals to assess the ability of the world economic system to maintain a steady pace of development. The article shows that the world economic system is in a fundamentally non-equilibrium state. The Mandelbrot set was proposed to use as a generalized image ("pictogram") of the world economy's ability to maintain sustained development rates.
{"title":"Application of discrete dynamic model for the assessment of stability of the world economy development","authors":"Anatoly Kilyachkov, L. Chaldaeva, Nikolay Kilyachkov","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.06","url":null,"abstract":"A discrete dynamic model (DDM) is used to describe the pace of the world GDP annual change rate. The Mandelbrot set of DDM was constructed for different time intervals to assess the ability of the world economic system to maintain a steady pace of development. The article shows that the world economic system is in a fundamentally non-equilibrium state. The Mandelbrot set was proposed to use as a generalized image (\"pictogram\") of the world economy's ability to maintain sustained development rates.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67082779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The management of stable development of business entities requires the improvement of methodological approaches regarding their efficiency assessment. We think that the efficiency assessment should conduct a comparative analysis with other economic entities regarding the effectiveness of using existing amount of material, financial and labor resources. For a comparative assessment of the operational efficiency of Ukrainian enterprises authors suggested the method of frontier stochastic analysis. The essence of this approach is to build a standard enterprise with the highest efficiency indicators and calculation of the efficiency coefficients. According to the results of statistical hypotheses testing it is determined that the translog function with the truncated distribution of a random component best describes the investigated functional dependences. According to the results of modeling the efficiency coefficients for every enterprise and period of investigation were received and on the basis of them the ranking of enterprises efficiency was made.
{"title":"Methodological approaches to assessment of the efficiency of business entities activity","authors":"O. Pakhnenko, Olga Liuta, N. Pihul","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.12","url":null,"abstract":"The management of stable development of business entities requires the improvement of methodological approaches regarding their efficiency assessment. We think that the efficiency assessment should conduct a comparative analysis with other economic entities regarding the effectiveness of using existing amount of material, financial and labor resources. For a comparative assessment of the operational efficiency of Ukrainian enterprises authors suggested the method of frontier stochastic analysis. The essence of this approach is to build a standard enterprise with the highest efficiency indicators and calculation of the efficiency coefficients. According to the results of statistical hypotheses testing it is determined that the translog function with the truncated distribution of a random component best describes the investigated functional dependences. According to the results of modeling the efficiency coefficients for every enterprise and period of investigation were received and on the basis of them the ranking of enterprises efficiency was made.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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